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Production of alinite-chlormayenite clinker and its hydration behavior with increasing gypsum content 随着石膏含量的增加，铝绿铝石熟料的生产及其水化行为
IF 11.4 1区 工程技术
Cement and Concrete Research Pub Date : 2024-12-12 DOI: 10.1016/j.cemconres.2024.107774
Marco Simoni, Aniruddha Baral, Zhili Ren, Tristana Y. Duvallet, Robert B. Jewell, Christiane Rößler, Theodore Hanein
{"title":"Production of alinite-chlormayenite clinker and its hydration behavior with increasing gypsum content","authors":"Marco Simoni, Aniruddha Baral, Zhili Ren, Tristana Y. Duvallet, Robert B. Jewell, Christiane Rößler, Theodore Hanein","doi":"10.1016/j.cemconres.2024.107774","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2024.107774","url":null,"abstract":"An alternative low-energy alinite-chlormayenite clinker was produced and its hydration with different gypsum content was studied. The clinker was produced at 1225 °C using reagent-grade materials in an electric kiln with alinite, larnite, and chlormayenite content of 48, 24, and 16 wt%, respectively. The hydration kinetics of the clinker with different gypsum additions (0,10, 20, and 40 wt%) did not have a distinct induction period, and the hydration was faster than Portland cement. Alinite was in general more reactive than chlormayenite. In the presence of a limited amount of gypsum (10 and 20 wt%), alinite consumed gypsum to form ettringite within the first hour of hydration, and both alinite and chlormayenite formed Friedel's salt after gypsum was exhausted. Sufficient gypsum availability (40 wt%) slowed down the dissolution of alinite and chlormayenite for the first hour of hydration but enabled both chlormayenite and alinite to form ettringite.","PeriodicalId":266,"journal":{"name":"Cement and Concrete Research","volume":"29 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":11.4,"publicationDate":"2024-12-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142809596","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Modeling and simulation of alkali-activated materials (AAMs): A critical review 碱活化材料（AAMs）的建模与仿真：综述
IF 11.4 1区 工程技术
Cement and Concrete Research Pub Date : 2024-12-10 DOI: 10.1016/j.cemconres.2024.107769
Yibing Zuo, Yun Chen, Chen Liu, Yidong Gan, Luise Göbel, Guang Ye, John L. Provis
{"title":"Modeling and simulation of alkali-activated materials (AAMs): A critical review","authors":"Yibing Zuo, Yun Chen, Chen Liu, Yidong Gan, Luise Göbel, Guang Ye, John L. Provis","doi":"10.1016/j.cemconres.2024.107769","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2024.107769","url":null,"abstract":"Alkali-activated materials (AAMs) are a class of potentially eco-friendly construction materials that can contribute to reduce the environmental impact of the construction sector by offering an alternative to Portland cement (PC). With the rapid development of both computational capabilities and theoretical insights into alkali-activation reaction processes, there has been a surge in research activities worldwide, leading to a growing demand for computational methods that can describe different characteristics of AAMs. This review summarizes the collective efforts made in the past two decades on this topic, and highlights the most relevant results and advances in the aspects of atomistic simulation, thermodynamic modeling, microstructure/−based simulation, and multi-scale modeling. The gaps and challenges in current numerical research on AAMs are pointed out and discussed in comparison with PC-based materials. This review aims to provide a critical overview of the state-of-the-art in modeling and simulating AAMs, while also outlining potential avenues for future development.","PeriodicalId":266,"journal":{"name":"Cement and Concrete Research","volume":"78 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":11.4,"publicationDate":"2024-12-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142797666","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Understanding hydration reactions, mechanical properties, thermal expansion, and organic interfacial interactions of calcium sulfate hydrates from the atomic scale 从原子尺度上理解水化反应、机械性能、热膨胀和有机界面相互作用的硫酸钙水合物
IF 11.4 1区 工程技术
Cement and Concrete Research Pub Date : 2024-12-08 DOI: 10.1016/j.cemconres.2024.107740
Ratan K. Mishra, Samir Darouich, Pieter J. in 't Veld, Robert J. Flatt, Hendrik Heinz
{"title":"Understanding hydration reactions, mechanical properties, thermal expansion, and organic interfacial interactions of calcium sulfate hydrates from the atomic scale","authors":"Ratan K. Mishra, Samir Darouich, Pieter J. in 't Veld, Robert J. Flatt, Hendrik Heinz","doi":"10.1016/j.cemconres.2024.107740","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2024.107740","url":null,"abstract":"Calcium sulfates such as anhydrite, hemihydrate, and gypsum are used extensively in building materials, wall board, and biomaterials. The correlation between nanoscale structure and macroscopic properties, however, remains incompletely understood. We employed molecular dynamics simulations with the Interface Force Field (IFF) to examine sensitive hydration reactions, anisotropic thermal and mechanical properties, as well as (hkl) specific adsorption of organic modifiers. Computed thermal transitions between calcium sulfate phases, directional