ERN: U.S. & Canada (Topic)最新文献

{"title":"A New Look at Intergenerational Mobility in Germany Compared to the U.S","authors":"D. Schnitzlein","doi":"10.1111/roiw.12191","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/roiw.12191","url":null,"abstract":"Motivated by contradictory evidence on intergenerational mobility in Germany, I present a cross-country comparison of Germany and the US, reassessing the question of whether intergenerational mobility is higher in Germany than the US. I can reproduce the standard result from the literature, which states that the German intergenerational elasticity estimates are lower than those for the US. However, based on highly comparable data, even a reasonable degree of variation in the sampling rules leads to similar estimates in both countries. I find no evidence for nonlinearities along the fathers’ earnings distribution. In contrast, the analysis shows that mobility is higher for the sons at the lowest quartile of the sons’ earnings distribution in both countries. In Germany this result is mainly driven by a high downward mobility of sons with fathers in the upper middle part of the earnings distribution. The corresponding pattern is clearly less pronounced in the US. (This abstract was borrowed from another version of this item.)","PeriodicalId":276490,"journal":{"name":"ERN: U.S. & Canada (Topic)","volume":"483 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123260135","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Thinking Regionally: How to Improve Service Delivery in Canada's Cities","authors":"Zachary Spicer, Adam Found","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2855982","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2855982","url":null,"abstract":"As city-regions across Canada continue to grow, the need for some municipal services, such as mass transit, is shifting from a local to a regional basis. This transformation is giving rise to regional servicing challenges, placing greater pressure on city-regions and their municipalities to provide services across municipal boundaries in a coordinated and streamlined fashion. For instance, cross-boundary commuters in the Greater Toronto and Hamilton Area face an array of unintegrated local transit systems and fare structures that are apart from the regional transit authority, Metrolinx. While mass transit in the Vancouver metropolitan area has been integrated under the regional transit authority, TransLink, local and provincial officials are looking for ways to improve the governance of TransLink. The antiquated solutions of forced amalgamation and provincial mandates on service sharing have produced few economies of scale and have greatly undermined local autonomy. Provinces need to shift their focus from imposing centralized local government to creating frameworks that promote cooperative and flexible local governance. By working together in such a framework, municipalities can identify and resolve regional servicing challenges effectively, all while keeping amalgamation at bay and their local autonomy intact. City-regions across Canada should be looking to the regional district governance model in British Columbia, where regional districts are “regional coordinators,” rather than “regional authorities” with topdown powers. The distinction matters greatly for regional governance. Along these lines, TransLink in British Columbia and Metrolinx in Ontario should include local policymakers and stakeholders on their boards more than they do today. This would result in transit services being better tailored to the municipalities served and would improve accountability and transparency. The Alberta government has been engaged in a series of changes to the Municipal Government Act, with a particular focus on mandating how municipalities are to work together. Instead of this authoritative approach, which has failed in Ontario, Alberta should create the kind of regional governance framework in which municipalities will want to work and cooperate. Intermunicipal cooperation offers municipalities an effective means to strike an efficient balance between the need to meet regional interests on the one hand and to maintain local autonomy on the other.","PeriodicalId":276490,"journal":{"name":"ERN: U.S. & Canada (Topic)","volume":"64 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-10-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121718342","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Next Global Crisis: Greatest Recession in the History of Capitalism is at the Doorstep","authors":"Dominik Vuletić","doi":"10.2139/SSRN.2663630","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/SSRN.2663630","url":null,"abstract":"The main purpose of this paper is to warn academia and general public about the inevitability of the impending global economic recession. Heuristically paper introduces concept of macroeconomic gambling trap within the wider context of global economic history. Macroeconomic gambling trap is then applied to the current situation. The underlying cause for the impending crisis is the growth of debt in the West. Primary progenitor of debt problem is the world’s largest debtor nation, United States. Since the 1970s and the unilateral destruction of the golden standard US political and military power guarantee status of the dollar as world reserve currency despite absence of its backing in gold. Debt explosion caused alienation of financial sector from the real economy in most western countries. The impending crisis is foreshadowed by a Great Recession (Financial crisis of 2007/2008). The Great Recession was only temporally stopped by means of unorthodox monetary policy – with quantitative easing programs and by keeping interest rates at record low, even negative, levels. However, this will make forthcoming collapse only more severe. After analysis of the influence of gold standard collapse on the outcome of the Cold War the paper utilizes specific economic indicators, such