Journal of Medical Microbiology and Diagnosis最新文献

{"title":"Review on Major Disease Threats in Case of Emergencies","authors":"Hylemariam Mihiretie, Asaye Birhanu","doi":"10.4172/2161-0703.1000253","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2161-0703.1000253","url":null,"abstract":"Emergencies, caused by growth of world’s population, affects weather conditions and cause outbreaks of several communicable diseases that result in high morbidity and mortality specially in developing countries. The cumulative effects of these disasters include displacement, increasing vector breeding sites, unplanned and overcrowded shelters, poor water and sanitation conditions, poor nutritional status and poor personal hygiene, low levels of immunity to vaccine-preventable diseases or insufficient vaccination coverage, and limited access to healthcare services. \u0000Flooding is one of the commonest natural disasters which results in contamination of drinking-water facilities, facilitation of the transmission of water-borne diseases (typhoid fever, cholera, leptospirosis and hepatitis A) and vector-borne diseases (malaria, dengue and dengue hemorrhagic fever, yellow fever, and West Nile Fever). \u0000Malaria is among the most important diseases that are aggravated by movement and migration. The transmission of malaria is strongly influenced by population movements and by the process of urbanization. Pneumonia is one of the diseases which is more prevalent in overcrowded and unprotected communities. Similarly, diarrhoea is aggravated by unhygienic lifestyles which is common in case of emergencies. Since the occurrence of emergencies and natural disasters is uncertain, every country should develop a way of preventing infectious disease that may occur in consequence of natural disasters, war and terrorism.","PeriodicalId":269971,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Medical Microbiology and Diagnosis","volume":"50 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-04-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115567006","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Surgical Site infections: Distribution Studies of Sample, Outcome and Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing","authors":"R. Bastola, P. Parajuli, Anjita Neupane, A. Paudel","doi":"10.4172/2161-0703.1000252","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2161-0703.1000252","url":null,"abstract":"Background: The present study was conducted in the clinical lab of Microbiology department, College of Medical Sciences. The samples that were sent for culture and sensitivity from patients developing signs and symptoms collected from patients developing symptoms of SSIs in different wards as well as ICUs of this hospital were included in this study. A total of 206 pus samples were processed and result was interpreted on the basis of different tests. Isolation and identification of the organism was done by gram stains and culture growth. Antibiotic susceptibility test was performed by Kirby Bauer disc diffusion method and result was interpreted as per Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) guidelines. \u0000Result: Out of 206 clinically suspected cases 106 (51.4%) were culture negative and 100 (48.6%) were culture positive. The growths were found to be higher in male patients than in female patients. The most commonly isolated pathogens were Staphylococcus aureus 24 (21.8%) and Escherichia coli 24 (21.8%), followed by Pseudomonas aeruginosa 17 (15.4%). Amikacin (86.4%) was the most sensitive drug. 14 isolates of Methicillin resistant S. aureus (MRSA) were found. \u0000Conclusion: The study helped in the assessment of the current anti-microbial resistance patterns of bacterial isolates in post-operative wound infections and helps in formulation of the strategy to reduce the infection rate in College of Medical Sciences-Teaching Hospital, Bharatpur.","PeriodicalId":269971,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Medical Microbiology and Diagnosis","volume":"228 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-03-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132414740","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nucleic Acid Amplification using Recombinase Polymerase: Enzymatic Approach","authors":"Norah Abukhalid, M. Pastey","doi":"10.4172/2161-0703.1000250","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2161-0703.1000250","url":null,"abstract":"Rapid detection of infections is crucial for the prevention of infectious disease outbreaks, development of anti-microbial drugs and biodefense. When considering a diagnostic test the most important considerations are rapidity, ease of use, portability, specificity and sensitivity. Recently developed isothermal recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA) technology has been shown in many publications to be the most sensitive and effective for determining infections, require no sophisticated and expensive equipment, and is suitable for point-of-care field applications. Here we have described our viewpoints with regard to RPA technology’s suitability and usage in resource poor settings, its