Political Behavior: Race最新文献

{"title":"Are Gay Rights Human Rights?","authors":"Paul Johnson","doi":"10.2139/SSRN.2971762","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/SSRN.2971762","url":null,"abstract":"This is the text of a talk given for “Pint of Science” in York (UK) on 16th of May 2017.","PeriodicalId":284417,"journal":{"name":"Political Behavior: Race","volume":"228 ","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-05-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"113999966","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Using a Ratio Test to Estimate Racial Differences in Wrongful Conviction Rates","authors":"David Bjerk, Eric A. Helland","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2940621","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2940621","url":null,"abstract":"We show that under arguably plausible assumptions regarding the DNA exoneration process, in expectation, the ratio of DNA exoneration rates across races among defendants convicted for the same crime in the same state provides an upper bound on the ratio of wrongful conviction rates across races among these defendants. Our estimates of this statistic reveal that among those sentenced to incarceration for rape in the United States between 1983 and 1997, the wrongful conviction rate among white defendants was less than two-thirds of what it was for black defendants. Our results with respect to murder are inconclusive.","PeriodicalId":284417,"journal":{"name":"Political Behavior: Race","volume":"69 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-03-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114668743","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Early Health and School Outcomes for Children with Lesbian Parents: Evidence from Sweden","authors":"Lina Aldén, Anders Bjorklund, Mats Hammarstedt","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2940606","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2940606","url":null,"abstract":"Sweden was early to legalize same-sex partnership (1995), to allow same-sex couples to adopt children (2003), and to offer same-sex couples fertility treatment through the national health system (2005). Using population data, we identify children of lesbian parents as those whose biological mother was a registered same-sex partner no later than six months after the child's birth. The number of such children increased markedly from 1995 to 2010 with a total of 750 children for the whole period. We find that boys and girls with lesbian parents had 2.4 percent lower birth weight than other children, a difference that is statistically significant from zero at the 5 percent level. Girls, but not boys, also have a higher probability of having a low birth weight. We follow these children until age ten and observe diseases of the respiratory system. Boys with lesbian parents have a significantly lower probability of such diseases (-3.4 percentage points), and girls with lesbian parents an insignificantly higher probability (+2.4 percentage points). Our analysis of school outcomes at age ten uses a small sample so precision is low. The point estimates show that boys with lesbian parents outperform other children by around 10 percentiles higher test scores in Math and Swedish. These differences are barely significant, while estimates for girls are lower and not significant. For all outcomes, we find that children with lesbian parents benefit from their mother's socio-economic status, whereas they suffer in terms of birth weight from having been exposed to fertility treatment.","PeriodicalId":284417,"journal":{"name":"Political Behavior: Race","volume":"86 4","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-03-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"120881006","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"International Comparison of Women's Participation in the Military Service in the U.S. And Korea","authors":"Yun-jung Kim","doi":"10.16980/JITC.13.1.201702.111","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.16980/JITC.13.1.201702.111","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, an international comparison of women’s participation in the military service in the U.S. and Korea is made. In the U.S., the role of the modern warrior becomes more gender neutral than at any time in the past. In fact, a more relevant and interesting question may be how and where women can best serve in the new wars that require technical competency and non-traditional military operations such as peacekeeping, humanitarian intervention, and the business of post-war reconstruction rather than whether women should be fully integrated into the armed services. Women’s participation in the Korean armed forces will be increasing because socioeconomic structure is gradually moving toward more opportunity for women in the labor force and economic equity between genders. Although there is still resistance to changing the gender roles within the family and in the society, military utilization of females can contribute to forming a new military culture in the sense that women may contribute to narrowing the distance between the military organization and civil society.","PeriodicalId":284417,"journal":{"name":"Political Behavior: Race","volume":"55 1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-02-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130697952","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Building the Trade Wall to Mexico: What NAFTA, Brexit, and TPP Mean for the Future of U.S. Trade","authors":"B. Brookshire","doi":"10.2139/SSRN.2910097","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/SSRN.2910097","url":null,"abstract":"The recent election of President Donald Trump calls into question the United States’ future in international trade. During Trump’s campaign for office, he promised to attempt to renegotiate the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), and, if negotiations fail, withdraw from the agreement. While elections often invite isolationist rhetoric, such a policy would be a departure from the policies of the last five decades. Withdrawal from NAFTA would create significant uncertainty for the future of North American trade, not only for U.S. companies but especially for the U.S.’s role in the negotiation of future trade agreements. \u0000This Article is the first to examine the possible effects of U.S. withdrawing from NAFTA, drawing conclusions from the United Kingdom’s “Brexit” experience. While the European Union’s customs union operates differently than a free trade agreement, both U.S. protectionist sentiment and Brexit stem from the same ideological fears, namely immigration. The central claim of this Article is that NAFTA has ultimately benefited the U.S., and, while improvements can be made, U.S. withdrawal from NAFTA will harm the American economy, not help it. \u0000Instead, the United States must pursue further trade agreements, similar to the Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP). This Article argues that although Donald Trump has officially withdrawn from TPP, the agreement should act as a template to build future trade agreements. As the future of the United States’ international trade policy remains uncertain, the most sensible path lies in more trade agreements in the future, not less.","PeriodicalId":284417,"journal":{"name":"Political Behavior: Race","volume":"62 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122242618","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Glass Ceiling - A Silent Barrier for Women in Highly Advanced and Humanistic Society","authors":"S. Noronha, Sreeramana Aithal","doi":"10.21013/JMSS.V5.N3.P9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21013/JMSS.V5.N3.P9","url":null,"abstract":"Indian society in the present scenario is considered to be highly competitive, advanced and techno-friendly enhancing the talents and career growth of both men and women. This educated society has also created awareness for gender equity. Moreover, this advancement has also provided ample opportunities for women to occupy equal positions as men. Since many decades women