Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects最新文献

{"title":"Response mechanism of miscibility between multi-component crude oil and CO2 to burial depth: Insights from molecular dynamics simulations","authors":"Jinman Fu ,&nbsp;Dong Liang ,&nbsp;Huaxiao Xie ,&nbsp;Jiale Zhao ,&nbsp;Yihan Hao ,&nbsp;Zhichao Dong ,&nbsp;Jun Zhang ,&nbsp;Youguo Yan","doi":"10.1016/j.colsurfa.2025.138522","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.colsurfa.2025.138522","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The miscibility between oil and gas is a critical factor controlling displacement efficiency in enhanced oil recovery. With increasing interest in deep and ultra-deep oil and gas reservoirs, understanding how miscibility varies with burial depth has become essential. Pressure and temperature, both varying with depth, are key parameters affecting miscibility. Although their individual effects have been extensively studied, the overall influence of burial depth on oil-gas miscibility remains insufficiently explored. In this work, molecular dynamics simulations were conducted to investigate the miscible behavior between multi-component crude oil and CO₂ at different burial depths in Hami, Xinjiang, China. A quantitative method was developed to assess the miscibility of component and overall crude oil. Simulation results reveal a non-monotonic relationship between depth and miscibility, which varies from about 54.8–72.4 %, peaking near 2500 m. The underlying mechanisms were further analyzed in terms of interaction energy and diffusion coefficient. As burial depth increases, oil-gas net interactions weaken, hindering miscibility, with the interaction energy of saturates and aromatics decreasing by 17.7 % and 12.6 %, respectively. In contrast, molecular diffusion is enhanced, with diffusion coefficients of hydrocarbon components increasing by 1.6–5 times, promoting miscibility. The competition between these effects produces an optimal miscibility depth near 2500 m. Therefore, CO₂ flooding can be directly implemented in the preferred area, while injection pressure can be increased in non-preferred zones to enhance miscibility. This work provides a molecular-level understanding of how burial depth influences CO₂-oil miscibility and offers theoretical insights for optimizing CO₂ flooding strategies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":278,"journal":{"name":"Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects","volume":"728 ","pages":"Article 138522"},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145218644","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"MgO modified ordered porous materials for efficient methylene blue adsorption: Effects of support, synthesis temperature and method on adsorption performance","authors":"Tao Liu,&nbsp;Yiqi Dou,&nbsp;Jiayi Liu,&nbsp;Lingxiao Ren,&nbsp;Shihai Cao","doi":"10.1016/j.colsurfa.2025.138514","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.colsurfa.2025.138514","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this study, we prepared a series of adsorbents for the removal of methylene blue (MB) using SBA-15 and MCM-41 as supports. We employed different synthetic methods (solid-state grinding and impregnation) and temperatures (400 and 600 °C) to clarify the key parameters governing the adsorption of MB. Characterization results indicated that solid-state grinding was more favorable for the dispersion of MgO nanoparticles within the support pores, whereas impregnation led to MgO agglomeration on the surface. The adsorbents prepared via the impregnation method faster achieved adsorption equilibrium at both low and high MB concentrations because of easily accessible MgO sites on the surface. However, adsorption isotherms showed superior MB adsorption capacity of the adsorbents prepared via solid-state grinding, which was attributed to the highly dispersed MgO within the mesopores. The adsorbents prepared at 600 °C exhibited higher MB adsorption capacity than those prepared at 400 °C. Particularly, the maximum adsorption capacity of SBA-15@Mg-600 for MB was 827.54 mg/g. The MB adsorption capacity increased with pH because of the strengthening of electrostatic attraction. The presence of ions in water, especially Ca^2 + , inhibited MB adsorption via competitive adsorption. The adsorption mechanism primarily involved the formation of hydrogen bonds, electrostatic interaction, and pore filling. After five regeneration cycles, SBA-15@Mg-600 maintained stable adsorption performance, whereas the adsorption capacity of MCM-41-based adsorbents notably decreased. These results indicate that SBA-15@Mg-600 can serve as a highly effective and stable adsorbent for MB removal. This study highlights the crucial role of MgO dispersion and support stability in the design of efficient adsorbents for MB removal.