advantages and limitations. We have also developed a lateral flow assay to detect all serotypes of dengue virus following RPA procedure, demonstrating its suitability for field applications. We believe our suggestions may help in improving RPA procedures and may also help in transitioning to clinical applications.","PeriodicalId":269971,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Medical Microbiology and Diagnosis","volume":"9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-02-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122534112","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Non-typhoidal Salmonella Gastroenteritis in Al Ain Hospital United Arab Emirates","authors":"A. Khawla, F. A.Sheikh, A. Jaffal, M. Hammad, R. Baloushi","doi":"10.4172/2161-0703.1000251","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2161-0703.1000251","url":null,"abstract":"Objectives: The purpose of this study was to identify serogroups and antimicrobial susceptibility of non-typhoidal Salmonellas from gastroenteritis patients among out- and in-patient population of Al Ain Hospital in Al Ain, United Arab Emirates during the period of 1st April 2007 to 30th April 2013. \u0000.Methods: A retrospective study was carried out through review of the stool specimen record sent for bacteriological culture to Clinical Institute of Laboratory Services at Al Ain Hospital from 1st April 2007 to 30th April 2013. Culture and antimicrobial susceptibility of the isolates were carried out by using standard laboratory procedures. Serotyping was performed using commercial anti-sera. \u0000Results: During the study period of 6 years a total of 205 laboratory confirmed non-typhoidal Salmonellas were isolated from the stool of patients with diarrhea. The majority of these strains (69%) was from patients of 0-14 years of age. Salmonella group B was the most frequent serogroup (36%) followed by serogroup D (27%) and then Salmonella spp. (26%). Salmonella serogroups A & C were 1% and 10%, respectively. The most frequently detected antibiotic resistance was to Ampicillin (25%), Co-Trimaxazole (15%) and Chloramphenicol (5%). Salmonella group B was the most resistant. The majority were, however, susceptible to other drugs with low to very low resistance rates (5% to Ciprofloxacin, and 2% to Ceftriaxone). Overall, resistant strains were more prevalent among children (30%) than adults (23%). \u0000Conclusions: Salmonella gastroenteritis is an important clinical condition in children more than in adults In the United Arab Emirates. Salmonella serogroup B, D and Salmonella spp. are prevalent strains causing gastroenteritis. Most of the Salmonella serogroups isolated in this study showed a high resistance to Ampicillin in comparison to other antibiotics. The emergence of resistance against Ceftriaxone among non-typhoidal Salmonella spp. is an alarming sign.","PeriodicalId":269971,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Medical Microbiology and Diagnosis","volume":"40 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-02-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132902877","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"In Silico Analysis, Cloning and Expression of Recombinant CD166 in E. coliBL21 (DE3) as a Marker for Detection and Treatment of Colorectal Cancer","authors":"Vahid Marmari, H. Mahmoodzadeh, Hassan Dana, Ghanbar Mahmoodi Chalbatani, A. Mazraeh, A. Ghamari, Fateme Moazzen, M. Ebrahimi, Narges Mehm, Oost","doi":"10.4172/2161-0703.1000249","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2161-0703.1000249","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Colorectal cancer is the third most common type of tumors, with more than 1.2 million new cases resulted in 600 thousand deaths annually and ranks fourth in terms of mortality worldwide. The activated leukocyte cell adhesion molecule (ALCAM) also called CD166 is a marker of colorectal cancer (CRC) stem cells. The expression of CD166 increase in colorectal cancer. Also with advancement of illness in different stages of cancer, this expression increased. So, it could be a reasonable marker for Detection and Treatment of Colorectal cancer. The purpose of this study is to produce recombinant protein CD166 for cancer therapy or early detection of colorectal cancer cells. \u0000Methods: In this study, the sequence of CD166 was optimized for expression in E. coli using online tools and cloned into pET28a as an expression vector. The recombinant pET28a was transformed into the E. coli BL21DE3 using heat shock method and expression of recombinant CD166 was examined using SDS-PAGE. \u0000Results: The synthetic gene of CD166 was located between NcoI/BamHI and XhoI restriction sites and cloned into pBSK (+) vector. The presence of this gene in pET28a was determined by colony and confirmed by restriction digestion. Gene of CD166 were expressed in E. coli BL21 DE3. The results of the SDS-PAGE technique confirmed the expression of recombinant 53 kDa CD166 in a bacterial expression system. \u0000Conclusion: A portion of the CD166 gene was expressed as a recombinant in E. coli. This could be a good candidate to produce a vaccine for cancer