Political Behavior: Race最新文献

{"title":"Immigration: How Does It Impact the Wages of Native Workers?","authors":"R. Gana","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3247320","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3247320","url":null,"abstract":"I have worried about the talk, in recent times, that immigrants hurt the wages of native workers in the host nation. If so, that is not a good outcome. Why should native workers lose out to immigrants? To come to terms with my worry, I began to experiment with a classic dataset on immigrants and native worker wages, which was assembled about 15 years ago. At that time, this dataset appeared to signal that there exists an immigrant effect independent of skill set (e.g., education) that reduces the wages of native workers. Specifically, the indication was that the proportion of immigrant workers (p) is a standalone exogenous variable, among others, in a linear regression model that can explain native worker wages without including, in the model, the interaction of p with skill set. In my experimentation, I find that p cannot be a standalone variable in the model and at the same time: 1) be competitive in terms of cross validation predicted residual error sum of squares; and 2) be immune to the shocks from ridge regression, for small values of the ridge tuning parameter. My experiments indicate that immigration differentially impacts native worker wages across skill sets. In particular, for a 10% increase in immigrants, the average wage of native workers is impacted as follows: a) there is about a 5% drop (in native worker wages) for High school dropouts; b) about an 8% drop for High school graduates; c) about a 2% rise for those with some college education; and d) about a 6% rise for College graduates. This impact is, generally, monotonic in skill. Based on my experiments, I am led to cultivate the view that the overall (or net) impact of immigrants on native worker wages is based on their skill set shares. Several researchers have found little overall impact of immigrants on native worker wages; and, based on my view, it is not at all clear to me that there is anything unreasonable about their finding. That being said, Governments should nudge, and facilitate, native workers to acquire skills beyond those a High school education can provide; and ensure that labor market tests are correctly applied, especially in circumstances where it becomes quite difficult to price the deployment of a lower level skill like mopping the floor or driving a truck. Disciplined immigration will not harm the fabric of a nation. Economic inequality will.","PeriodicalId":284417,"journal":{"name":"Political Behavior: Race","volume":"285 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131423178","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Slowly Shifting Toward Inclusion: Local Immigrant Integration in Japan","authors":"David Green","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3244306","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3244306","url":null,"abstract":"In spite of a growing foreign population spurred in part by rapid social aging, relatively few studies have looked to immigrant integration issues in Japan, particularly at the municipal level. This article considers national and local integration efforts, focusing on the case of Nagoya city. I outline immigrant integration policy and actions at the national and city levels, then offer an assessment of immigrant integration in Nagoya and Japan across three dimensions: socio-economic integration, cultural integration and legal-political integration. This article finds that while Nagoya, and by extension Japan’s larger cities, make some efforts in each dimension of integration, such efforts remain largely at the basic and superficial levels. However, municipal activities, limited as they are, do represent a conscious attempt toward at least minimal immigrant integration. Based on city efforts, this article goes on to suggest that previously strong notions of citizenship and exclusion in Japan may be slowly opening as the country’s demographics change.","PeriodicalId":284417,"journal":{"name":"Political Behavior: Race","volume":"92 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126332005","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Trade and Immigration, 1870-2010","authors":"D. Jacks, John P. Tang","doi":"10.3386/w25010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3386/w25010","url":null,"abstract":"In this chapter, we describe long-run trends in global merchandise trade and immigration from 1870 to 2010. We revisit the reasons why these two forces moved largely in parallel in the decades leading up to World War I, collapsed during the interwar period, and then rebounded (but with much more pronounced growth in trade than in immigration). More substantively, we also document a large redistribution in the regional sources of goods and people with a shift from the former industrialized core countries—especially Europe—to those in the former periphery—especially Asia—as well as a very striking change in the composition of merchandise trade towards manufactured goods precisely dating from 1950. Finally, using a triple differences framework in combination with a dramatic change in US immigration policy, we find evidence that immigration and trade potentially acted as substitutes, at least for the United States in the interwar period.","PeriodicalId":284417,"journal":{"name":"Political Behavior: Race","volume":"2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127932068","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An Incomplete Victory: The Implications of Qt V Director of Immigration for the Protection of Gay Rights in Hong