Political Behavior: Race最新文献

{"title":"Behind the Veil: The Effect of Banning the Islamic Veil in Schools","authors":"E. Maurin, Nicolás Navarrete","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3468593","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3468593","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The Islamic veil is a subject of intense controversy in many Western countries. In particular, it remains an open question whether banning the veil in schools prevents female Muslim students from engaging in normal schooling, or whether it is a policy that promotes their integration. We shed light on this question by exploring the effects of the 1994 ministerial circular that required French schools to ban Islamic veils. We show that the ban coincided with a significant improvement in the educational attainment of female students of Muslim origin, as well as a rise in mixed marriages.","PeriodicalId":284417,"journal":{"name":"Political Behavior: Race","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129995474","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Red Scare? A Study of Ethnic Prejudice in the Prosecutions under the Economic Espionage Act","authors":"Hanming Fang, Ming Li","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3923594","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3923594","url":null,"abstract":"We empirically test whether the Department of Justice (DOJ) engages in ethnic prejudice against Chinese in its prosecutorial decisions under the Economic Espionage Act (EEA) of 1996. Using data of EEA cases from November 1996 to June 2021, we conduct Becker's outcome test for evidence of ethnic prejudice. We find that Chinese-named defendants were more likely to be dismissed by trial or acquitted by jury, and were found guilty on fewer counts, and on average received harsher indictments. These results are robust regardless of whether we consider all cases or only arguably ``marginal'' cases. We also find that, for those publicly listed victim firms whose trade secrets were allegedly stolen by the charged defendants, the stock market reaction was much more muted to the news on the case filing date if the charged defendants are of Chinese descent. Our study provides the first systematic evidence that the DOJ's prosecutorial decisions in the application of the EEA may have been tainted by ethnic prejudice against Chinese, including American citizens of Chinese descent. \u0000 \u0000Institutional subscribers to the NBER working paper series, and residents of developing countries may download this paper without additional charge at www.nber.org.","PeriodicalId":284417,"journal":{"name":"Political Behavior: Race","volume":"4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130039514","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Role of Social Movements, Coalitions, and Workers in Resisting Harmful Artificial Intelligence and Contributing to the Development of Responsible AI","authors":"Susan von Struensee","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3880779","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3880779","url":null,"abstract":"The rapid spread of artificial intelligence (AI) systems has precipitated a rise in ethical and rights-based frameworks intended to guide the development and use of these technologies. Despite the proliferation of these \"AI principles\", there is mounting public concern over the influence that the AI systems have in our society, and coalitions in all sectors are organizing to resist harmful applications of AI worldwide. Responses from peoples everywhere, from workers protesting unethical conduct and applications of AI, to student's protesting MIT's relationships with donor, sex trafficker, and pedophile Jeffery Epstein, to the healthcare community, to indigenous people addressing “the twin problems of a lack of reliable data and information on indigenous peoples and biopiracy and misuse of their traditional knowledge and cultural heritage”, to smart city stakeholders, to many others. Like corporations, governments around the world have adopted strategies for becoming leaders in the development and use of Artificial Intelligence, fostering environments congenial to AI innovators. Neither corporations nor policymakers have sufficiently addressed how the rights of children fit into their AI strategies or products. The role of artificial intelligence in children’s lives—from how children play, to how they are educated, to how they consume information and learn about the world—is expected to increase exponentially over the coming years. Thus, it’s imperative that stakeholders evaluate the risks and assess opportunities to use artificial intelligence to maximize children’s wellbeing in a thoughtful and systematic manner. This paper discusses AI and children's rights in the context of social media platforms such as YouTube, smart toys, and AI education applications. The Hello Barbie, Cloud Pets, and Cayla smart toys case studies are analyzed, as well as the ElsaGate social media hacks and education's new Intelligent Tutoring Systems and surveillance of students apps. Though AI has valuable benefits for children, it presents some particular challenges around important issues including child safety, privacy, data privacy, device security and consent. Technology giants, all of whom are heavily investing in and profiting from AI, must not dominate the public discourse on responsible use of AI. We all need to shape the future of our core values and democratic institutions. As artificial intelligence continues to find its way into our daily lives, its propensity to interfere with our rights only gets more severe. Many of the issues mentioned in this examination of harmful AI are not new, but they are greatly exacerbated and threatened by the scale, proliferation, and real-life impact that artificial intelligence facilitates. The potential of artificial intelligence to both help and harm people is much greater than earlier technologies. Continuing to examine what safeguards and structures can address AI’s problems and harms, including those that disproportionat","PeriodicalId":284417,"journal":{"name":"Political Behavior: Race","volume":"323 3","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132705832","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Migration and Self-Determination","authors":"I. Somin","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3866638","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3866638","url":null,"abstract":"Free international migration has enormous benefits. But many argue that governments can legitimately restrict migration in order to protect the supposed “self-determination” of natives. Some claims of this type are based on group rights theories, which hold that members of a particular racial, ethnic, or cultural group are the “true” owners of a particular territory, or that democratic self-government inherently requires a right to exclude immigrants. Others are based on notions of individual freedom of association, which analogize the rights of national governments to those of private property owners or members of a private club. This article criticizes both collective and individual rights theories that purport to justify a power to exclude migrants. It also critiques claims that the governments of migrants’ countries of origin can rightfully curtail emigration by forcing them to stay. I address these issues in much greater detail in my book <i>Free to Move: Foot Voting, Migration, and Political Freedom</i>, on which this article is in part based.","PeriodicalId":284417,"journal":{"name":"Political Behavior: Race","volume":"100 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122418355","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Look East To Act East Policy and Its Impact on Immigration in Assam","authors":"Jayanta Boruah","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3868365","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3868365","url":null,"abstract":"The Look East Policy was enacted by India to