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":278,"journal":{"name":"Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects","volume":"728 ","pages":"Article 138514"},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145218527","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Au/Rh nanoparticles in microemulsions: Conucleation rate and microemulsion dynamics effects on nanostructure","authors":"C. Tojo","doi":"10.1016/j.colsurfa.2025.138497","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.colsurfa.2025.138497","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Improving the catalytic efficiency of bimetallic nanoparticles depends on the ability to control the distribution of the metals within the final nanoparticle. This distribution is expected to be determined by the reduction and nucleation rates of the specific metal pair. Metal pairs such as Au-Rh, exhibit contrary trends, whereby the faster reducing metal (Au) nucleates slower, and the slower-reducing metal nucleates faster (Rh). A kinetic computer simulation study was carried out to investigate the structural arrangement of Au-Rh nanoparticles synthesized in microemulsions. Results indicate that Au, due to its rapid reduction, nucleates earlier and tends to accumulate in the core, while Rh is deposited in the outer layers. The findings provide mechanistic insights into the nucleation process within micelles. A systematic variation of the conucleation rate of Au/Rh pair is carried out. The results show that the slower the conucleation rate, the later the Au deposition, resulting in greater mixing of the two metals in the final structure. In addition, a detailed study is made of the impact of microemulsion dynamics on nanoparticle architecture. A slow intermicellar exchange rate delays the reduction of Au and the exchange of Au atoms between micelles. Consequently, nucleation is hindered because it takes longer for enough free Au atoms to be found within the same micelle to initiate nucleation. The influence of the intermicellar exchange rate is particularly significant when conucleation is slow. To localize Rh at the surface, the optimal conditions include flexible surfactant films and high reactant concentrations.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":278,"journal":{"name":"Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects","volume":"728 ","pages":"Article 138497"},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145218598","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Gate-tunable dendritic integration and linear classification in a chitosan-lactalbumin protonic synaptic transistor","authors":"Gexun Qin ,&nbsp;Yanmei Sun ,&nbsp;Xuelin Sun","doi":"10.1016/j.colsurfa.2025.138516","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.colsurfa.2025.138516","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The development of bio-inspired electronic devices capable of emulating synaptic functions and reconfigurable logic operations holds significant promise for advancing neuromorphic computing and energy-efficient systems. This study presents a chitosan-lactalbumin proton-gated transistor with a multi-gate architecture, demonstrating synaptic-mimetic and logic-inverter functionalities. The device leverages chitosan’s proton-conducting properties (σ ≈ 2.72 ×10⁻⁵ S·cm⁻¹) and lactalbumin’s field-responsive conductivity to achieve n-type transistor behavior, exhibiting high carrier mobility (84.57 cm²/V·s), a steep subthreshold swing (58.61 mV/dec), and a significant on/off ratio (5.11 ×10⁴). Atomic force microscopy and FTIR spectroscopy confirmed the structural integrity of the films, while electrochemical impedance spectroscopy validated proton transport dynamics. The transistor’s hysteresis, attributed to mobile protons (∼6.9 ×10 ¹² cm⁻²), enabled memory effects and Schmitt-triggered inverter operation with noise resilience. Dendritic-like nonlinear integration was achieved through multi-gate modulation, with EPSC responses transitioning from sublinear to super-linear via gate/drain voltage control. This work establishes a versatile platform for bio-inspired electronics, combining protonic modulation with reconfigurable logic and neuromorphic computing capabilities.