Icelandic Journal of Engineering最新文献

{"title":"Fýsileiki virkjunar sólarorku á norðurslóðum: Reynsla af sólarpanelum IKEA á Íslandi","authors":"Sindri Þrastarson, Björn Marteinsson, Hrund Ólöf Andradóttir","doi":"10.33112/ije.25.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33112/ije.25.1","url":null,"abstract":"The efficiency and production costs of solar panels have improved dramatically in the past decades. The Nordic countries have taken steps in instigating photovoltaic (PV) systems into energy production despite limited incoming solar radiation in winter. IKEA installed the first major PV system in Iceland with 65 solar panels with 17.55 kW of production capacity in the summer of 2018. The purpose of this research was to assess the feasibility of PV systems in Reykjavík based on solar irradiation measurements, energy production of a PV array located at IKEA and theory. Results suggests that net irradiation in Reykjavík (64°N, 21° V) was on average about 780 kWh/m2 per year (based on years 2008-2018), highest 140 kWh/m2 in July and lowest 1,8 kWh/m2 in December. Maximum annual solar power is generated by solar panels installed at a 40° fixed angle. PV panels at a lower angle produce more energy during summer. Conversely, higher angles maximize production in the winter. The PV system produced over 12 MWh over a one-year period and annual specific yield was 712 kWh/kW and performance ratio 69% which is about 10% lower than in similar studies in cold climates. That difference can be explained by snow cover, shadow falling on the panels and panels not being fixed at optimal slope. Payback time for the IKEA PV system was calculated 24 years which considers low electricity prices in Reykjavik and unforeseen high installation costs. Solar energy could be a feasible option in the future if production- and installation costs were to decrease and if the solar PV output could be sold to the electric grid in Iceland.","PeriodicalId":280722,"journal":{"name":"Icelandic Journal of Engineering","volume":"183 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133133356","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hönnun og virkni léttra gróðurþaka við íslenskar aðstæður","authors":"Halla Einarsdóttir, Ágúst Elí Ágústsson, Hrund Ólöf Andradóttir, Magnús Bjarklind, Reynir Sævarsson","doi":"10.33112/ije.24.3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33112/ije.24.3","url":null,"abstract":"Green roofs are increasingly being installed cities in Europe as a part of sustainable stormwater systems. The goal of this research was to assess the hydrological efficiency of different configurations of extensive green roofs in Iceland and present suggestions for successful design of such roofs based on local materials and weather conditions. International literature and best design practices were reviewed. Runoff from five test roofs was monitored for 11 months, in conjunction with snowdepth, rainfall, wind and air temperature. Green roof water retention measured highest 85% in June and July in accordance with other studies in cold climates. Water retention measured, however, somewhat lower during the winter (<20%). Significant delay of runoff's center of mass and lowering of peak runoff was measured in all green roofs except during the largest runoff events. Average event water retention was correlated to air temperature, cumulative rain, rain 14 days before event and wind speed 7 days before event. Roofs with moss and sedum turf demonstrated good hydrological efficiency, good appearance and needed little maintenance. Grass turf roofs retained slighlty more water, but were less drought resistant and looked poorly during early summer. Wild, water resistent plants like moss and sedum performed better overall.","PeriodicalId":280722,"journal":{"name":"Icelandic Journal of Engineering","volume":"39 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117121951","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Falin verðmæti í jarðvarmaorku","authors":"Hildur Rún Sigurðardóttir