coefficients of thermal expansion, and directional mechanical properties agree exceptionally well with partially known experimental measurements, provide missing data and mechanistic understanding at the atomic scale. Polymeric naphthalene sulfonate-formaldehyde condensates exhibit strong, selective adsorption to the hemihydrate (001) surface. The polymer conformations and facet-specific binding affinities explain the delayed hydration of calcium sulfate hemihydrate to gypsum. The simulation methods can be applied to predict crystal growth and properties of sulfate-containing multiphase materials from atoms to the micrometer scale.","PeriodicalId":266,"journal":{"name":"Cement and Concrete Research","volume":"60 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":11.4,"publicationDate":"2024-12-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142789811","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Reaction kinetics of calcined smectite in a clinker-free model and a synthetic cement system in comparison with selected calcined phyllosilicates 煅烧蒙脱石在无熟料模型和合成水泥体系中的反应动力学与煅烧层状硅酸盐的比较
IF 11.4 1区 工程技术
Cement and Concrete Research Pub Date : 2024-12-08 DOI: 10.1016/j.cemconres.2024.107766
Sebastian Scherb, Matthias Maier, Köberl Mathias, Nancy Beuntner, Karl-Christian Thienel
{"title":"Reaction kinetics of calcined smectite in a clinker-free model and a synthetic cement system in comparison with selected calcined phyllosilicates","authors":"Sebastian Scherb, Matthias Maier, Köberl Mathias, Nancy Beuntner, Karl-Christian Thienel","doi":"10.1016/j.cemconres.2024.107766","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2024.107766","url":null,"abstract":"The investigations of clinker-free model and synthetic cement systems reveal deeper insight into the behavior of metasmectite during early hydration. The use of metasmectite accelerates the aluminate clinker reaction and influences the degree of hydration of alite. Its chemical reactivity can be demonstrated in clinker-free as well as model cement systems by direct quantification of the metasmectite, its portlandite consumption and C-S-H formation. The influence on sulfate balance reveals an interaction of metasmectite's negatively charged surfaces with ions from the pore solution and demonstrates that sulfate adsorption does not solely take place on surfaces of C-S-H. Overall, it can be concluded that the impediment of the alite hydration during early hydration due to metasmectite is rather insignificant compared to metakaolinite and is within the range of metaillite. These findings provide a significant contribution to the expected widespread use of calcined clays with a low metakaolinite content in cementitious systems.","PeriodicalId":266,"journal":{"name":"Cement and Concrete Research","volume":"2 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":11.4,"publicationDate":"2024-12-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142789810","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Drying shrinkage and carbonation of steel slag-metakaolin alkali-activated composites: Effect of vegetable oil addition and slag aggregates 钢渣-偏高岭土碱活化复合材料的干燥收缩和碳化：植物油和矿渣集料的影响
IF 11.4 1区 工程技术
Cement and Concrete Research Pub Date : 2024-12-06 DOI: 10.1016/j.cemconres.2024.107764
O. Rudić, C. Grengg, Y. Seyrek, F. Steindl, B. Müller, I. Zögl, D. Wohlmuth, N. Ukrainczyk, F. Mittermayr
{"title":"Drying shrinkage and carbonation of steel slag-metakaolin alkali-activated composites: Effect of vegetable oil addition and slag aggregates","authors":"O. Rudić, C. Grengg, Y. Seyrek, F. Steindl, B. Müller, I. Zögl, D. Wohlmuth, N. Ukrainczyk, F. Mittermayr","doi":"10.1016/j.cemconres.2024.107764","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2024.107764","url":null,"abstract":"The influence of vegetable oil and steel slag aggregates on the drying shrinkage and carbonation performance of steel slag-based alkali activated materials was investigated. Decrease in carbonation rates by up to 19% attributed to the formation of metal soap phases which strongly reduced the gel and small capillary porosity as well as the specific surface area of the materials. When combined with steel slag aggregates, an additional reduction in carbonation rate of up to 50% could be achieved. Furthermore, the strain induced by shrinkage and rewetting was highly influenced by the type of aggregate used, with a reduction of 40 to 50% observed due to presence of soap phases resulting from the hydrolysis of oil in the metal-alkaline conditions. The observed improvement in durability properties may enable new application possibilities for alkali activated materials, overcoming well-known technical limitations such as high drying shrinkage and high carbonation rates.","PeriodicalId":266,"journal":{"name":"Cement and Concrete Research","volume":"27 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":11.4,"publicationDate":"2024-12-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142782498","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Revealing the tricalcium silicate formation behaviors in modified EAF slag at high temperatures for the production of electric recycled cement 揭示改性电炉炉渣在高温下的硅酸三钙形成行为，用于生产电再生水泥
IF 11.4 1区 工程技术
Cement and Concrete Research Pub Date : 2024-12-06 DOI: 10.1016/j.cemconres.2024.107756