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":278,"journal":{"name":"Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects","volume":"728 ","pages":"Article 138516"},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145218642","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Quantification of sub-surface capillary pressure distribution within unstructured superhydrophobic surfaces","authors":"Khusro Kamaluddin ,&nbsp;Purbarun Dhar ,&nbsp;Chander Shekhar Sharma ,&nbsp;Devranjan Samanta","doi":"10.1016/j.colsurfa.2025.138498","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.colsurfa.2025.138498","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>We propose a novel methodology for obtaining the sub-surface capillary pressure <span><math><mrow><mo>(</mo><msub><mrow><mi>P</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>C</mi></mrow></msub><mo>)</mo></mrow></math></span> distribution of unstructured superhydrophobic surfaces (USHS), enabling the quantification of its resistance to Cassie to Wenzel transition (CWT) before any direct testing. The method effectively characterizes USHS with completely random textures utilizing surface texture measurements from profilometry. This approach supersedes the standard practice of using a singular <span><math><msub><mrow><mi>P</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>C</mi></mrow></msub></math></span> value to characterize such surface microtextures, which is often insufficient to capture the uncertainty associated with the wetting transition in the case of USHS. The proposed method incorporates a resolution adequacy check, thereby making the methodology self-regulating and ensuring the credibility of the raw profilometer data. We propose a morphological approach using FE-SEM images to obtain reasonable <span><math><msub><mrow><mi>P</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>C</mi></mrow></msub></math></span> estimates in case obtaining high-resolution profilometry data is not possible. We demonstrated that <span><math><mi>RSm</mi></math></span> (mean spacing of profile irregularities) values obtained from the profilometry of USHS help estimate their <span><math><msub><mrow><mi>P</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>C</mi></mrow></msub></math></span> distribution, offering a scalable route for characterizing USHS. The methodology is validated using elastic non-Newtonian droplets in impact tests on four different types of USHS, showing accurate predictions of <span><math><msub><mrow><mi>P</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>C</mi></mrow></msub></math></span> distribution. This work addresses a long-standing methodological gap in the characterization of USHS, providing a predictive means to estimate capillary pressure <em>a priori</em> to experimental testing. Furthermore, we demonstrate how reliability analysis can be implemented to quantify uncertainty associated with USHS.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":278,"journal":{"name":"Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects","volume":"728 ","pages":"Article 138498"},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145264167","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Characterizing protein-protein interactions in mAb formulations: A comparative study of kD, B22, and DLVO framework","authors":"Parham Parnian ,&nbsp;Mark A. Arnold ,&nbsp;Reza Nejadnik","doi":"10.1016/j.colsurfa.2025.138505","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.colsurfa.2025.138505","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Understanding protein-protein interactions (PPI) is essential for ensuring the developability of monoclonal antibody (mAb) therapeutics among other applications. This study investigated PPI in three IgG1 mAbs with distinct charge and molecular weight profiles using three approaches: the diffusion interaction parameter (<em>k</em>_<em>D</em>), the osmotic second virial coefficient (<em>B</em>_<em>22</em>), and Derjaguin-Landau-Verwey-Overbeek (DLVO) modeling. Light scattering measurements were performed to obtain <em>k</em>_<em>D</em> and <em>B</em>_<em>22</em> values across a range of total ionic strengths (7.5–160 mM) and DLVO modeling was applied to decompose the total interaction energy into van der Waals attraction and electrostatic double-layer repulsion. While each method provided unique insight into PPI, results revealed distinct interaction profiles for each mAb and highlighted the limitations of using a single metric to interpret complex PPI behavior. <em>k</em>_<em>D</em> captured the combined effects of thermodynamic interactions and hydrodynamic drag, while <em>B</em>_<em>22</em> quantified net thermodynamic interactions independent of hydrodynamics. DLVO modeling further enabled mechanistic interpretation by estimating the magnitude and range of attractive and repulsive forces, as well as identifying energy barriers and secondary energy minima indicative of reversible interaction. The orthogonal use of these tools revealed discrepancies between hydrodynamic and thermodynamic interactions, particularly at high ionic strengths, and helped explain nonlinear diffusion trends. Taken together, our findings demonstrate that combining <em>k</em>_<em>D</em>, <em>B</em>_<em>22</em>, and DLVO modeling as accessible biophysical characterization tools enables a more robust assessment of colloidal behavior, enhancing early-stage screening of mAbs for developability risks such as aggregation, high viscosity, or self-association.