SPIE Photonics Europe最新文献

{"title":"Enhanced density of negative fixed charges in Al2O3 layers on Si through a subsequent deposition of TiO2","authors":"T. Schneider, J. Ziegler, K. Kaufmann, K. Ilse, A. Sprafke, R. Wehrspohn","doi":"10.1117/12.2239183","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2239183","url":null,"abstract":"The passivation of silicon surfaces play an important role for achieving high-efficiency crystalline silicon solar cells. In this work, a stack system comprising of 20nm Al2O3 with a 22nm TiO2 topping layer was deposited on p-type Si using thermal atomic layer deposition (ALD) and was investigated regarding its passivation quality. Quasi-steady-state photo conductance (QSSPC) measurements reveal that the minority carrier lifetime at an injection density of 1015cm−3 increased from 1.10ms to 1.96ms after the deposition of TiO2, which shows that the deposition of TiO2 onto Al2O3 is capable of enhancing its passivation quality. Capacity voltage (CV) measurements show that the amount of negative charges in the dielectric layer has increased from -2.4·1012cm−2 to -6.3·1012cm−2 due to the deposition of TiO2. The location of the additional charges was analyzed in this work by etching the dielectric layer stack in several steps. After each step CV measurements were performed. It is found that the additional negative charges are created within the Al2O3 layer. Additionally, ToF-SIMS measurements were performed to check for diffusion processes within the Al2O3 layer.","PeriodicalId":285152,"journal":{"name":"SPIE Photonics Europe","volume":"73 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132421617","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Accuracy analysis of the Null-Screen method for the evaluation of flat heliostats","authors":"P. Cebrian-Xochihuila, O. Huerta-Carranza, R. Díaz-Uribe","doi":"10.1117/12.2227944","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2227944","url":null,"abstract":"In this work we develop an algorithm to determinate the accuracy of the Null-Screen Method, used for the testing of flat heliostats used as solar concentrators in a central tower configuration. We simulate the image obtained on a CCD camera when an orderly distribution of points are displayed on a Null-Screen perpendicular to the heliostat under test. The deformations present in the heliostat are represented as a cosine function of the position with different periods and amplitudes. As a resolution criterion, a deformation on the mirror can be detected when the differences in position between the spots on the image plane for the deformed surface as compared with those obtained for an ideally flat heliostat are equal to one pixel. For 6.4μm pixel size and 18mm focal length, the minimum deformation we can measure in the heliostat, correspond to amplitude equal a 122μm for a period equal to 1m; this is equivalent to 0.8mrad in slope. This result depends on the particular configuration used during the test and the size of the heliostat.","PeriodicalId":285152,"journal":{"name":"SPIE Photonics Europe","volume":"93 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128324557","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Agile wavefront splitting interferometry and imaging using a digital micromirror device","authors":"J. P. La Torre, M. J. Amin, N. Riza","doi":"10.1117/12.2228373","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2228373","url":null,"abstract":"Since 1997, we have proposed and demonstrated the use of the Texas Instrument (TI) Digital Micromirror Device (DMD) for various non-display applications including optical switching and imaging. In 2009, we proposed the use of the DMD to realize wavefront splitting interferometers as well as a variety of imagers. Specifically, proposed were agile electronically programmable wavefront splitting interferometer designs using a Spatial Light Modulator (SLM) such as (a) a transmissive SLM, (b) a DMD SLM and (c) a Beamsplitter with a DMD SLM. The SLMs operates with on/off or digital state pixels, much like a black and white state optical window to control passage/reflection of incident light. SLM pixel locations can be spatially and temporally modulated to create custom wavefronts for near-common path optical interference at the optical detectors such as a CCD/CMOS sensor, a Focal Plane Array (FPA) sensor or a point-photodetector. This paper describes the proposed DMD-based wavefront splitting interferometer and imager designs and their relevant experimental results.","PeriodicalId":285152,"journal":{"name":"SPIE Photonics Europe","volume":"49 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132472385","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Products recognition on shop-racks from local scale-invariant features","authors":"J. Zawistowski, Grzegorz Kurzejamski, P. Garbat, Jacek Naruniec","doi":"10.1117/12.2225610","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2225610","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents a system designed for the multi-object detection purposes and adjusted for the application of product search on the market shelves. System uses well known binary keypoint detection algorithms for finding characteristic points in the image. One of the main idea is object recognition based on Implicit Shape Model method. Authors of the article proposed many improvements of the algorithm. Originally fiducial points are matched with a very simple function. This leads to the limitations in the number of objects parts being success- fully separated, while various methods of classification may be validated in order to achieve higher performance. Such an extension implies research on training procedure able to deal with many objects categories. Proposed solution opens a new possibilities for many algorithms demanding fast and robust multi-object