{"title":"Interfacial strengthening of CF/PEEK composites by electrodeposition of Al-substituted β-TCP coating for load-bearing orthopedic implants","authors":"Yang Liu , Kaibao Wang , Huirong Le","doi":"10.1016/j.compstruct.2025.119024","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.compstruct.2025.119024","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This article investigated the interfacial strengthening of carbon fiber reinforced PEEK (CF/PEEK) by modifying CF with Al-substituted β-TCP (Al-TCP). Short carbon fibers with Al-TCP coating (CF/Al-TCP) were prepared using the electrodeposition process, and CF/Al-TCP/PEEK composites with 20 wt% CF/Al-TCP were then obtained by the solution method and the compression molding. The analysis of XRD, FTIR, TG-DSC, and SEM with EDS of CF/Al-TCP powders confirmed the success of the coating and its composition consisting of <span><math><mrow><msub><mrow><mi>C</mi><mi>a</mi></mrow><mn>9</mn></msub><mi>A</mi><mi>l</mi><msub><mrow><mo>(</mo><mi>P</mi><msub><mi>O</mi><mn>4</mn></msub><mo>)</mo></mrow><mn>7</mn></msub></mrow></math></span>, β-TCP and <span><math><mrow><mi>A</mi><mi>l</mi><mi>P</mi><msub><mi>O</mi><mn>4</mn></msub></mrow></math></span>. Compared with bare CF (BCF), the contact angle with deionized water of CF/Al-TCP decreased by 14.2 %, and the surface energy of CF/Al-TCP increased by 16.2 %. Compared with BCF/PEEK, the flexural strength and flexural modulus of CF/Al-TCP/PEEK increased from 109 MPa and 5.129 GPa to 121.7 MPa and 5.182 GPa, respectively, with an increase of 11.6 % and 1.0 %. The predicted flexural modulus of CF/Al-TCP/PEEK composites using the finite element simulation method agreed well with the experimental results. The interfacial strengthening of CF/Al-TCP/PEEK can be explained by CF’s increased roughness (mechanical interlocking theory) and surface wettability (infiltration adsorption theory). These findings suggest that the CF/Al-TCP/PEEK composites can potentially be utilized for load-bearing orthopedic applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":281,"journal":{"name":"Composite Structures","volume":"359 ","pages":"Article 119024"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2025-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143551119","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Efficient multiscale simulation for damage behaviors in Nb3Sn superconducting strands and cables","authors":"Yixin Feng , Huadong Yong","doi":"10.1016/j.compstruct.2025.119021","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.compstruct.2025.119021","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The Nb<sub>3</sub>Sn superconducting strands and cables are the most matured materials required for the next-generation accelerator magnets represented by the Future Circular Collider. However, the brittleness of the Nb<sub>3</sub>Sn multifilament structures can cause severe critical current degradation when subjected to complex loading conditions, harming the stable operation of superconducting magnets. Considering the notable multiscale characteristics of Nb<sub>3</sub>Sn materials and structures, this paper has proposed an efficient multiscale framework, which has combined the self-consistent analysis (SCA) and finite element method (FEM). Then, we have developed the brittle damage constitutive law for Nb<sub>3</sub>Sn filaments and investigated the mechanical behaviors of PIT strands and ten-layered stack cables. The results of the PIT strands exhibit the ‘plateau stage’ phenomenon under uniaxial tension, which are explained by the random damage of Nb<sub>3</sub>Sn filaments in microscale. Besides, the three-scale analysis of stack cables is also compared to existed experiments and simulations to validate the accuracy. The influences of the Weibull distribution parameters and compression, bending and torsion loading conditions are also discussed. The proposed efficient multiscale method can serve as a powerful tool for investigating the mechanical behaviors of Nb<sub>3</sub>Sn superconducting materials and structures, which can be easily applied to other multiscale materials and structures.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":281,"journal":{"name":"Composite Structures","volume":"359 ","pages":"Article 119021"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2025-02-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143563313","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Antonio Coluccia , Guillaume Meyer , Stefania Liseni , Christian Mittelstedt , Giorgio De Pasquale
{"title":"Functionally graded lattice structures for energy absorption: Numerical analysis and experimental validation","authors":"Antonio Coluccia , Guillaume Meyer , Stefania Liseni , Christian Mittelstedt , Giorgio De Pasquale","doi":"10.1016/j.compstruct.2025.119013","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.compstruct.2025.119013","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Lattice structures show a high potential in fields where high structural performances are necessary, such as automotive and aerospace engineering. These structures offer excellent stiffness and strength, while being able to keep their weight limited: main outcome of such characteristics are appreciable specific mechanical properties. Since lattice structures are mostly produced using additive manufacturing, a large number of shapes and topologies are available. Moreover, it is