IRPN: Innovation & Development Economics (Topic)最新文献

{"title":"Should China Keep the Present Utility Model System? A Look at the Experiences of Germany, Japan, and the United States and the Prospect in China","authors":"Yuan Ding","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2135463","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2135463","url":null,"abstract":"Utility Model system, as a typical second tier patent system, is the tool for protecting less creative innovations in many countries. China has established this system since the year 1984. If only from the perspective of number of applications, utility model system is successful in China. However, its practical significance should be analyzed. This article attempts to provide such an analysis. This article first considers the treaty obligations of China, and concludes that they do not require China to adopt utility model protection. Next, it investigates the utility model system in Germany and Japan, and also the protection of less creative innovations in the United States. It contends that second tier system is needed even in a highly industrialized society, and if criteria are properly set, this system could be attractive. Based on this, it then analyzes the inventiveness criteria under German, Japanese and Chinese law, and their applications in practice. The article then turns to discuss the present utility model protection in China. It argues that, although utility models are very popular in China, their merits on enforcing rights are not significant. For a better protection of less creative domestic industry in China, the utility model system should be revised: protectable subject matter needs to be extended and the scope of prior art needs to be restricted.","PeriodicalId":268548,"journal":{"name":"IRPN: Innovation & Development Economics (Topic)","volume":"81 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-08-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122698937","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"New Face of Indian Banking Industry - Emerging Challenges & Potential","authors":"G. Popli, C. Vadgama","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2112949","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2112949","url":null,"abstract":"The Financial Sector Reforms have changed the face of Indian Banking Industry into a much regulated and organized industry. The market developments coupled with Liberalization & Globalization have resulted in transformation of banks in a much higher pace with technology acting as a catalyst. The Indian Financial System is a milieu interspersed with a range of players like PSU’s, Private Banks, Regional Rural Banks, Foreign Banks, Cooperative Banks and many more. Gone are the days when the customers had to stand in long queues for making transactions in the commercial banks in India. Now with the proliferation of Internet Banking transactions have become much more convenient. Though, the banking sector in India has adjusted quite fairly with the emerging environment and is trying to extend its reach and diversity, yet greater challenges lie ahead. The exposure to the international competition and the BASEL III norms, the banks will have to gear up for the stringent Capital Adequacy Norms. Banks will have to prepare themselves for the greater challenges lying ahead in future.This study focuses on the changes and shifts expected in the Indian Banking Industry, the opportunities and challenges ahead and the role of technological innovation which could be the change agent in the coming years. It makes a modest attempt to provide a brief overview of the major developments in the field of banking. An effort has been made to present the different phases and changes witnessed in the Indian Banking System and an insight into the future ahead.","PeriodicalId":268548,"journal":{"name":"IRPN: Innovation & Development Economics (Topic)","volume":"4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-07-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127795880","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Is the Dragon Learning to Fly? An Analysis of the Chinese Patent Explosion","authors":"M. Eberhardt, C. Helmers, Zhihong Yu","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.1965963","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1965963","url":null,"abstract":"This paper analyses characteristics of the recent explosion of patent filings by Chinese firms both domestically and in the United States. We construct a firm-level dataset by matching USPTO and SIPO patents to Chinese manufacturing census data for 1999-2006. Using this integrated dataset we show that the patent explosion is accounted for by a tiny, highly select group of Chinese companies in the ICT equipment industry. Our analysis further suggests that firms patenting in both the US and China are younger, larger and more export-oriented than firms patenting exclusively in China.","PeriodicalId":268548,"journal":{"name":"IRPN: Innovation & Development Economics (Topic)","volume":"41 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-11-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132322106","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mobile Banking: A Tool of Financial Inclusion for India","authors":"Martina Rani Kopala","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.1674328","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1674328","url":null,"abstract":"Financial inclusion denotes delivery of financial services at an affordable cost to the vast sections of the disadvantaged and low-income groups. People in developing countries have less options for transferring money and accessing banking services, because there is less deployed formal banking structure: fewer branches and ATMs generally co-located to relieve branches, low internet penetration and easy access to fast and immediate sources of loans but at high cost. So a branchless banking channel using mobile phones could be far more preferable to poor people than the available options like travelling to and queuing at distant branches, forgoing their daily wages. Only about one-third of people living in developing countries have any form of financial savings with formal institutions. It is proven fact that it lowers the cost of delivery to banks in building and maintaining a delivery channel and availability of funds to customers of accessing