Kvaran","doi":"10.33112/ije.24.2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33112/ije.24.2","url":null,"abstract":"The extraction of silicon from geothermal water plays a vital role in the sustainability and increased utilization of geothermal power plants. By removing the silicon from the liquid, injecting wastewater is greatly facilitated, as silicon deposits cause significant problems in the injection wells. Both the cost of precipitation problems are high and the possibility of extracting other substances from the liquid once the silicone has been removed. geoSilica Iceland is a world leader in the processing of silicon from geothermal water using a revolutionary method.","PeriodicalId":280722,"journal":{"name":"Icelandic Journal of Engineering","volume":"25 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121232558","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bergsprungur og byggingar á höfuðborgarsvæðinu","authors":"Páll Einarsson, H. Jóhannesson, Ásta Rut Hjartardóttir","doi":"10.33112/ije.24.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33112/ije.24.1","url":null,"abstract":"Straddling the boundary between two of the major tectonic plates on Earth, Iceland offers unique conditions for engineering structures that require special attention. Urban areas are rapidly expanding into areas where the bedrock is cut by numerous active fractures and faults. The fissure swarm of the Krísuvík volcanic system runs through the outskirts of Reykjavík and other towns of the metropolitan area. Activity of its fractures mostly occurs during magmatic events along the Reykjanes Peninsula oblique rift on a thousand years timescale. Hazard caused by the fractures is mostly twofold: Relative displacement of the walls of the fracture during magmatic intrusion and small relative displacements during the passage of seismic waves from distant earthquakes may damage structures built across them. The risk of structural damage may most likely be reduced considerably by avoiding building structures across the fractures. We suggest a change in building practice in fractures areas to achieve that.","PeriodicalId":280722,"journal":{"name":"Icelandic Journal of Engineering","volume":"22 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127508249","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A review of contractor selection methods: Risky business?","authors":"H. Ingason, Björg Brynjarsdóttir, Halldór Jónsson","doi":"10.33112/ije.28.2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33112/ije.28.2","url":null,"abstract":"Í samfélagsumræðunni er oft fjallað um vandamál innan mannvirkjageirans - eins og framúrkeyrslu í kostnaði og tafir, og ekki síður vandamál sem tengjast gæðum. Stundum er til þess vísað að þessi vandamál séu afleiðing af hinu ófyrirsjáanlega eðli greinarinnar. Hins vegar liggur fyrir að einn áhrifamesti þátturinn sem hefur áhrif á útkomu slíkra verkefna er val á verktökum, sem fer fram á fyrri stigum verkefnanna. Megintilgangur þessarar rannsóknar var að fara yfir aðferðir við val á verktökum, sem íslenskar skipulagsheildir notast við. Þessar aðferðir voru bornar saman við alþjóðlegar aðferðir - sem endurspegla faglegt þekkingarstig samtímans. Niðurstöðurnar benda til þess að íslenskar skipulagsheildir notist við margþætt viðmið að einhverju leyti, en verð er þó langmikilvægasta viðmiðið og í því getur falist áhætta.","PeriodicalId":280722,"journal":{"name":"Icelandic Journal of Engineering","volume":"41 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121560936","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Íslenskt neysluvatn: Yfirlit og staða gæða","authors":"María J. Gunnarsdóttir, S. M. Garðarsson, Sigrún Ólafsdóttir","doi":"10.33112/ije.22.3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33112/ije.22.3","url":null,"abstract":"Aðgengi að heilnæmu vatni er ein af mikilvægustu stoðum lýðheilsu í hverju landi. Helsta ógnin við heilnæmi neysluvatns er saurmengun og það er hún sem veldur flestum vatnsbornum faröldrum. Gerð hefur verið samantekt á örveruástandi neysluvatns