Kong","authors":"K. Wong","doi":"10.1111/1468-2230.12367","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-2230.12367","url":null,"abstract":"QT v Director of Immigration is the most important decision on gay rights in Hong Kong since the unequal ages of consent between heterosexuals and homosexuals were held to be unconstitutional 10 years ago. The Court of Appeal of Hong Kong affirmed the right of same‐sex couples married or in a civil partnership overseas to be treated on an equal basis with married heterosexual couples. This note considers the strengths and shortcomings of the Court of Appeal's reasoning, in terms of its potential significance both to the rights of sexual minorities and to the wider protection of human rights by means of the common law.","PeriodicalId":284417,"journal":{"name":"Political Behavior: Race","volume":"20 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126595054","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Non-Violent Action","authors":"J. Ammons, Christopher J. Coyne","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3240630","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3240630","url":null,"abstract":"Non-violent action entails exerting power to bring about change through means which avoid the use of physical force. Examples include protests, boycotts, civil disobedience, and non-cooperation, among others. Although it is possible for a single individual to engage in non-violence, larger-scale efforts, which involve numerous people working together to achieve some shared goal, are associated with broader societal change. Historically, these goals have included: undermining authoritarian governments, contesting injustices, preserving human rights, freedoms, and civil liberties, preventing coups d’etats, defending against external threats, and expelling foreign invaders, among others. The purpose of this paper is to provide an overview of the key thinkers, practitioners, and writings on non-violent action. Our purpose is twofold. First, we aim to introduce readers to the key figures in the long tradition of non-violent action. Second, we seek to emphasize non-violent action as an important means for responding to crises. This approach is bottom-up in that it requires people figuring out ways to work together collectively to generate change to the status quo without a single, overarching entity directing the effort.","PeriodicalId":284417,"journal":{"name":"Political Behavior: Race","volume":"32 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-08-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129419879","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Afro‐Descendants in Peru: Do Beauty and Race Matter in the Labor Market?","authors":"Francisco B. Galarza, G. Yamada","doi":"10.1111/rode.12530","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/rode.12530","url":null,"abstract":"This is a first study about labor discrimination against Afro‐descendants in Peru. We randomly assigned Afro‐Peruvian and white surnames and photographs (subjectively beautiful, homely looking, or not photos) to 3,828 fictitious resumes, sent for unskilled, technical, and professional occupations. We find an unprecedented, sizeable beauty premium in unskilled occupations (232.5 percent), no effect of looks in technical occupations, and a beauty penalty in professional occupations (–71.3 percent). Overall, whites receive 19.37 percent more callbacks than similarly qualified Afro‐Peruvians; this racial discrimination affects only Afro‐Peruvian females, and particularly those employed in technical occupations. These results remain unaltered when we restrict the sample to those markedly “Afro” surnames. Our findings unveil different dynamics of discrimination across job categories, which tend to be overlooked by the existing literature.","PeriodicalId":284417,"journal":{"name":"Political Behavior: Race","volume":"15 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-08-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125058027","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Russian-Speaking Immigrant Motivation to Become an Entrepreneur in the US","authors":"Irina Kogan, Jennoa R. Graham, Yves Belmont, D. Bellenger","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3233673","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3233673","url":null,"abstract":"Purpose – According to literature, immigrant entrepreneurs in the US are more likely to start and maintain a business than native-born entrepreneurs. However, there is limited research pertaining to first-generation immigrant entrepreneurs in the US. This paper contributes to the literature pertaining to desire for independence, need for achievement, risk tolerance, other factors that inspire immigrants to start entrepreneurial careers, and related actions that promote business success for Russian-speaking first-generation immigrant entrepreneurs. Design/methodology/approach – This explanatory study examined the influence of desire for independence, need for achievement, risk tolerance, and other factors to determine inspiration to entrepreneurial careers and actions promoting business success with 11 Russian-speaking first-generation immigrants who moved to the US at age 18 years or older and who own US-based companies with three to 20 staff and annual sales of $50,000–$20,000,000. As a qualitative study it is not intended to provide statistically significant information. Findings – Results indicated that there are 12 subfactors within desire for independence, need for achievement, risk tolerance, and other factors that influenced the inspiration of first-generation Russian-speaking entrepreneurs to start a US-based business in the US alcoholic beverages industry. These factors led to nine actions that promote