have made their presence felt in almost all positions in different organizations. Though we find enough number of women occupying many positions it is doubtful about women occupying the executive positions where decision making plays a major role. Along with work life balance and traditions, there is an invisible barrier that acts as a challenge for women influencing their advancement. One can silently observe a glass ceiling creating a barrier for women to optimize their capacities to the fullest. Here arises the need to investigate the presence of the invisible glass ceiling for women and its impact on their career advancement. For the development of a nation, politics plays a vital role. Politicians being the representatives of the people help people solve their problems by making policies and amend the existing laws. Here the participation of women as public servants is equally important. This study hence tries to analyze if there exist any glass ceiling in Indian political scenario and also tries to find the conditions required for women to obtain such positions. The study will be exploratory in nature based on a comparative analysis of the data gathered from various online sources.","PeriodicalId":284417,"journal":{"name":"Political Behavior: Race","volume":"188 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-12-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115231626","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Migration in Russia: Old Trends and New Problems","authors":"Y. Florinskaya, N. Mkrtchyan","doi":"10.2139/SSRN.2889458","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/SSRN.2889458","url":null,"abstract":"According to the 2016 results, in Russia migration growth is likely to return from lower rates to the level of the past few years. As before, migration virtually ensures completely population growth in Russia. The two largest metropolitan areas (Moscow together with the Moscow Region and St. Petersburg together with the Leningrad Region) and the Krasnodar Territory are the main centers which attract migrants. Also, there is a renewal of growth in temporary foreign migration (season migrants) in a summer period. The number of season foreign migrants is below the level of 2013–2014 and even that of 2015. In 2016, the issues related to regulation of labor migration have become more topical: the number of work permits required for employment keeps falling.","PeriodicalId":284417,"journal":{"name":"Political Behavior: Race","volume":"4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-12-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122616888","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Safe and Sound? How Funding Mix Affects Homelessness Support for Indigenous Australians","authors":"Angela Spinney, Daphne Habibis, S. McNelis","doi":"10.18408/AHURI-5109301","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18408/AHURI-5109301","url":null,"abstract":"© Australian Housing and Urban Research Institute Limited 2016. The impact of mixed funding sources on homelessness support for Indigenous Australians forms one part of the research program in the AHURI Inquiry into the funding of homelessness services in Australia, which aims to understand the mix of government and non-government funding and how the funding of services that support people who are experiencing homelessness influences service provision and outcomes for those people. Indigenous Australians are 14 times more likely to become homeless than other Australians, and their homelessness situations are likely to be more severe. This research examines the extent to which the needs of homeless and at-risk Indigenous Australians are being met. The research used relevant findings from the AHURI Australian homelessness funding and delivery survey (Flatau, Zaretzky et al. 2016) plus five case-studies and three focus groups. Twenty-seven organisations with Indigenous Australians as a main client group participated in the survey. Findings in this research show that financial support to organisations that provide services to Indigenous Australians experiencing homelessness is primarily provided by governments through the National Partnership Agreement on Homelessness (NPAH) which funds Specialist Homelessness Services (SHS), with 94 per cent of funds from governments and the next largest source of funds (only 2%) from rent revenue. No federal or state program specifically targets supporting homeless Indigenous people or those at risk of experiencing homelessness. Services for homeless Indigenous people are overwhelmingly 'mainstreamed', with SHS funds going to Indigenous organisations but no targeted support or coordination with programs which are targeted at Indigenous Australians. Funding uncertainty is a major issue, and the problems (including operational inefficiency, inability of organisations to innovate, and impacts on staff recruitment and retention) caused by this precarity are notably similar, regardless of the location or type of service, with larger organisations best placed to cope. Homeless Indigenous Australians may not be receiving the kinds of support which are best suited to them, and current support may not be culturally appropriate. More than half of the survey respondents anticipate that negative consequences such as excessive reporting would result from attempting to further diversify their funding sources, including seeking funds from non-NAHA/NPAH sources.","PeriodicalId":284417,"journal":{"name":"Political Behavior: Race","volume":"68 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-12-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124223748","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Migration and Political Institutions: Other Side of the Hill","authors":"K. Wong","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2898038","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2898038","url":null,"abstract":"This paper examines the effect of migration population on their host places using evidence from the local election in Hong Kong. Findings of this paper reveal that the migrated population not only shape the political institutions of their home countries but also their host regions, depends on their experience at home countries when they migrated. In particular, population migrated from Mainland China because of social unrest and political turmoils in the early period is found to have no significant influence on the pro-government votes in the local elections of Hong Kong. The share of population migrated from Mainland China after 1990s when the living standard of China has been greatly improved by its economic reform, on the other hand, is found to have a positive effect on the share of pro-government votes. This effect is also found for new immigrants from China which usually do not have the right to vote, supporting the information and beliefs transmission is an important channel for migrants to influence the political institutions. Such effect, however, is not found in a control sample of population migrated from countries other than China.","PeriodicalId":284417,"journal":{"name":"Political Behavior: Race","volume":"14 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-12-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133740852","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Biology and Gender in the Labor Market","authors":"D. Cobb-Clark","doi":"10.1093/OXFORDHB/9780190628963.013.15","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OXFORDHB/9780190628963.013.15","url":null,"abstract":"Can biology help us to better understand gender differences in labor market behavior and outcomes? This chapter reviews the emerging literature which sheds light on this question, considering research in four broad areas: i) behavioral endocrinology; ii) human genetics; iii) neuroeconomics; and iv) sensory functioning and time-space perceptions.","PeriodicalId":284417,"journal":{"name":"Political Behavior: Race","volume":"39 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-12-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126169846","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}