services. Hence, the developing countries around the world concentrate more on implementing the mobile banking access to the unbanked mobile users, as a tool of financial inclusion, which is known as Transformational mobile banking. Hence the success of mobile banking in micro finance depends upon the mass customer adoption, utility of mobile service for cash-in and cash-out transactions, interoperability of providers, a country’s defined proportionate regulation and the ability of service providers to meet the regulatory challenges.","PeriodicalId":268548,"journal":{"name":"IRPN: Innovation & Development Economics (Topic)","volume":"2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126641131","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mobile Phones and Economic Development in Africa","authors":"J. Aker, I. Mbiti","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.1693963","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1693963","url":null,"abstract":"We examine the growth of mobile phone technology over the past decade and consider its potential impacts upon quality of life in low-income countries, with a particular focus on sub-Saharan Africa. We first provide an overview of the patterns and determinants of mobile phone coverage in sub-Saharan Africa before describing the characteristics of primary and secondary mobile phone adopters on the continent. We then discuss the channels through which mobile phone technology can impact development outcomes, both as a positive externality of the communication sector and as part of mobile phone-based development projects, and analyze existing evidence. While current research suggests that mobile phone coverage and adoption have had positive impacts on agricultural and labor market efficiency and welfare in certain countries, empirical evidence is still somewhat limited. In addition, mobile phone technology cannot serve as the “silver bullet” for development in sub-Saharan Africa. Careful impact evaluations of mobile phone development projects are required to better understand their impacts upon economic and social outcomes, and mobile phone technology must work in partnership with other public good provision and investment.","PeriodicalId":268548,"journal":{"name":"IRPN: Innovation & Development Economics (Topic)","volume":"34 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122848840","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Do Developed and Developing Countries Compete Head to Head in High Tech?","authors":"L. Edwards, Robert Z. Lawrence","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.1623830","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1623830","url":null,"abstract":"Concerns that (1) growth in developing countries could worsen the US terms of trade and (2) that increased US trade with developing countries will increase US wage inequality both implicitly reflect the assumption that goods produced in the United States and developing countries are close substitutes and that specialization is incomplete. In this paper we show on the contrary that there are distinctive patterns of international specialization and that developed and developing countries export fundamentally different products, especially those classified as high tech. Judged by export shares, the United States and developing countries specialize in quite different product categories that, for the most part, do not overlap. Moreover, even when exports are classified in the same category, there are large and systematic differences in unit values that suggest the products made by developed and developing countries are not very close substitutes-developed country products are far more sophisticated. This generalization is already recognized in the literature but it does not hold for all types of products. Export unit values of developed and developing countries of primary commodity-intensive products are typically quite similar. Unit values of standardized (low-tech) manufactured products exported by developed and developing countries are somewhat similar. By contrast, the medium- and high-tech manufactured exports of developed and developing countries differ greatly. This finding has important implications. While measures of across product specialization suggest China and other Asian economies have been moving into high-tech exports, the within-product unit value measures indicate they are doing so in the least sophisticated market segments and the gap in unit values between their exports and those of developed countries has not narrowed over time. These findings shed light on the paradoxical finding, exemplified by computers and electronics, that US-manufactured imports from developing countries are concentrated in US industries, which employ relatively high shares of skilled American workers. They help explain why America’s nonoil terms of trade have improved and suggest that recently declining relative import prices from developing countries may not produced significant wage inequality in the United States. Finally they suggest that inferring competitive trends based on trade balances in products classified as \"high tech\" or \"advanced\" can be highly misleading.","PeriodicalId":268548,"journal":{"name":"IRPN: Innovation & Development Economics (Topic)","volume":"519 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116254998","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Addressing the Institutional Asymmetries Underlying Nanotechnology Regulation in India","authors":"Nidhi Srivastava, N. Chowdhury","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.1287105","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1287105","url":null,"abstract":"With the setting up of a dedicated public research program in nanotechnology (through the nano mission) in May 2007, the state support for nanotechnology R & D in India has become institutionalized. This has enabled nanotechnology to assume a privileged position within the public policy agenda. In terms of the market exposure to nanotechnology, homegrown applications have been limited largely to the health sector. Licensing foreign technology has been leveraged to introduce other new products using nanotechnology. However such R&D exposure and market developments have attracted criticism on the basis of the lack of regulatory controls currently in place. Part of this criticism is focused on the overwhelming emphasis on market oriented R & D without a