á Íslandi fyrir árin 2010-2012 bæði eftir stærð vatnsveitna og eftir heilbrigðiseftirlitssvæðum. Þar kemur fram að örveruástand er almennt gott hjá stærri vatnsveitum en lakara hjá þeim minni. Eiturefni yfir heilsufarsmörkum er mjög sjaldgæft í neysluvatni hér á landi. Samanburður við lönd Evrópusambandsins sýnir að ástandið er svipað hér á landi og þar er varðar örverur en með því besta er varðar eiturefnin. Gerðar eru tillögur til úrbóta til að tryggja betur gæði neysluvatns. Sérstaklega þarf að lagfæra ástandið hjá minni vatnsveitunum. Einnig þarf að bæta skráningu á frávikum og eftirfylgni með þeim. Vatnsveitur eiga að hafa innra eftirlit og auka þarf eftirfylgni með að því sé komið á og einnig að gera reglulegar úttektir á virkni þess.\u0000\u0000Safe drinking water is one of the fundaments of public health. The main threat to water safety is faecal contamination which is the reason for most waterborne outbreak. In this research microbiological status of drinking water in Iceland for the period 2010-2012 was analyzed, both\u0000according to size and areas of the local competent authorities. It reveals that microbiological status is mostly good at the larger water supplies but less so at the smaller ones. Non-compliance in health-based chemical parameters is very rare. Comparison with countries within the European Union reveals that microbiological status is similar in Iceland whereas compliance in health based chemicals are among the best in Europe. Recommendation for improvements to secure water safety are discussed.\u0000It is especially important to improve the situation within the small supplies. Registration of incidents and feedback is lacking and needs to be improved. Water supply are supposed to have a water safety plan in place however there is a need to follow up on implementation and external audit of these to verify functionality.","PeriodicalId":280722,"journal":{"name":"Icelandic Journal of Engineering","volume":"256 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134304463","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Er virði í vottun?","authors":"Ari Hróbjartsson, Helgi Þór Ingason, Haukur Ingi Jónasson","doi":"10.33112/ije.20.4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33112/ije.20.4","url":null,"abstract":"Á undanförnum árum hafa mörg íslensk fyrirtæki innleitt gæðastjórnunarkerfi á grunni ISO9001 staðals og fengið vottun. Engin fjárhagsleg greining hefur verið gerð á því hvort vottun skilar íslenskum fyrirtækjum fjárhagslegum ávinningi, þó gerðar hafi verið nokkrar almennar athuganir á útbreiðslu vottunar og viðhorfum fyrirtækja til vottunar. Í þessari rannsókn eru tekin til skoðunar öll íslensk fyrirtæki með ISO9001 vottun sem störfuðu á samkeppnismarkaði og þau borin saman við sambærileg fyrirtæki sem ekki höfðu vottun, til að kanna hvort greina mætti mun á þessum fyrirtækjahópum hvað varðar ýmsar fjárhagslegar kennistærðir. Niðurstaðan er meðal annars sú að vottuðu fyrirtækin hafa hærri söluhagnaðarhlutfall og hærra eiginfjárhlutfall en þau óvottuðu.\u0000\u0000In recent years, a number of Icelandic organizations have implemented a quality management system based on the ISO9001 standard and been certified. No effort has yet been made to analyse if certification leads to any financial benefits, yet there have been some general assessments of the distribution certified quality management systems. This paper reports from a study of all ISO9001 certified organizations in Iceland, operating in a competitive environment. They were compared to similar organizations ­ not certified ­ to assess if any differences could be found in some financial\u0000variables between the two groups. The study shows that the certified organizations have higher return on sales and higher equity ratio.","PeriodicalId":280722,"journal":{"name":"Icelandic Journal of Engineering","volume":"57 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134408445","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Tölfræðileg greining á tjóni í Ölfusskjálftanum 2008","authors":"Bjarni