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":278,"journal":{"name":"Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects","volume":"728 ","pages":"Article 138505"},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145264059","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Proof of concept for manufacturing of composite tapes with household PolyEthylene Terephthalate (PET) as matrix","authors":"Élise Mathouillot ,&nbsp;Monica Francesca Pucci ,&nbsp;Pierre-Jacques Liotier","doi":"10.1016/j.colsurfa.2025.138464","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.colsurfa.2025.138464","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>New recycling method for PET is investigated by manufacturing thermoplastic tapes using recycled PolyEthylene Terephthalate (PET) as matrix. PET, which is widely used in the packaging industry, especially for bottles, remains a challenge due to the degradation of its properties during mechanical recycling. Faced with these challenges, a new recycling method for PET is investigated by manufacturing recycled and recyclable thermoplastic tapes using recycled PET as matrix. The process is based on a dissolution-precipitation method inspired by the phase inversion membrane technique. A solubility theory have been used to identify the best solvent/non-solvent combinations.</div><div>Experimental results show the efficiency of three solvents: Trifluoroacetic Acid (TFA) , Hexafluoroisopropanol (HFIP) and Gamma-Valerolacone (GVL) combined with water and ethanol as non-solvent and evaporation to dissolve and precipitate PET in the fibrous reinforcement to create the thermoplastic tape. Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) analyses show that the chemical structure of PET has been preserved. SEM images reveal the influence of the choice of solvent/non-solvent combination on porosity and pore distribution in the material.</div><div>Proof-of-concept studies carried out with TFA and HFIP suggest that the HFIP/ethanol combination is the most suitable for minimizing degradation and maximizing the matrix content in the fibrous reinforcement. This work therefore lays the foundations for the development of this new recycling method as part of a move towards a circular economy and a reduction in the impact of composite materials, which are difficult to recycle.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":278,"journal":{"name":"Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects","volume":"728 ","pages":"Article 138464"},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145264083","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Machine-learning modeling of water, oil, and solids content in oil-based drilling muds: An alternative approach to retort test","authors":"Shadfar Davoodi ,&nbsp;Evgeny Burnaev ,&nbsp;Amir H. Mohammadi","doi":"10.1016/j.colsurfa.2025.138500","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.colsurfa.2025.138500","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Monitoring the content of water, oil, and solids in oil-based muds (OBMs) is crucial in maintaining a smooth and efficient well-drilling process. Nevertheless, the only measurement method available, the retort test, is time-consuming, preventing the drilling-mud crew from frequently measuring these three OBM parameters. To address this issue, the present study leverages a vast field dataset to build robust, novel machine-learning models that precisely predict the content of water, oil, and solids in OBMs using five frequently measured drilling fluid parameters. In this regard, following the removal of outliers and the selection of the most influential variables, four predictive models, namely, multi-layer extreme learning machine, extreme gradient boosting (XGB), and their hybrid forms with particle swarm optimization (PSO), were developed and precisely evaluated using multiple performance and uncertainty measurement analyses. Among the developed models, the XGB-PSO consistently outperformed others across the training, validation, and blind testing phases, achieving the lowest average absolute relative errors in predicting the target parameters. A comprehensive performance assessment revealed that the XGB-PSO model exhibited minimal systematic bias, strong resistance to noise, the lowest risk of overfitting, as indicated by stable learning curves, and high reliability, confirmed by the narrowest bootstrapped confidence intervals. Finally, Shapley additive explanations analysis performed on the best-performing predictive models revealed mud weight as the most influential feature in predicting the target parameters. In contrast, Marsh funnel viscosity and mud type showed relatively minor influences. During drilling operations, this intelligent approach can assist the drilling-mud crew in making frequent and credible determinations of the water, oil, and solids content in OBMs.