therapy or colorectal cancer diagnostic test.","PeriodicalId":269971,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Medical Microbiology and Diagnosis","volume":"75 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-02-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125596805","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Diagnostic Value of Widal Test in the Diagnosis of Typhoid Fever: A Systematic Review","authors":"H. M. Mengist, K. Tilahun","doi":"10.4172/2161-0703.1000248","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2161-0703.1000248","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Typhoid fever the common cause of morbidity and mortality especially in the developing countries where Widal test is routinely used as diagnostic tool to rule out the disease. The diagnostic ability of Widal test is debatable as the test method has a low sensitivity, specificity and positive predictive value (PPV). Therefore, reviewing articles across the world regarding the diagnostic value of Widal test is necessary. \u0000Methods: Systematic review of published articles regarding the diagnostic value of Widal test to rule out typhoid fever was carried out. Published articles were identified from PubMed, Google scholar, HINARI and other sources. The mean, median, percentile and standard deviation of sensitivity, specificity, NPV and PPV of the reviewed articles were computed by SPSS software version 24. \u0000Results: A total of 16 articles were included in the systematic review with the oldest publication in the year 1994 and the recent in 2015. The mean sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV) and negative predictive value (NPV) of Widal test was 73.5%, 75.7%, 60% and 75.2%, respectively. \u0000Conclusion: The systematic review results show that the reliability of Widal test is comparatively poor. Therefore, Widal test should not be used as a diagnostic tool to rule out typhoid fever unless supported by invasive clinical pictures and other confirmatory tests.","PeriodicalId":269971,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Medical Microbiology and Diagnosis","volume":"109 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-02-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132132689","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sets and Subsets of Mutating Amino Acids in Zika Virus Polyprotein","authors":"J. Weltman","doi":"10.4172/2161-0703.1000247","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2161-0703.1000247","url":null,"abstract":"In this communication the results of a study of Shannon information entropy (H) of ZIKV polyprotein sequences downloaded from the NCBI Zika Virus Resource (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ genome/viruses/variation/Zika/) on 21 Nov 2016. The dataset download consisted of the complete set of ZIKV full-length polyprotein sequences isolated either from humans (n=123) or from Aedes aegypti mosquitos (n=14). Sequence management was facilitated with Jalview 2.9.0b2 [5]. H was computed by the equation of Shannon [6], using Anaconda 2.4.0 (64-bit), Python 2.7.10, Numpy 1.10.1, Scipy 0.16.0 and Matplotlib 1.4.3. The Mann-Whitney nonparametric U test was performed with Scipy stats; a two-tail p-value is reported. Modeling of the data by sets and subsets was performed with Maple 18 (Maplesoft Group, Canada). Z-tests were performed using 1000 pseudo-random trials and are reported with two-tail probabilities.","PeriodicalId":269971,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Medical Microbiology and Diagnosis","volume":"5 9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128293884","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparison of Direct Immunofluorescence (DIF) Method and Giemsa Staining with PCR Method for Detection of Chlamydia trachomatis in Patients with Follicular Conjunctivitis","authors":"Zohreh Abedinyfar, Farahnoosh Doustdar, F. A. Amoli, H. Goudarzi, F. Fallah","doi":"10.4172/2161-0703.1000246","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2161-0703.1000246","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Chlamydia trachomatis is the most common cause of chronic follicular conjunctivitis. As a rapid diagnosis is important in the reducing the long-term squeal of the diseases, the objective of this study was to compare the three methods, direct immunofluorescence (DIF), staining and PCR, for detection of Chlamydia trachomatis in patients with follicular conjunctivitis. \u0000Material and methods: Overall 90 patients with conjunctival were enrolled in this study smears were prepared for DIF and Giemsa staining. PCR amplification after Extraction performed using CT1 and CT5 primers designed from Omp1 gene. \u0000Results: Of the 90 patients, 28 (31.1%) were positive by DIF and 13 (14.4%) by Giemsa staining; and 35 patients (38.8%) showed positive results in PCR. Sensitivity, specificity, predictive positive value, and negative predictive value of DIF in comparison to PCR respectively were calculated as 88.33, 100, 100 and 88.70. Sensitivity, specificity, predictive positive value and negative predictive value of DIF in comparison to PCR