Bessason, Jónas Bjarnason, A. Guðmundsson, Júlíus Sólnes","doi":"10.33112/ije.19.4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33112/ije.19.4","url":null,"abstract":"Þann 29. maí 2008 varð jarðskjálfti af stærðinni 6,3 (Mw) í Ölfusi. Upptök\u0000skjálftans og tvö misgengi hans voru nálægt nokkrum smábæjum og þéttbýliskjörnum á svæðinu. Hágildi yfirborðshröðunar var skráð 0,88g í\u0000Hveragerði sem er aðeins 2–3 km frá meginmisgenginu. Töluvert tjón varð\u0000í skjálftanum, en til allra hamingju urðu nánast engin slys á fólki og ekkert\u0000dauðsfall. Allar byggingar á Íslandi eru skráðar í opinberri fasteignskrá sem\u0000inniheldur margvíslegar upplýsingar um þær. Samkvæmt lögum eru allar\u0000fasteignir landsmanna tryggðar gegn náttúrvá hjá Viðlagatryggingu Íslands.\u0000Til að meta tryggingarbætur eftir Ölfusskjálftann voru matsmenn fengnir\u0000til að skoða skemmdir og áætla viðgerðarkostnað fyrir allar byggingar á\u0000svæðinu, þar sem tilkynnt var um tjón. Tjón á hverri fasteign var flokkað í\u0000marga fyrirfram skilgreinda undirflokka. Rannsókn á þessum tjónagögnum\u0000sýnir að skemmdir á burðarvirki er aðeins lítið hlutfall af heildartjóni, ef\u0000miðað er við útgreiddar tryggingabætur. Stærstur hluti bóta fór í að bæta\u0000viðgerðakostnað vegna útlitsskaða á veggjum sem þörfnuðust minniháttar\u0000sprunguviðgerða og endurmálunar sem og til að bæta skemmdir á gólfefnum eins og parketi og flísum.\u0000\u0000The South Iceland lowland is an active seismic zone. In May 2008 a\u0000shallow Mw6.3 earthquake occurred in the Ölfus region in South Iceland.\u0000The epicentre was located in the middle of farmlands and also close to\u0000two small towns in the area. The recorded maximum PGA was 0.88g in\u0000the town Hveragerði, about 2–3 km from the main fault. A great deal of\u0000damage occurred, but fortunately there was no loss of life. All buildings\u0000in Iceland are registered in a detailed official database. Insurance against\u0000natural disasters is obligatory. After the Ölfus earthquake, damage and\u0000repair cost for every affected building was estimated by trained estimators\u0000in order to cover the loss incurred for policy holders. The damage data for\u0000every property was split into number of subcategories. Analysis of the data\u0000showed that damage of structural elements was only a fraction of the total\u0000damage, and most of the estimated repair cost was related to cosmetic\u0000non-structural surface damage that required replacement of flooring, tiles\u0000and paint work.","PeriodicalId":280722,"journal":{"name":"Icelandic Journal of Engineering","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131182543","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Frostþol ungrar steypu","authors":"Kristján Andrésson, Björn Marteinsson, Bjarni Bessason, Haukur J. Andrésson","doi":"10.33112/ije.22.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33112/ije.22.1","url":null,"abstract":"Á Íslandi eru mannvirki oft steypt að vetralagi við erfiðar aðstæður þar sem lofthiti sveiflast frá plúsgráðum yfir í frost með litlum fyrirvara. Nýlöguð steypa inniheldur mikið óbundið vatn sem byrjar strax að hvarfast og bindast við sementið í steypublöndunni. Ef vatnið frýs snemma í hörðnunarferli\u0000steypunnar getur það valdið skemmdum á henni. Í þessari grein er fjallað um rannsókn þar sem áhrif frosts á nýlagaða steypu var kannað. Út frá hitastigsgögnum frá Veðurstofu Íslands fyrir mánuðina desember, janúar og febrúar á þriggja ára tímabili var stillt upp tíu mismunandi tilraunum þar\u0000sem umhverfishitastig var breytilegt. Hver tilraun samanstóð af mislöngum tímabilum af +5°C og -5°C hitastigsköflum í allt að þrjá daga eftir að steypa var framleidd en síðan tóku við staðalastæður við +20°C og 100% raka þar til steypa náði 90 daga aldri. Í hverri tilraun voru gerðar mælingar á þrýsti-\u0000þoli steypunnar við mismunandi aldur hennar sem og mælingar á yfirborðsflögnun í frost-þíðu prófunum. Auk þess var innra hitastig hennar mælt með sírita á meðan hitabreytingar áttu