Philosophical transactions. Series A, Mathematical, physical, and engineering sciences最新文献_第7页

From the origin of life to pandemics: emergent phenomena in complex systems 从生命起源到流行病:复杂系统中的涌现现象

Philosophical transactions. Series A, Mathematical, physical, and engineering sciences Pub Date : 2022-05-23 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2020.0410

Oriol Artime, M. De Domenico

{"title":"From the origin of life to pandemics: emergent phenomena in complex systems","authors":"Oriol Artime, M. De Domenico","doi":"10.1098/rsta.2020.0410","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2020.0410","url":null,"abstract":"When a large number of similar entities interact among each other and with their environment at a low scale, unexpected outcomes at higher spatio-temporal scales might spontaneously arise. This non-trivial phenomenon, known as emergence, characterizes a broad range of distinct complex systems—from physical to biological and social—and is often related to collective behaviour. It is ubiquitous, from non-living entities such as oscillators that under specific conditions synchronize, to living ones, such as birds flocking or fish schooling. Despite the ample phenomenological evidence of the existence of systems’ emergent properties, central theoretical questions to the study of emergence remain unanswered, such as the lack of a widely accepted, rigorous definition of the phenomenon or the identification of the essential physical conditions that favour emergence. We offer here a general overview of the phenomenon of emergence and sketch current and future challenges on the topic. Our short review also serves as an introduction to the theme issue Emergent phenomena in complex physical and socio-technical systems: from cells to societies, where we provide a synthesis of the contents tackled in the issue and outline how they relate to these challenges, spanning from current advances in our understanding on the origin of life to the large-scale propagation of infectious diseases. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Emergent phenomena in complex physical and socio-technical systems: from cells to societies’.","PeriodicalId":286094,"journal":{"name":"Philosophical transactions. Series A, Mathematical, physical, and engineering sciences","volume":"31 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122767235","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 18

Protometabolism as out-of-equilibrium chemistry 原代谢是不平衡的化学反应

Philosophical transactions. Series A, Mathematical, physical, and engineering sciences Pub Date : 2022-05-23 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2020.0423

S. Nader, L. Sebastianelli, S. Mansy

{"title":"Protometabolism as out-of-equilibrium chemistry","authors":"S. Nader, L. Sebastianelli, S. Mansy","doi":"10.1098/rsta.2020.0423","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2020.0423","url":null,"abstract":"It is common to compare life with machines. Both consume fuel and release waste to run. In biology, the engine that drives the living system is referred to as metabolism. However, attempts at deciphering the origins of metabolism do not focus on this energetic relationship that sustains life but rather concentrate on nonenzymatic reactions that produce all the intermediates of an extant metabolic pathway. Such an approach is akin to studying the molecules produced from the burning of coal instead of deciphering how the released energy drives the movement of pistons and ultimately the train when investigating the mechanisms behind locomotion. Theories that do explicitly invoke geological chemical gradients to drive metabolism most frequently feature hydrothermal vent conditions, but hydrothermal vents are not the only regions of the early Earth that could have provided the fuel necessary to sustain the Earth's first (proto)cells. Here, we give examples of prior reports on protometabolism and highlight how more recent investigations of out-of-equilibrium systems may point to alternative scenarios more consistent with the majority of prebiotic chemistry data accumulated thus far. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Emergent phenomena in complex physical and socio-technical systems: from cells to societies’.","PeriodicalId":286094,"journal":{"name":"Philosophical transactions. Series A, Mathematical, physical, and engineering sciences","volume":"18 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127354754","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 3

Understanding brain states across spacetime informed by whole-brain modelling 通过全脑建模来理解跨越时空的大脑状态

Philosophical transactions. Series A, Mathematical, physical, and engineering sciences Pub Date : 2022-05-23 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2021.0247

J. Vohryzek, J. Cabral, P. Vuust, G. Deco, M. Kringelbach

{"title":"Understanding brain states across spacetime informed by whole-brain modelling","authors":"J. Vohryzek, J. Cabral, P. Vuust, G. Deco, M. Kringelbach","doi":"10.1098/rsta.2021.0247","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2021.0247","url":null,"abstract":"In order to survive in a complex environment, the human brain relies on the ability to flexibly adapt ongoing behaviour according to intrinsic and extrinsic signals. This capability has been linked to specific whole-brain activity patterns whose relative stability (order) allows for consistent functioning, supported by sufficient intrinsic instability needed for optimal adaptability. The emergent, spontaneous balance between order and disorder in brain activity over spacetime underpins distinct brain states. For example, depression is characterized by excessively rigid, highly ordered states, while psychedelics can bring about more disordered, sometimes overly flexible states. Recent developments in systems, computational and theoretical neuroscience have started to make inroads into the characterization of such complex dynamics over space and time. Here, we review recent insights drawn from neuroimaging and whole-brain modelling motivating using mechanistic principles from dynamical system theory to study and characterize brain states. We show how different healthy and altered brain states are associated to characteristic spacetime dynamics which in turn may offer insights that in time can inspire new treatments for rebalancing brain states in disease. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Emergent phenomena in complex physical and socio-technical systems: from cells to societies’.","PeriodicalId":286094,"journal":{"name":"Philosophical transactions. Series A, Mathematical, physical, and engineering sciences","volume":"48 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132116178","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 14