recognition.","PeriodicalId":285152,"journal":{"name":"SPIE Photonics Europe","volume":"59 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132869114","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Chipscale optical frequency combs: from soliton physics to coherent communication (Conference Presentation)","authors":"V. Brasch, M. Geiselmann, T. Herr, G. Lihachev, M. Pfeiffer, M. Gorodetsky, T. Kippenberg","doi":"10.1117/12.2231293","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2231293","url":null,"abstract":"In our experiment we use silicon nitride waveguides embedded in silicon dioxide on a silicon chip. The cross section of the waveguide is approximately 1.8µm width by 0.8µm height and the ring resonator has a radius of 120µm. This resonator is coupled to a bus waveguide that is used to couple the continuous wave pump light into the resonator and the light from the resonator out again. The pump laser is an amplified diode laser which provides around 2W of pump power in the bus waveguide on the photonic chip. If the pump light is in resonance with one of the resonances of the resonator we can generate a frequency comb from the pump light via the Kerr nonlinearity of the material. The spacing in between the lines of the frequency comb is close to the free spectral range of the resonator, which is 190 GHz for the resonator used. By tuning the pump laser through the resonance and modulating the power of the pump light we can achieve a stable state with a pulsed-shape waveform circulating inside the microresonator. These states are known as dissipative Kerr soliton states and they are solutions to the Lugiato-Lefever equation, which describes the nonlinear physics of the system. So far they had been experimentally demonstrated in fiber-ring cavities as well as crystalline microresonators. The main benefits of these states for Kerr frequency combs is that they allow for low-noise but broadband frequency combs with low modulation in the spectrum. In our case we report a 3-dB bandwidth of 10THz which is equivalent to sub-30fs pulses inside the resonator. Because of the chosen geometry of the waveguide cross section we also observe an effect which is caused by higher-order dispersion. Higher-order dispersion are terms that describe the dispersion beyond the quadratic group velocity dispersion. In order for dissipative Kerr solitons to form, anomalous group velocity dispersion is required. If higher-order terms are present as well, the soliton can still exist but additional dynamics come into play resulting in so called soliton Cherenkov radiation or a dispersive wave. In our measured spectrum this feature can be easily identified as a local maximum offset from the pump wavelength. In the time domain the soliton Cherenkov radiation manifests itself as an oscillating tail that is attached to the soliton pulse inside the microresonator. Using simulated values for the dispersion and coupled-mode equations to numerically simulate the physics inside the microresonator we can achieve a very good agreement between the experimentally observed and the simulated spectrum. In order to demonstrate that our frequency comb can be used for metrological applications we implement a full stabilization of the frequency comb and achieve a relative stability of 1e-15. Additionally we use the large bandwidth of 2/3 of an octave to implement a 2f-3f-scheme in order to monitor the carrier envelope offset of the frequency comb in a self-referenced manner. In summary we have observed","PeriodicalId":285152,"journal":{"name":"SPIE Photonics Europe","volume":"56 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121304720","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Coherent two-photon excitation of quantum dots","authors":"L. Ostermann, T. Huber, M. Prilmüller, G. Solomon, H. Ritsch, G. Weihs, A. Predojevič","doi":"10.1117/12.2230071","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2230071","url":null,"abstract":"Single semiconductor quantum dots, due to their discrete energy structure, form single photon and twin photon sources that are characterized by a well-defined frequency of the emitted photons and inherently sub-Poissonian statistics. The single photons are generated through a recombination of an electron-hole pair formed by an electron from the conduction band and a hole from the valence band. When excited to the biexciton state quantum dots can provide pairs of photons emitted in a cascade. It has been shown that this biexciton-exciton cascade can deliver entangled pairs of photons. To achieve a deterministic generation of photon pairs from a quantum dot system one requires exciting it using a two-photon resonant excitation of the biexciton. Particularly, an efficient and coherent excitation of the biexciton requires the elimination of the single exciton probability amplitude in the excitation pulse and reaching the lowest possible degree of dephasing caused by the laser excitation. These two conditions impose contradictory demands on the excitation pulse-length and its intensity. We addressed this problem from a point of view that does not include interaction of the quantum dot with the semiconductor environment. We found an optimized operation regime for the system under consideration and provide guidelines on how to extend this study to other similar systems. In particular, our study shows that an optimal excitation process requires a trade-off between the biexciton binding energy and the excitation laser pulse length.","PeriodicalId":285152,"journal":{"name":"SPIE Photonics Europe","volume":"5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124946339","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Organometallic halide perovskite/barium di-silicide thin-film double-junction solar cells","authors":"R. Vismara, O. Isabella, M. Zeman","doi":"10.1117/12.2227174","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2227174","url":null,"abstract":"Barium