as velocity of money M2 for USD, growth in total debt, CAPE ratio for aggregate US stock market, US labour force participation and index of the Shanghai Stock Exchange to indicate the immediacy and the inevitability of the next global recession.","PeriodicalId":276490,"journal":{"name":"ERN: U.S. & Canada (Topic)","volume":"15 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-09-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132478583","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Episodes of Non-Employment Among Immigrants to Canada from Developing Countries","authors":"Said Ahmed Aboubacar, N. Zhu","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2403962","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2403962","url":null,"abstract":"Using data from the Survey of Labour and Income Dynamics (SLID) we analyze non-employment episodes for immigrants from developing countries and compare their situation to that of immigrants from more developed countries and Canadian-born individuals between 1996 and 2006. The methods used allowed us to draw the following conclusion: significant differences exist between these three groups in the labour market mobility, the average duration of a non-employment episode, and the factors that affect the propensity to exit from a non-employment episode. These differences demonstrate a particular disadvantage for immigrants from developing countries. In fact, they tend to spend more time in non-employment episodes compared to their counterparts from the more developed countries and compared to Canadian-born individuals. A partir des donnees de l'Enquete sur la Dynamique du Travail et du Revenu (EDTR), nous analysons la situation des immigrants des pays en voie de developpement au Canada en matiere de non-emploi et leur situation par rapport aux immigrants des pays developpes et personnes nees au Canada durant la periode 1996-2006. Les methodes utilisees nous ont permis de tirer la conclusion suivante : il existe des differences importantes entre les trois groupes au niveau de la mobilite dans le marche de l'emploi, la duree moyenne passee dans un episode de non-emploi et les facteurs qui agissent sur la propension a sortir d'un episode de non-emploi. Ces differences demontrent un desavantage particulier pour les immigrants originaires des pays en developpement. En effet, ces derniers tendent a passer beaucoup plus de temps dans un episode de non-emploi comparativement a leurs homologues immigrants issus des pays developpes et les Canadiens de naissance.","PeriodicalId":276490,"journal":{"name":"ERN: U.S. & Canada (Topic)","volume":"86 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-01-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133530470","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Income Inequality, Redistribution and Economic Growth","authors":"Bev Dahlby, Ergete Ferede","doi":"10.11575/SPPP.V6I0.42437","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11575/SPPP.V6I0.42437","url":null,"abstract":"Inequality is on the rise in Canada and this state of affairs has provoked outrage and demands for redistribution at a time when governments at every level are searching for reliable long-term growth. This paper examines the links between income inequality and economic growth and whether there is a trade-off between redistributive policies, and economic growth, or whether income redistribution can enable faster growth. The authors survey the existing literature on the impact of inequality on economic growth, and then conduct an econometric analysis of the association between provincial economic growth in Canada and three different measures of income inequality, finding no statistically significant relationships. One measure of income redistribution, the difference between the market income Gini coefficient and the disposable (after-tax, after-transfer) income Gini is positively associated with provincial growth rates — but since the largest transfer programs in Canada are federal programs financed out of nation-wide taxes, it is unlikely that this association carries over to the national level. Much of the growth in income disparity has been driven by innovation that places a premium on highly trained workers. With that in mind, the Goldin-Katz model, used to explain the rising earnings differentials of highly skilled workers in the US, can be combined with the Aghion-Bolton model of capital market imperfections to develop a framework for examining the impact of education spending, and the taxes that finance it, on earnings inequality and economic growth. The authors then review evidence that raising marginal tax rates on high-income individuals would not raise additional tax revenues, but impose substantial costs on the economy, as would higher corporate income taxes. Punishing high earners is a self-defeating choice, although improvements to the social safety net would give more Canadians the chance to join their ranks.","PeriodicalId":276490,"journal":{"name":"ERN: U.S. & Canada (Topic)","volume":"16 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-08-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125896083","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Climate Change, Legal Governance and the Pacific Islands: An Overview","authors":"Erika J. Techera","doi":"10.4337/9781781001806.00030","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4337/9781781001806.00030","url":null,"abstract":"The Pacific island region is comprised of a number of nations spread across a large ocean area. The region is also biologically and culturally diverse, nevertheless the countries share some commonalities. Relevantly, each of the countries is legally pluralist creating a complex context for law- and policy-makers charged with developing legal strategies to address environmental challenges such as climate change. Increasingly, regional approaches are being sought both in terms of the implementation of international law and