possible to control geometrical features, like thickness of the struts, eventual reinforcements and in general the local relative density of the structure, through mathematical and analytical considerations. The principal aim of the model developed in this paper is the control over the thickness of the struts of a lattice structure: samples made of lattice with different topologies are object to a functionally grading process able to redefine the thickness of each strut of the sample based on homogenizing the stress state; as a main result, energy absorption and specific energy absorption levels are increased. Two grading processes are presented: the first one considers relative density into the relationship for the reformulation of the thickness value, together with an average level of the Von Mises stress, while the second only considers the stresses. A validating experimental campaign has been finally performed: graded samples, with both processes, and ungraded samples are produced via L-PBF (laser powder bed fusion) and tested under compression in order to compare their energy absorption levels.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":281,"journal":{"name":"Composite Structures","volume":"360 ","pages":"Article 119013"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2025-02-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143570572","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Design principles for dual-phase lattice cylindrical tubes with excellent energy absorption capability","authors":"Yuan Tian , Huitian Wang , Zhuo Chen , Qianqian Wu , Sha Yin","doi":"10.1016/j.compstruct.2025.119015","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.compstruct.2025.119015","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>To further increase specific energy absorption capacity of lattice materials, this study proposed dual-phase lattice cylindrical tubes (DPLCTs) that emulated the sinusoidal-helicoidal architecture of the peacock mantis shrimp. The metamaterial composites were printed from austenitic stainless steel using additive manufacturing and compressed. Quasi-static axial compression tests revealed that DPLCTs exhibited higher specific energy absorption (SEA) than the corresponding single-phase lattice cylindrical tubes (SPLCTs). Those with the largest amplitude-to-width ratio, exhibited superior specific energy absorption, respectively 74 % and 14 % greater than that of matrix phase (MP) and reinforcement phase (RP) based SPLCTs. After the incorporation of the second phase, more complex deformation modes were observed associated with truss plastic buckling or twisting, RP grain rotation or connected RP grains moving along the phase boundary. In addition to the previously reported interaction deformation mechanism of “phase boundary slip”, “reinforcement phase rotation” was observed as another deformation mechanism, which could improve the energy absorption capability by postponing densification strain. Together with computational analysis, the interaction deformation mechanism was found to vary depending on amplitude-to-width ratio (<em>γ</em>). Finally, design principles for lattice cylindrical tubes with greater energy absorption capability were summarized. The study will provide further guidance for the development of impact-resistant engineering structures.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":281,"journal":{"name":"Composite Structures","volume":"359 ","pages":"Article 119015"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2025-02-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143563314","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Vipin Gupta , Sunita Kumawat , Sumit Kumar Vishwakarma , M S Barak , Soumik Das
{"title":"Effects of layer imperfections and material gradation on circumferential shear horizontal waves in cylindrical piezoelectric composite structure","authors":"Vipin Gupta , Sunita Kumawat , Sumit Kumar Vishwakarma , M S Barak , Soumik Das","doi":"10.1016/j.compstruct.2025.118997","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.compstruct.2025.118997","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study examines the propagation of circumferential shear horizontal (SH) waves through a cylindrical composite structure with three concentric layers. The configuration includes an innermost functionally graded orthotropic (FGO) layer, a self-reinforced (SR) middle layer for mechanical stability, and an outer piezoelectric (PE) layer designed to enhance sensitivity for sensor and actuator applications. The interfaces between the layers are imperfectly bonded, leading to mechanical and electro-mechanical coupling imperfections. Dispersion relations were developed under specific boundary conditions, revealing how interface imperfections, initial stresses, and changes in radii influence the wave phase velocity. This research also explores the complex interlayer surface response, a phenomenon often overlooked in prior studies, offering new insights into layer interactions and their effects on wave propagation. Results indicate a strong wavenumber dependency of phase velocity with significant variations due to functional gradation and higher angular modes. The FGO layer shows the highest stress levels, while the PE layer contributes minimally to stress but plays a crucial role in electromechanical conversion. Interface imperfections and initial stress in the PE layer subtly alter stress distribution, affecting the overall performance of the composite structure. These findings enhance the functionality of surface acoustic wave sensors, piezoelectric actuators, and other related devices.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":281,"journal":{"name":"Composite Structures","volume":"359 ","pages":"Article 118997"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2025-02-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143508756","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Somraj Sen, Arindam Das, Indrajit Pahari, Arnab Banerjee