respectively were calculated as 61.40, 100, 100 and 71.42. Therefore, sensitivity and negative predictive value of DIF are significantly higher than Giemsa staining. \u0000Conclusion: DIF is more sensitive and more reliable than Giemsa staining for detection of Chlamydia trachomatis in the conjunctiva samples of patients with follicular conjunctivitis.","PeriodicalId":269971,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Medical Microbiology and Diagnosis","volume":"65 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-12-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116143550","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of GXM (Glucuronoxylomannan) on the Inflammatory Response in Lung Infection Caused by Cryptococcus neoformans (Serotype A) in Immunodeficient Murine Model (BALB/c-SCID)","authors":"E. G. Silva, ra Silva, C. R. Paula, L. Ruiz","doi":"10.4172/2161-0703.1000244","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2161-0703.1000244","url":null,"abstract":"GXM (glucuronoxylomannan) is the major component surrounding the capsule of Cryptococcus neoformans \u0000 having multiple biological functions, one of them and most important, the reduction in production of inflammatory \u0000 cytokines. They were evaluated in this study the correlation of the production GXM with TNF, IL-6, IL-10, as well, \u0000 as survival in murine model (BALB-c) and severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID). The animals were infected \u0000 intravenously with 0.1 ml of a suspension containing 3.0 × 106 model, BALB-c compared to the model. The high \u0000 production GXM as well as the induction of viable cells of C. neoformans. There was an increase in the production \u0000 of GXM, as well as a decrease in survival in (SCID) a severe inflammatory response in this model may be due to a \u0000compromised immune system.","PeriodicalId":269971,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Medical Microbiology and Diagnosis","volume":"78 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116365666","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessment of Microbicidal Activity of Atmospheric Pressure Non-Thermal Plasma Against Planktonic and Biofilm Forms","authors":"Shymaa Abdel Azim, R. Sadeq, M. Shaer, H. Mohamed","doi":"10.4172/2161-0703.1000245","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2161-0703.1000245","url":null,"abstract":"Background:Atmospheric pressure non-thermal plasma (APNTP) is a promising, relatively novel method for \u0000destroying microorganisms either in planktonic or biofilm form, alternative to “conventional” methods which have \u0000numerous drawbacks. \u0000Aim of the work: To assess the microbicidal activity of atmospheric pressure non-thermal plasma (APNTP) on \u0000planktonic and biofilm forms. \u0000Subjects and methods: This study was performed on Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), coagulase negative \u0000staphylococci (CoNS), Pseudomonas (P.) aeruginosa and Escherichia (E.) coli isolates from patients with indwelling \u0000medical devices associated infections in different intensive care units (ICUs), Zagazig University Hospitals. \u0000Detection of biofilm forming ability of these isolates was done by tube method (TM). Planktonic and biofilm \u0000counterpart of selected biofilm forming isolates were exposed to APNTP for different durations to assess the biocidal \u0000efficacy of plasma on both microbial forms by colony forming unit (CFU) count and/or 2,3-Bis-(2-Methoxy-4-Nitro-5- \u0000Sulfophenyl)-2H-Tetrazolium-5-Carboxanilide (XTT), assay. APNTP morphological changes in E. coli and S. aureus \u0000were assessed by transmission electron microscopic (TEM) imaging. \u0000Results: APNTP treatment of S. aureus, E. coli suspensions caused progressive reduction in surviving bacterial \u0000count and metabolic activity with increasing treatment duration and at 180 seconds of exposure complete \u0000sterilization achieved. Similar but more prolonged effect was detected on CoNS and P. aeruginosa suspensions. Its \u0000exposure for 240 seconds was needed for their complete sterilization. There was no difference between bacterial \u0000percentage reduction calculated by CFU count and XTT assay except in P. aeruginosa suspension for 60 seconds. \u0000No observed difference between APNTP effect on planktonic gram positive (GP) and gram negative (GN) bacteria. \u0000On the other hand, GN bacterial biofilm was more resistant to APNTP than GP bacterial biofilm. TEM showed that in \u0000both S. aureus and E. coli there were significant morphological changes after exposure to plasma. \u0000Conclusion: The efficacy of APNTP was proved for in vitro decontamination of planktonic and biofilm forms of S. \u0000aureus, CoNS, P. aeruginosa and E. coli that are responsible for many healthcare-acquired infections (HCAIs).","PeriodicalId":269971,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Medical Microbiology and Diagnosis","volume":"344 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-11-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133953566","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}