development of domestic legal frameworks. In particular, there are several well established regional institutions with a strong interest in capacity building through the development of model legal frameworks. This chapter introduces this important region of the world, its people and the post-colonial legal context. The regional approaches taken to address climate change and the development of domestic law are examined and the remaining challenges explored.","PeriodicalId":276490,"journal":{"name":"ERN: U.S. & Canada (Topic)","volume":"211 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-11-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132925226","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Constitutions and Economic Development: Evidence from the American Indian Nations","authors":"R. Akee, M. Jorgensen, U. Sunde","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2157896","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2157896","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents an empirical examination of economic and institutional development. Utilizing a novel data set on American Indian tribal nations, we investigate how constitutional design affects economic development, while holding the broader legal and political environment fixed. Instrumental variables regressions, using the party of the US President at the time of the initial adoption of tribal constitutions as an instrument for constitutional design, indicate that parliamentary systems (versus presidential) have a strong positive effect on economic development, while ordinary least squares regressions of current economic outcomes on parliamentary systems of government show no effects. Robustness checks suggest that the results are not explained by differences in other institutions or geographic characteristics. Additional results provide some suggestive evidence that the effects may operate through channels that are typically associated with parliamentary systems, such as larger public employment, and more equitable income distribution.","PeriodicalId":276490,"journal":{"name":"ERN: U.S. & Canada (Topic)","volume":"73 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124682465","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bank Financing and Growth: Evidence from Early 1900s Texas","authors":"Linda M. Hooks","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2209320","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2209320","url":null,"abstract":"This paper explores the consequences of a deepening in financial markets by examining the case of Texas at the turn of the last century. In the early 1900s, the Texas legislature legalized state-chartered banks, and, as a result, Texas experienced increased financial-market depth. The evidence presented below suggests that newly-established state banks played an important role in local economic development, and that the role was linked to agriculture more than to manufacturing. It suggests that banks mostly provided short-term credit to farms for the crop itself, rather than providing credit to farms for improvements or credit to manufacturing firms. The results provide insights for policymakers considering the role of community banks today and more generally, for those considering policies to improve growth in agriculture-based economies today.","PeriodicalId":276490,"journal":{"name":"ERN: U.S. & Canada (Topic)","volume":"69 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-05-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133181039","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prospects for Nuclear Power","authors":"Lucas W. Davis","doi":"10.1257/JEP.26.1.49","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1257/JEP.26.1.49","url":null,"abstract":"The prospects for a revival of nuclear power were dim even before the partial reactor meltdowns at the Fukushima nuclear plant. Nuclear power has long been controversial because of concerns about nuclear accidents, proliferation risk, and the storage of spent fuel. These concerns are real and important. In addition, however, a key challenge for nuclear power has been the high cost of construction for nuclear plants. Construction costs are high enough that it becomes difficult to make an economic argument for nuclear, even before incorporating these external costs. This is particularly true in countries like the United States where recent technological advances have dramatically increased the availability of natural gas.","PeriodicalId":276490,"journal":{"name":"ERN: U.S. & Canada (Topic)","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123755605","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Role of Small Business in Economic Development of the United States: From the End of the Korean War (1953) to the Present","authors":"Major Clark, Radwan N. Saade","doi":"10.2139/SSRN.1803161","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/SSRN.1803161","url":null,"abstract":"A government can use its financial strength to acquire goods and services, while at the same time watering many sources to improve the health, welfare, and security of its population. Economic development has been evasive to a significant section of the U.S. and federal programs have attempted to remedy the disparity (ies). We contend that small business is an engine of economic growth and job creation; and that not tapping it delays rather promotes growth. While providing a brief history of federal economic development programs, we argue that small business was not given a chance to act as multiplier, and that if the U.S. is to continue to grow, small businesses must be part of the mantle to lead it to the next level; otherwise, the past is prologue.","PeriodicalId":276490,"journal":{"name":"ERN: U.S. & Canada (Topic)","volume":"27 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-04-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114071164","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}