increase her close association with the Southeast Asian Nations for better economic development and co-operation in solving certain common cross-border issues like- insurgency, drug trafficking, etc. The same Policy was however changed by the present Modi Government into Act East Policy in 2014 for further extension of the targets of the previous Look East Policy. However, one aspect that was common in both these two policies was the development of the North-Eastern Region including the State of Assam which has a very high potential for Natural Resources. But the State of Assam has always been facing the issue of illegal immigration creating fear in the minds of the local Assamese Community about losing their identities. Such issues have also made the situation in the region highly unstable. Therefore, a question arises that if such Act East Policy opens up the borders of the State, then will it be able to maintain the security of the identities of the local inhabitants of this region especially when the region has always been neglected by mainstream India and the Politics have also remained mostly ignorant about the issues of the local people. Thus, this paper will make a brief attempt to highlight the consequences of the Look East Policy in Assam to estimate the probable consequences of the new Act East Policy especially concerning the issue of illegal immigration into Assam.","PeriodicalId":284417,"journal":{"name":"Political Behavior: Race","volume":"73 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129919618","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Islam and Collective Action: An Interpretation using Social Movement Framework","authors":"A. Yusuf","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3787358","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3787358","url":null,"abstract":"Discourse about Islam often occupy very strategic place in global politics, in whatever spectrum it is viewed. It often draws spectacular global attention especially the aspect of its rallying capability for collective action irrespective of the entrenched sectarian differences. Relying on document analysis, the paper used the theoretical tool of social movement framework to explain the cause of collective action in Islam and how it impacts on global politics. The paper argued that collective behavior in Islam is derived from the fusion of faith into politics in Islam which creates the Islamic identity.","PeriodicalId":284417,"journal":{"name":"Political Behavior: Race","volume":"18 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-02-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124197094","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparative Organizational Performance After Economic Reforms: Evidence From Cuba's Tourist Restaurant Industry","authors":"Kislaya Prasad","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3745225","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3745225","url":null,"abstract":"This paper examines the performance of Cuba’s private and state-run tourist restaurants following the economic reforms of 2011. The policy reforms made it easier to open private restaurants, and reduced constraints owners/managers faced in hiring workers, obtaining credit, and procuring supplies. Starting around 2013, some state restaurants were turned over to workers to manage, which had the effect of improving performance. State-owned restaurants continued to operate, and state-sector reforms sought to provide incentives for better performance. I compare the pre and post-reform performance of these organizational forms using online ratings and sentiments expressed in user text reviews and find that private restaurants are always rated more highly. I also extract sentiments about aspects of the restaurant experience, and find that where state restaurants lag most is in service quality. A thriving private sector had the effect that state-owned restaurants also improved after reforms, with the improvement coming primarily from better service.","PeriodicalId":284417,"journal":{"name":"Political Behavior: Race","volume":"287 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115433995","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Reflection on the Nature of Free Movement in An Enlarged EU: Does It Still Follow the Original Logic?","authors":"O. Farkas","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3736589","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3736589","url":null,"abstract":"The paper discusses the wider framework of free movement of people in EU law, bridging various research fields. In doing so the initial part of the paper indicates the major differences between free movement of people before and after the Eastern Enlargement both in numbers and characteristics. This part is followed by the analysis of the effects produced in sending and in destination countries. Subsequently the focus moves on the possible reasons motivating migration and on how these decisions are facilitated by the current regulatory framework of free movement. It will be shortly recalled that free movement has been object of a constitutional evolution towards a fundamental right including all Union citizens, not only labour force. In this context free movement effectively accommodated a diversified set of reasons and motivations to exercise this right. The conclusions suggest that until cohesion remains limited, the persisting gaps in working and living standards among the Members States will continue to distort free movement.","PeriodicalId":284417,"journal":{"name":"Political Behavior: Race","volume":"23 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127693551","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Social Movements: An Ostromian Perspective","authors":"Mikayla Novak","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3891985","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3891985","url":null,"abstract":"The objective of this paper is to interpret social movement activity using the conceptual tools of Bloomington political economy. Mainstream theory predicts that collective action to achieve objectives of societal transformation is infeasible, given the incentive of individuals to free ride on the commitments of others to the social movement cause. We suggest the intellectual legacy of Elinor and Vincent Ostrom provides an alternative, and more affirming, view of the contribution of social movements, and similar collectives, toward change. Key understandings from the Ostromian approach include: (i) deployment of non-material strategies, such as resonating frames and emotional cues, to elicit social movement participation; (ii) development of organising strategies as acts of artisanship within the boundaries of social movements; and (iii) strategic and tactical selection by movement participants to feasibly obtain concessions and other gains from various actors in polycentric spaces. This study applies the Ostroms’ approach to political economy to understand the involvement of early-state feminist movement toward property rights liberalisation in the United States. We argue the Bloomington School offers valuable insights to better appreciate the operations and impacts of social movements.","PeriodicalId":284417,"journal":{"name":"Political Behavior: Race","volume":"25 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124316461","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Case Comment: Decriminalizing Consensual Same-Sex Relations","authors":"Tejasvi Gupta","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3842311","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3842311","url":null,"abstract":"This case comment analyses the landmark judgement of The Supreme Court of India which de-criminalised consensual same sex relations. Moreover, it entails previous judgements related to section 377(IPC).","PeriodicalId":284417,"journal":{"name":"Political Behavior: Race","volume":"34 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115223988","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}