{"title":"Influence of geometry on in-plane and out-of-plane wave propagation of 2D hexagonal and re-entrant lattices","authors":"Somraj Sen, Arindam Das, Indrajit Pahari, Arnab Banerjee","doi":"10.1016/j.compstruct.2025.118958","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.compstruct.2025.118958","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The evaluation of the dispersion characteristics, including iso-frequency contours, group velocity maps, and directivity plots, are presented for 2D periodic lattices with varying internal angles. This study delves into the wave propagation behavior of various lattices to understand the emergence of wave directionality through variations in geometry, particularly internal angles, considering both in-plane and out-of-plane deformations. The spectral element formulation is used to model each lattice member considering space frame elements. The Bloch–Floquet theorem is employed to establish the dispersion relationships after defining the periodicity of unit cells. Detailed analysis manifests that isofrequency contours become more concave as internal angles decrease, indicating high directionality in re-entrant lattices. This is confirmed by directivity plots and group velocity maps. Modes, namely axial, flexural, and torsional modes are identified for the regular hexagonal lattice. Further, Dirac cones are observed for the hexagonal lattice. Notably, a directional roton-like phenomenon is discovered, displaying both negative and positive group velocities for specific wave packets. These findings have potential applications for wave manipulation and control, particularly in acoustics and vibration control.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":281,"journal":{"name":"Composite Structures","volume":"359 ","pages":"Article 118958"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2025-02-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143519204","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Inverse design of lattice metamaterials for fully anisotropic elastic constants: A data-driven and gradient-based method","authors":"Zixing Fu , Huina Mao , Binglun Yin","doi":"10.1016/j.compstruct.2025.118975","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.compstruct.2025.118975","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The elastic constant tensor and its anisotropy are among the most critical mechanical properties, as they govern numerous mechanical phenomena and are prevalent in many natural materials. However, the efficient and accurate inverse design of metamaterials with desired elastic constants remains challenging, particularly for fully anisotropic elastic constants with low symmetries. Recent advances in artificial intelligence have opened new avenues to address this challenge. In this work, we propose a general framework that combines data-driven artificial neural networks with a gradient-based optimization algorithm to achieve high-precision inverse design of fully anisotropic elastic constants, exemplified using open cellular lattice Kelvin cells. First, an automatic parametric finite element method is introduced to calculate the elastic constants of any (distorted) Kelvin cells. Next, neural networks are developed to approximate the computationally costly finite element method, acting as the forward characterization function in the design process. Finally, an inverse design framework that integrates neural networks with a gradient-based optimization algorithm is proposed and validated. The successful design outcomes in practical examples, such as artificial bone implants and structures with unconventional Poisson’s ratios, demonstrate the capability of our method to guide high-precision inverse design across various engineering applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":281,"journal":{"name":"Composite Structures","volume":"359 ","pages":"Article 118975"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2025-02-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143519143","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
J.M. Rodríguez-Sereno , J. Pernas-Sánchez , J.A. Artero-Guerrero , A. Rack , A. Vaz-Romero , J. López-Puente , D. Varas , F. Naya , A. Cohen , B. Lukić