di-silicide (BaSi2) is an abundant and inexpensive semiconductor with appealing opto-electrical properties. In this work we show that a 2-μm thick BaSi2-based thin-film solar cell can exhibit an implied photo-current density equal to 41.1 mA/cm2, which is higher than that of a state-of-the-art wafer-based c-Si hetero-junction solar cell. This performance makes BaSi2 an attractive absorber for high-performing thin-film and multi-junction solar cells. In particular, to assess the potential of barium di-silicide, we propose a thin-film double-junction solar cell based on organometallic halide perovskite (CH3NH3PbI3) as top absorber and BaSi2 as bottom absorber. The resulting modelled ultra-thin double-junction CH3NH3PbI3 / BaSi2 (< 2 μm) exhibits an implied total photo-current density equal to 38.65 mA/cm2 (19.84 mA/cm2 top cell, 18.81 mA/cm2 bottom cell) and conversion efficiencies up to 28%.","PeriodicalId":285152,"journal":{"name":"SPIE Photonics Europe","volume":"16 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130586109","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Periodically arranged colloidal gold nanoparticles for enhanced light harvesting in organic solar cells","authors":"Mina Mirsafaei, André L. Fernandes Cauduro, C. Kunstmann-Olsen, Adam M. Davidson, S. Hassing, M. Hedegaard, H. Rubahn, J. Adam, M. Madsen","doi":"10.1117/12.2227867","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2227867","url":null,"abstract":"Although organic solar cells show intriguing features such as low-cost, mechanical flexibility and light weight, their efficiency is still low compared to their inorganic counterparts. One way of improving their efficiency is by the use of light-trapping mechanisms from nano- or microstructures, which makes it possible to improve the light absorption and charge extraction in the device’s active layer. Here, periodically arranged colloidal gold nanoparticles are demonstrated experimentally and theoretically to improve light absorption and thus enhance the efficiency of organic solar cells. Surface-ordered gold nanoparticle arrangements are integrated at the bottom electrode of organic solar cells. The resulting optical interference and absorption effects are numerically investigated in bulk hetero-junction solar cells based on the Finite-Difference Time-Domain (FDTD) and Transfer Matrix Method (TMM) and as a function of size and periodicity of the plasmonic arrangements. In addition, light absorption enhancement in the organic active layer is investigated experimentally following integration of the nanoparticle arrangements. The latter are fabricated using a lithography-free stamping technique, creating a centimeter scaled area with nanoparticles having a defined inter-particle spacing. Our study reveals the light harvesting ability of template-assisted nanoparticle assemblies in organic solar cells. As the approach is easily scalable, it is an efficient and transferable method for large-scale, low cost device fabrication.","PeriodicalId":285152,"journal":{"name":"SPIE Photonics Europe","volume":"11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126695094","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Motionless active depth from defocus system using smart optics for camera autofocus applications","authors":"M. J. Amin, N. Riza","doi":"10.1117/12.2227753","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2227753","url":null,"abstract":"This paper describes a motionless active Depth from Defocus (DFD) system design suited for long working range camera autofocus applications. The design consists of an active illumination module that projects a scene illuminating coherent conditioned optical radiation pattern which maintains its sharpness over multiple axial distances allowing an increased DFD working distance range. The imager module of the system responsible for the actual DFD operation deploys an electronically controlled variable focus lens (ECVFL) as a smart optic to enable a motionless imager design capable of effective DFD operation. An experimental demonstration is conducted in the laboratory which compares the effectiveness of the coherent conditioned radiation module versus a conventional incoherent active light source, and demonstrates the applicability of the presented motionless DFD imager design. The fast response and no-moving-parts features of the DFD imager design are especially suited for camera scenarios where mechanical motion of lenses to achieve autofocus action is challenging, for example, in the tiny camera housings in smartphones and tablets. Applications for the proposed system include autofocus in modern day digital cameras.","PeriodicalId":285152,"journal":{"name":"SPIE Photonics Europe","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125297427","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Demonstration of a coexistence scheme between polarization-entangled QKD and classical data channels","authors":"F. Hipp, M. Hentschel, S. Aleksic, A. Poppe, H. Huebel","doi":"10.1117/12.2230222","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2230222","url":null,"abstract":"Incorporating single photon links used for quantum communication applications like quantum key distribution is a challenging task. Direct contamination from the strong classical signal and induced Raman scattering easily obscures the weak quantum signal. Generating entangled photons in the O-band might allow the coexistence of classical and quantum signals. We present results demonstrating the feasibility of transmitting entangled photons and strong classical communication signals over the same fiber.","PeriodicalId":285152,"journal":{"name":"SPIE Photonics Europe","volume":"11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127019257","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}