concomitant program on EHS risk aspects of the technology. This has lead to a demand for regulation of this technology. This demand is partially misplaced because given the nature and scope of nanotechnology applications having a stand-alone regulatory framework is not feasible.","PeriodicalId":268548,"journal":{"name":"IRPN: Innovation & Development Economics (Topic)","volume":"173 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-10-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124218780","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Technical and Marketing Support Systems for Successful Small and Medium-Size Enterprises in Four Countries","authors":"B. Levy, A. Berry, Motoshige Itoh, L. Kim, J. Nugent, S. Urata","doi":"10.1596/1813-9450-1400","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1596/1813-9450-1400","url":null,"abstract":"Studies of successful and medium-size enterprises (SMEs) and their marketing and technical support systems were undertaken for Colombia, Indonesia, Japan, and the Republic of Korea. Three to four subsectors were examined in each country. The sample worldwide amounted to 445 firms. Mechanisms to support export marketing varied across countries and subsectors. How they varied depended greatly on whether SMEs operated within well-developed private networks. When market penetration begins, transaction costs are high and collective marketing support can be important. As markets\"thicken,\"initiatives by foreign buyers become more important. Generally the most effective collective marketing support was of the kind that can be provided more effectively by decentralized organizations - such as industry associations or local governments and chambers of commerce (support firms'participation in trade fairs, for example) - than by central government institutions. Private mechanisms were more important than collective mechanisms for helping firms improve their technological capability. Demand for collective mechanisms tended to be greater when technological requirements of production were complex or when the endowments of private technological networks in certain countries or industries were weak. Broad-based collective technical support facilitates the emergence of an information-rich environment for firms, and may be worth pursuing in many settings. Examples of such support include: 1) sponsoring courses in specialized topics; 2) facilitating the use of expert consultants (either directly, by making a consultant available to a broad array of firms, or indirectly, by providing financial support for the use of consultants); and 3) promoting information-sharing among firms. Countries that already have strong broad-based collective support and that are moving into technologically more advanced activities might consider\"high-intensity\"support, but should proceed with caution.","PeriodicalId":268548,"journal":{"name":"IRPN: Innovation & Development Economics (Topic)","volume":"155 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1999-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116225689","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Technology and Per Capita Real GDP Across Some African Countries","authors":"V. Amavilah","doi":"10.2139/SSRN.937814","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/SSRN.937814","url":null,"abstract":"African countries may have fared poorly compared to some countries in other regions, but relative to their own performance history some African countries have done quite well over the past eight years. In particular 2004 and 2005 were especially good years. How can such performance be made to stick and even expand? The answer to that question requires better understanding of the source of good performance. This paper proceeds on the assumption that technology was, at least partially, responsible. The result shows that a feeble technology undercuts per capita real GDP across African countries. However, the impacts of new technologies, measured by the intensities of internet and cell phone use are very strong. The policy implication of the findings speaks to the need for investment in new technologies for which productivity is high and the adoption and diffusion costs seem low. Further research can clarify the findings and policy by expanding and improving the data coverage, and examining effects on income of different kinds of technologies.","PeriodicalId":268548,"journal":{"name":"IRPN: Innovation & Development Economics (Topic)","volume":"50 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128843121","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Innovation and Imitation at Various Stages of Development","authors":"V. Polterovich, A. Tonis","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.1753524","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1753524","url":null,"abstract":"A simple model of imitation and innovation is developed to explain a complicated picture of relative productivity growth in different countries. The model makes difference between global and local innovations and does not assume that a country always imitates the most advanced technology. It is shown that there are three types of stationary states, where only imitation, only innovation or a mixed policy prevails. We demonstrate how one can find the stationary states and check their stability for a broad class of imitation-innovation cost functions. Using World Bank statistical data for the period of 1980-1999, we reveal the dependence of innovation and imitation costs on GDP per capita measured in PPP and on an indicator of investment risk. An appropriate choice of two adjustment parameters of the model gives a possibility to generate trajectories of more than 80 countries and, for most of them, get qualitatively correct pictures of their movement. It turns out that three groups of countries behave differently, and there is a tendency to converge inside each group. Increase in institutional quality get countries out of underdevelopment traps, from the imitation area to a better steady state where local innovations and imitations are jointly used. All countries with high quality of institutions are moving toward the area where pure innovation policy prevails.","PeriodicalId":268548,"journal":{"name":"IRPN: Innovation & Development Economics (Topic)","volume":"15 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128910114","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}