sér stað. Steyptir voru 210 hefðbundnir sívalningar (100x200mm), 11 teningar (150x150x150mm) og eitt plötusýni til að nota við rannsóknirnar. Dæmigerð húsbyggingasteypa var notuð í öll sýni. Meginniðurstaðan var að frostakafli sem ung steypa lendir í lækkar töluvert þrýstistyrk samanborið við sýni sem fá kjöraðstæður. Eftir 90 daga er munurinn þó minni en við 28 daga. Í öllum tilfellum þar\u0000sem steypa fékk að harðna fyrst við +5°C í 12 klukkustundir eða lengur náði hún við 90 daga aldur 95% styrk eða hærri af 28 daga styrk viðmiðunarsteypu sem harðnaði við kjöraðstæður allan tímann. Verulega dregur úr yfirborðsflögnun ef steypa fær að harðna í sólarhring eða lengur við +5°C áður en hún lendir í frosti. Í öllum tilraunum stóðust þó steypusýnin viðmiðunargildi fyrir yfirborðsflögnun.\u0000\u0000It is common in Iceland to carry out concrete work during winter time when temperature can oscillate from plus to minus degrees on short notice. Immediately after mixing of concrete the hydration process of the cement starts and it can take many hours or days depending on the ambience\u0000temperature. If fresh concrete is exposed to temperatures below zero unhydrated water can freeze and cause damage of it. The main objective of this paper is to investigate the effect of frost on fresh concrete. Based on temperature data from the Icelandic Meteorological Office for the winter\u0000months December, January and February ten test setups were defined where the ambience temperature was varied. Each test consisted of different length of +5°C and -5°C time intervals up to 72 hours from mixing ofthe concrete. After this the concrete samples were moved to standard\u0000concrete test environment +20°C and 100% relative humidity where the samples were kept up to 90 days age. In each test compression strength and surface peeling were measured at different concrete age. In addition internal concrete temperature was monitored. For the who","PeriodicalId":280722,"journal":{"name":"Icelandic Journal of Engineering","volume":"48 6","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132237200","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Innlegg til að marka stefnu fyrir íslenska heilbrigðiskerfið með því að skoða greiðsluvilja, upplifun og væntingar almennings","authors":"Þórður Víkingur Friðgeirsson, Helgi Þór Ingason, Dagmar Ýr Sigurjónsdóttir, Jakob Falur Garðarsson","doi":"10.33112/ije.28.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33112/ije.28.1","url":null,"abstract":"Í lýðræðisríkjum ætti stefnumótun opinberra skipuheilda að felast í að raungera vilja almennings á\u0000skilvirkan og hagkvæman hátt. Skýr stefnumörkun skiptir ekki síst máli við þróun velferðarríkisins og\u0000hvað þetta varðar er við margvíslegar áskoranir að glíma á næstu árum. Þetta á líka við um íslenska\u0000heilbrigðiskerfið, en til þess rennur stór hluti allra opinberra útgjalda íslenska ríkisins. Við\u0000stefnumörkun og stjórnsýslulega áætlanagerð þarf að taka mið af vilja almennings sem greiðir fyrir\u0000þjónustuna og þekkja verður hug fólksins til hennar. Þessi rannsókn, sem gerð var stuttu fyrir\u0000COVID-19 heimsfaraldurinn, sýnir að þó að íslenskur almenningur sé nokkuð ánægður með íslenska\u0000heilbrigðiskerfið þá telur hann að það þurfi að bæta það að ýmsu leyti, og metur það svo að íslenska\u0000kerfið standi sambærilegum kerfum á Norðurlöndunum að baki. Rannsóknin er megindleg og byggir\u0000á stóru slemiúrtaki úr þjóðskrá og niðurstöður hennar eru lýsandi fyrir skoðanir almennings. Fram\u0000koma afdráttarlausar niðurstöður um greiðsluvilja almennings til heilbrigðiskerfisins. Íslenskur\u0000almenningur telur að of litlum fjármunum sé varið til heilbrigðismála og fram koma upplýsingar um\u0000hvað almenningur telur að megi verja af fjármunum í tiltekin meðferðarúrræði, að gefnum líkum á\u0000bata sjúklings.","PeriodicalId":280722,"journal":{"name":"Icelandic Journal of Engineering","volume":"24 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116764263","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}