A research agenda for the study of social norm change 社会规范变化研究的研究议程

Philosophical transactions. Series A, Mathematical, physical, and engineering sciences Pub Date : 2022-05-23 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2020.0411

G. Andrighetto, E. Vriens

{"title":"A research agenda for the study of social norm change","authors":"G. Andrighetto, E. Vriens","doi":"10.1098/rsta.2020.0411","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2020.0411","url":null,"abstract":"Social norms have been investigated across many disciplines for many years, but until recently, studies mainly provided indirect, implicit and correlational support for the role of social norms in driving behaviour. To understand how social norms, and in particular social norm change, can generate a large-scale behavioural change to deal with some of the most pressing challenges of our current societies, such as climate change and vaccine hesitancy, we discuss and review several recent advances in social norm research that enable a more precise underpinning of the role of social norms: how to identify their existence, how to establish their causal effect on behaviour and when norm change may pass tipping points. We advocate future research on social norms to study norm change through a mechanism-based approach that integrates experimental and computational methods in theory-driven, empirically calibrated agent-based models. As such, social norm research may move beyond unequivocal praising of social norms as the missing link between self-interested behaviour and observed cooperation or as the explanation for (the lack of) social tipping. It provides the toolkit to understand explicitly where, when and how social norms can be a solution to solve large-scale problems, but also to recognize their limits. This article is part of the theme issue 'Emergent phenomena in complex physical and socio-technical systems: from cells to societies'.","PeriodicalId":286094,"journal":{"name":"Philosophical transactions. Series A, Mathematical, physical, and engineering sciences","volume":"90 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114001061","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 11

Editorial: Mathematical problems in physical fluid dynamics: part II 社论:物理流体动力学中的数学问题:第二部分

Philosophical transactions. Series A, Mathematical, physical, and engineering sciences Pub Date : 2022-05-09 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2021.0057

D. Goluskin, B. Protas, Jean-Luc Thiffeault

{"title":"Editorial: Mathematical problems in physical fluid dynamics: part II","authors":"D. Goluskin, B. Protas, Jean-Luc Thiffeault","doi":"10.1098/rsta.2021.0057","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2021.0057","url":null,"abstract":"Fluid dynamics is a research area lying at the crossroads of physics and applied mathematics with an ever-expanding range of applications in natural sciences and engineering. However, despite decades of concerted research efforts, this area abounds with many fundamental questions that still remain unanswered. At the heart of these problems often lie mathematical models, usually in the form of partial differential equations, and many of the open questions concern the validity of these models and what can be learned from them about the physical problems. In recent years, significant progress has been made on a number of open problems in this area, often using approaches that transcend traditional discipline boundaries by combining modern methods of modelling, computation and mathematical analysis. The two-part theme issue aims to represent the breadth of these approaches, focusing on problems that are mathematical in nature but help to understand aspects of real physical importance such as fluid dynamical stability, transport, mixing, dissipation and vortex dynamics. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Mathematical problems in physical fluid dynamics (part 2)’.","PeriodicalId":286094,"journal":{"name":"Philosophical transactions. Series A, Mathematical, physical, and engineering sciences","volume":"28 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128869387","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Equations of motion for weakly compressible point vortices 弱可压缩点涡的运动方程

Philosophical transactions. Series A, Mathematical, physical, and engineering sciences Pub Date : 2022-05-09 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2021.0052

Stefan G. Llewellyn Smith, T. Chu, Z. Hu

引用次数: 2

Editorial: Mathematical problems in physical fluid dynamics: part I 社论:物理流体动力学中的数学问题:第一部分

Philosophical transactions. Series A, Mathematical, physical, and engineering sciences Pub Date : 2022-04-25 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2021.0056