{"title":"Experimental compressive damage analysis on holed laminates under dynamic loadings using in-situ MHz synchrotron X-ray phase contrast imaging","authors":"J.M. Rodríguez-Sereno , J. Pernas-Sánchez , J.A. Artero-Guerrero , A. Rack , A. Vaz-Romero , J. López-Puente , D. Varas , F. Naya , A. Cohen , B. Lukić","doi":"10.1016/j.compstruct.2025.118978","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.compstruct.2025.118978","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study highlights the importance of investigating the behaviour of the inner layers of carbon fibre-reinforced polymer (CFRP) laminates under dynamic compression, using Synchrotron-based techniques to understand damage initiation and failure propagation at high strain rates. Open and filled hole specimens with three different CFRP architectures were tested using the Split Hopkinson Pressure Bar (SHPB). Digital image correlation (DIC) and Synchrotron-based X-ray MHz radiography were performed simultaneously with ultra high-speed cameras (two Shimadzu HPV-X2 for X-ray images and one Photron SAZ for visible light). This allowed the first observation of matching outer and inner failures with surface strain fields at a micrometer level. Results showed that, in certain conditions, failure initiated earlier in the inner layers, leading to through-thickness propagation. This correlation between strength and internal damage initiation might be overlooked if only outer visible light images are used. The proposed methodology, which emphasised post-processing of X-ray images, can serve as a baseline for future research on the behaviour of inner layers of composite materials under high strain rates. Additionally, analysis of different CFRP architectures revealed their influence on unloading time after initial failure.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":281,"journal":{"name":"Composite Structures","volume":"359 ","pages":"Article 118978"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2025-02-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143508788","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
P. Vidal , G. Giunta , D.A. Iannotta , L. Gallimard , O. Polit
{"title":"Modeling of variable angle tow composites using a variable separation method based on a unified formulation","authors":"P. Vidal , G. Giunta , D.A. Iannotta , L. Gallimard , O. Polit","doi":"10.1016/j.compstruct.2025.118963","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.compstruct.2025.118963","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this article, we are interested in the modeling of variable stiffness plate structures through a variable separation approach. The displacement field is approximated as a sum of separated functions of the in-plane coordinates <span><math><mi>x</mi></math></span>, <span><math><mi>y</mi></math></span> and the transverse coordinate <span><math><mi>z</mi></math></span>. A non-linear problem is derived. It can be solved using an iterative process involving 2D and 1D linear problems successively. To keep the separability feature ensuring a computational efficiency, the so-called Carrera’s Unified Formulation (CUF) is adapted to our framework. Classical Finite Element method is used. In the thickness direction, a fourth-order expansion in each layer is considered. The number of unknowns is reduced compared to classical LayerWise (LW) approach. Test cases encountered in the literature are provided to assess the present LW method and compare the results with reference solutions. Laminated and sandwich structures with different slenderness ratios and variations of angle tows are addressed. Very satisfactory results with a low computational cost are obtained.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":281,"journal":{"name":"Composite Structures","volume":"359 ","pages":"Article 118963"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2025-02-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143551121","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Experimental study of bond performance on carbon fiber fabric-steel joint with mechanical anchors at elevated temperatures","authors":"Zhongwei Zhao, Zeyuan Jin","doi":"10.1016/j.compstruct.2025.118998","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.compstruct.2025.118998","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This paper investigates the effects of anchor reinforcement on the bond-slip behavior of carbon fiber fabric-steel systems under high-temperature conditions. The experiments were conducted with three temperature ranges from 20 °C to 70 °C, including a control group with no anchor reinforcement and two groups with different anchor positions. The results indicated that as the temperature increased from 20 °C to 50 °C, the load capacity of all specimen groups improved to varying extents. Beyond 50 °C, a significant degradation in load capacity was observed for all groups. Furthermore, temperature and anchor position significantly affected the failure modes, including the residual area of carbon fiber fabric on the steel plate surface (RA) and the modes of carbon fiber fabric fracture, as well as the bond-slip behavior. As the temperature rose, but the glass transition temperature (<em>T<sub>g</sub></em>), RA increased, impacting the strain distribution and the maximum shear stress at the bonded interface. The experiments also showed that when the environmental temperature exceeds <em>T<sub>g</sub></em>, anchor reinforcement can enhance the bond reliability of the carbon fiber fabric-steel system. The findings of this study provide insights into the degradation patterns of carbon fiber fabric-steel under high-temperature environments and propose a viable reinforcement method.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":281,"journal":{"name":"Composite Structures","volume":"359 ","pages":"Article 118998"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2025-02-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143508754","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}