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":278,"journal":{"name":"Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects","volume":"728 ","pages":"Article 138500"},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145263812","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Construction of S-scheme Zn3In2S6/TiO2 films with enhanced charge transfer for enhanced photocatalytic removal of norfloxacin","authors":"Ruixin Chen ,&nbsp;Sheng Ding ,&nbsp;Wei Gan ,&nbsp;Jun Guo ,&nbsp;Jingtao Huang ,&nbsp;Run Liu ,&nbsp;Miao Zhang ,&nbsp;Zhaoqi Sun","doi":"10.1016/j.colsurfa.2025.138510","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.colsurfa.2025.138510","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The traditional semiconductor photocatalyst has low charge separation efficiency and weak absorbance, which seriously limits its photocatalytic efficiency. Heterojunction materials composed of staggered band semiconductors have been proved to be an effective strategy to improve these challenges. In this paper, a hydrophilic heterojunction Zn₃In₂S₆/TiO₂ (ZT-x) capable of efficiently photocatalytic removal of norfloxacin (NOR) was prepared by simple hydrothermal method. The results show that ZT-2 has excellent photocatalytic performance. The removal efficiency of NOR reaches 93.57 % within 90 min, and the reaction rate constant K is 0.02979 min⁻¹, which is much higher than that of intrinsic TiO₂. Photoelectrochemical tests confirmed the enhanced electron-hole separation ability and photoelectron capture ability of ZT-2. Through the toxicity analysis of the NOR intermediates, the green and environmental protection of ZT-2 was confirmed. This study provides an effective reference for the design of high-performance heterojunction photocatalysts.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":278,"journal":{"name":"Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects","volume":"728 ","pages":"Article 138510"},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145218529","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Kenaf seed protein emulsion gel with fenugreek seed saponin and tween 20 as co-surfactants: Design, characterization, and bioactive encapsulation","authors":"Srijita Banerjee ,&nbsp;Dibya Ranjan Dash ,&nbsp;Poonam Singha,&nbsp;Sushil Kumar Singh","doi":"10.1016/j.colsurfa.2025.138504","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.colsurfa.2025.138504","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this work, a comprehensive investigation was performed on the process of fabricating emulgels from kenaf seed protein stabilized with natural (fenugreek seed saponin, FS) and synthetic (Tween 20) co-surfactants using high shear technology. The influence of saponin incorporation on the viscoelastic property, droplet size and morphology, environmental (pH and temperature) stability and simulated digestibility of the emulgels was studied. A lower critical micelle concentration (0.351 g/L) of FS was responsible for its excellent emulsifying nature. Synergistic effects of protein and saponin enhanced interfacial activity by forming emulgels having lower droplet size, homogenous appearance, higher surface charge and greater environmental stability. The emulgel having 4 % protein and stabilized with 1 % FS showed zeta potential of −52.59 mV which was comparable to the corresponding tween 20 stabilized emulgel. Addition of saponin at higher concentration (1 %) reduced the droplet size of the emulgel to a greater extent. The rheological experiment showed that the storage modulus (G’) of saponin stabilized emulgel was higher as compared to the tween 20 resulting in the formation rigid gel structure. Also, the emulgels incorporated with saponin demonstrated greater structural recovery than the only protein based and tween 20 stabilized gel. Apart from Tween 20, saponin being a natural co-surfactant was able to form a stable emulgel tested against different pH and temperature conditions. The firmer gel network formed by higher concentration of saponin and protein enhanced the encapsulation efficiency (89.25 %) and bioaccessibility of β-sitosterol (79.81 %) loaded within the emulgel. These findings offered valuable insights into the use of natural emulsifiers for fabricating and stabilizing emulgels that can serve as an ideal carrier to deliver bioactive compounds. The outcomes of this study highlight the potential of emulgels as versatile carriers for functional ingredients, with wide-ranging applications in the food industry as fat replacers, mayonnaise analogs, and in the formulation of novel dairy and bakery products.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":278,"journal":{"name":"Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects","volume":"728 ","pages":"Article 138504"},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145264061","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}