business success. Research limitations/implications – Because the sample consisted entirely of Russian-speaking entrepreneurs who were active distributors of alcoholic beverages within the import/export industry, findings may not be generalizable to non-import/export industries or nonalcoholic beverage product lines. The exclusion of businesses that have ceased operations eliminated insights gained from associated lessons learned preceding closure. The chain of causal evidence for this multiple-case design was consistent with historical admonitions. A longitudinal design may provide more comprehensive insights for causal relationships between constructs. Future research that includes a comparison analysis of other import/export product lines and other non-English-speaking first-generation immigrant entrepreneurs could add value to this study. Practical implications – Because of this research, knowledge about the success of Russian-speaking immigrant entrepreneurs is available, new immigrant entrepreneurs will have references for success, and a meaningful contribution is made to the existing body of knowledge on immigrant entrepreneurship. Originality/value – Plenty of research addresses the amount of money generated by immigrant entrepreneurship (New American Economy, 2016), the increase in the number of immigrants starting businesses since 2000 (Fairlie, 2012), and the impact of immigrant businesses on the US economy (Balasubramanian et al., 2007). There is also a strong literary presence regarding the survival and growth of immigrant bus","PeriodicalId":284417,"journal":{"name":"Political Behavior: Race","volume":"25 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-08-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127961086","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Has the Development Gap between the Ethnic Minority and Majority Groups Narrowed in Vietnam?: Evidence from Household Surveys","authors":"T. Fujii","doi":"10.1111/twec.12578","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/twec.12578","url":null,"abstract":"Using household data for rural northern Viet Nam between 1993 and 2014, we find that the ethnic minority group continued to lag behind the majority group in various development indicators despite the overall improvement in living standards. Our regression and decomposition analyses show that the structural differences between the two groups are an important cause of the persistent development gap. However, the nature of structural differences changed over time and no single source of structural difference explains the persistent gap. We argue that more minority-appropriate policies are needed to lift poor minority households out of poverty further and reduce the development gap.","PeriodicalId":284417,"journal":{"name":"Political Behavior: Race","volume":"4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117145993","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Women and Migration","authors":"Francisca M. Antman","doi":"10.1093/OXFORDHB/9780190628963.013.31","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OXFORDHB/9780190628963.013.31","url":null,"abstract":"While scholars have long studied the economics of migration, increasing waves of international and regional migration around the world have placed greater focus on the varied impacts of migration in recent years. Critical to this line of research is an examination of the important role that women play in both sending and destination areas. This chapter addresses various aspects of the relationship between women and migration, including key ways in which non-migrant women are affected by migration, as well as how female migrants affect families and labor markets in both source and destination communities. Selection factors and determinants of female migration, as well as the gendered impacts of migrant networks, are also discussed.","PeriodicalId":284417,"journal":{"name":"Political Behavior: Race","volume":"104 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-07-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132496318","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Independent Thinking and Hard Working, or Caring and Well Behaved? Short- and Long-Term Impacts of Gender Identity Norms","authors":"Núria Rodríguez-Planas, Anna Sanz-de-Galdeano, Anastasia Terskaya","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3234217","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3234217","url":null,"abstract":"Using the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health, we explore the causal effect of gender-identity norms on female teenagers' engagement in risky behaviors relative to boys in the US. To do so, we exploit idiosyncratic variation across adjacent grades within schools in the proportion of high-school peers' mothers who think that important skills for both boys and girls to possess are traditionally masculine ones, such as to think for him or herself or work hard, as opposed to traditionally feminine ones, namely to be well-behaved, popular or help others. We find that a higher proportion of mothers who believe that independent thinking and working hard matter for either gender reduces the gender gap in risky behaviors, traditionally more prevalent among males, both in the short and medium run. We also find evidence of convergence in the labor market in early adulthood. Short- and medium-run results are driven by a reduction in males' engagement in risky behaviors; long-run results are driven by females' higher annual earnings and lower welfare dependency.","PeriodicalId":284417,"journal":{"name":"Political Behavior: Race","volume":"151 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124367417","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}