D. Goluskin, B. Protas, Jean-Luc Thiffeault

{"title":"Editorial: Mathematical problems in physical fluid dynamics: part I","authors":"D. Goluskin, B. Protas, Jean-Luc Thiffeault","doi":"10.1098/rsta.2021.0056","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2021.0056","url":null,"abstract":"Fluid dynamics is a research area lying at the crossroads of physics and applied mathematics with an ever-expanding range of applications in natural sciences and engineering. However, despite decades of concerted research efforts, this area abounds with many fundamental questions that still remain unanswered. At the heart of these problems often lie mathematical models, usually in the form of partial differential equations, and many of the open questions concern the validity of these models and what can be learned from them about the physical problem. In recent years, significant progress has been made on a number of open problems in this area, often using approaches that transcend traditional discipline boundaries by combining modern methods of modelling, computation and mathematical analysis. The two-part theme issue aims to represent the breadth of these approaches, focusing on problems that are mathematical in nature but help to understand aspects of real physical importance such as fluid dynamical stability, transport, mixing, dissipation and vortex dynamics. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Mathematical problems in physical fluid dynamics (part 1)’.","PeriodicalId":286094,"journal":{"name":"Philosophical transactions. Series A, Mathematical, physical, and engineering sciences","volume":"75 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129039763","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Kinetic exchange models of societies and economies 社会和经济的动态交换模型

Philosophical transactions. Series A, Mathematical, physical, and engineering sciences Pub Date : 2022-04-11 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2021.0170

G. Toscani, P. Sen, Soumyajyoti Biswas

{"title":"Kinetic exchange models of societies and economies","authors":"G. Toscani, P. Sen, Soumyajyoti Biswas","doi":"10.1098/rsta.2021.0170","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2021.0170","url":null,"abstract":"The statistical nature of collective human behaviour in a society is a topic of broad current interest. From formation of consensus through exchange of ideas, distributing wealth through exchanges of money, traffic flows, growth of cities to spread of infectious diseases, the application range of such collective responses cuts across multiple disciplines. Kinetic models have been an elegant and powerful tool to explain such collective phenomena in a myriad of human interaction-based problems, where an energy consideration for dynamics is generally inaccessible. Nonetheless, in this age of Big Data, seeking empirical regularities emerging out of collective responses is a prominent and essential approach, much like the empirical thermodynamic principles preceding quantitative foundations of statistical mechanics. In this introductory article of the theme issue, we will provide an overview of the field of applications of kinetic theories in different socio-economic contexts and its recent boosting topics. Moreover, we will put the contributions to the theme issue in an appropriate perspective. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Kinetic exchange models of societies and economies’.","PeriodicalId":286094,"journal":{"name":"Philosophical transactions. Series A, Mathematical, physical, and engineering sciences","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128773476","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Enabling single-molecule localization microscopy in turbid food emulsions. 在浑浊食品乳剂中实现单分子定位显微镜。

IF 5

Philosophical transactions. Series A, Mathematical, physical, and engineering sciences Pub Date : 2022-04-04 Epub Date: 2022-02-14 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2020.0164

Abbas Jabermoradi, Suyeon Yang, Martijn I Gobes, John P M van Duynhoven, Johannes Hohlbein

{"title":"Enabling single-molecule localization microscopy in turbid food emulsions.","authors":"Abbas Jabermoradi, Suyeon Yang, Martijn I Gobes, John P M van Duynhoven, Johannes Hohlbein","doi":"10.1098/rsta.2020.0164","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2020.0164","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Turbidity poses a major challenge for the microscopic characterization of food systems. Local mismatches in refractive indices, for example, lead to significant image deterioration along sample depth. To mitigate the issue of turbidity and to increase the accessible optical resolution in food microscopy, we added adaptive optics (AO) and flat-field illumination to our previously published open microscopy framework, the miCube. In the detection path, we implemented AO via a deformable mirror to compensate aberrations and to modulate the emission wavefront enabling the engineering of point spread functions (PSFs) for single-molecule localization microscopy (SMLM) in three dimensions. As a model system for a non-transparent food colloid such as mayonnaise, we designed an oil-in-water emulsion containing the ferric ion binding protein phosvitin commonly present in egg yolk. We targeted phosvitin with fluorescently labelled primary antibodies and used PSF engineering to obtain two- and three-dimensional images of phosvitin covered oil droplets with sub 100 nm resolution. Our data indicated that phosvitin is homogeneously distributed at the interface. With the possibility to obtain super-resolved images in depth, our work paves the way for localizing biomacromolecules at heterogeneous colloidal interfaces in food emulsions. This article is part of the Theo Murphy meeting issue 'Super-resolution structured illumination microscopy (part 2)'.</p>","PeriodicalId":286094,"journal":{"name":"Philosophical transactions. Series A, Mathematical, physical, and engineering sciences","volume":" ","pages":"20200164"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39775560","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

The biology of imaging. 成像生物学。

IF 5

Philosophical transactions. Series A, Mathematical, physical, and engineering sciences Pub Date : 2022-04-04 Epub Date: 2022-02-14 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2020.0389

Emmanuel G Reynaud

引用次数: 2