Mingrui Yang, Zhiming Yan, Zushu Li
{"title":"Revealing the tricalcium silicate formation behaviors in modified EAF slag at high temperatures for the production of electric recycled cement","authors":"Mingrui Yang, Zhiming Yan, Zushu Li","doi":"10.1016/j.cemconres.2024.107756","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2024.107756","url":null,"abstract":"The formation behaviors of tricalcium silicate (C<sub>3</sub>S) in modified EAF slag were investigated to assess the feasibility of using EAF slag for cement clinker production. For the formation conditions of C<sub>3</sub>S, the C<sub>3</sub>S content in slag exhibits a notable increase with elevating slag basicity and reaction time, while only a slight enhancement with temperature rising from 1400 °C to 1500 °C. The C<sub>3</sub>S formation mechanism depends on the local conditions in the slag. In the lime-rich region it primarily takes place through the direct formation, i.e. 3CaO(s) + SiO<sub>2</sub>(l) = 3CaO·SiO<sub>2</sub>(s), controlled by the diffusion of SiO<sub>4</sub><sup>4−</sup> in liquid phase. Conversely, in the dicalcium silicate (C<sub>2</sub>S) rich region, C<sub>3</sub>S formation primarily occurs via the indirect formation: 2CaO·SiO<sub>2</sub>(s) + CaO(l) = 3CaO·SiO<sub>2</sub>(s), with the reaction being controlled by the diffusion of Ca<sup>2+</sup> in the liquid slag.","PeriodicalId":266,"journal":{"name":"Cement and Concrete Research","volume":"28 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":11.4,"publicationDate":"2024-12-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142782499","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Basic creep properties of hydrates in mature slag-based CEM II concretes: A micromechanical analysis 成熟渣基CEM II混凝土中水合物的基本蠕变特性：微观力学分析
IF 11.4 1区 工程技术
Cement and Concrete Research Pub Date : 2024-12-05 DOI: 10.1016/j.cemconres.2024.107735
Maximilian Sorgner, Rodrigo Díaz Flores, Bernhard Pichler, Thomas Pilgerstorfer, Bernd Moritz, Christian Hellmich
{"title":"Basic creep properties of hydrates in mature slag-based CEM II concretes: A micromechanical analysis","authors":"Maximilian Sorgner, Rodrigo Díaz Flores, Bernhard Pichler, Thomas Pilgerstorfer, Bernd Moritz, Christian Hellmich","doi":"10.1016/j.cemconres.2024.107735","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2024.107735","url":null,"abstract":"The demand for accurate characterization of slag-based CEM II concretes is becoming increasingly important as the construction sector shifts towards eco-efficient materials. Here, the basic creep behavior of slag-based CEM II concretes is traced back to mixture-invariant hydrate properties. Therefore, an experimentally validated three-step micro-viscoelastic model for CEM I/OPC-concretes is complemented by a Powers-Acker-type hydration model for CEM II and extended towards long-term creep, temperature activation, and moisture sensitivity. This model is used for a strain rate-based, aging viscoelastic analysis of two creep tests on distinctively different CEM II concretes; revealing that the shear creep modulus of CEM II hydrates is half as large as the one of ordinary Portland cement hydrates. This makes slag-based CEM II concretes especially suitable for applications such as precast segmental tunnel linings, where a faster stress relaxation under displacement-controlled conditions is beneficial.","PeriodicalId":266,"journal":{"name":"Cement and Concrete Research","volume":"2 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":11.4,"publicationDate":"2024-12-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142776560","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Pyroaurite-like phases (Mg-Fe3+ LDH) synthesis and solubility 类辉钼矿相（Mg-Fe3+ LDH）的合成及溶解度
IF 11.4 1区 工程技术
Cement and Concrete Research Pub Date : 2024-12-05 DOI: 10.1016/j.cemconres.2024.107739
Ellina Bernard, Barbara Lothenbach, Rupert J. Myers, Marcus H.N. Yio
{"title":"Pyroaurite-like phases (Mg-Fe3+ LDH) synthesis and solubility","authors":"Ellina Bernard, Barbara Lothenbach, Rupert J. Myers, Marcus H.N. Yio","doi":"10.1016/j.cemconres.2024.107739","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2024.107739","url":null,"abstract":"This study explores different methods for precipitating carbonated Mg-Fe<sup>3+</sup> layered double hydroxides (LDHs) with Mg/Fe<sup>3+</sup> ratios ranging from 2 to 2.5. Two synthesis approaches were investigated: a) CO<sub>3</sub>-Mg-Fe<sup>3+</sup>-LDH co-precipitated directly from MgO, Fe(NO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>3</sub> and Na<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub> and b) NO<sub>3</sub>-Mg-Fe<sup>3+</sup>-LDH precipitated by adding NaOH to Mg(NO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub>-Fe(NO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>3</sub> solutions, followed by ion exchange with Na<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub> to form CO<sub>3</sub>-Mg-Fe<sup>3+</sup>-LDH. The solids were characterised using TGA, XRD and FTIR. For the co-precipitated samples in the presence of Na<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub>, the formation of carbonate-LDH was accompanied by ~10–30 wt% of hydromagnesite, while CO<sub>3</sub>-Mg-Fe<sup>3+</sup>-LDH modified from the NO<sub>3</sub>-Mg-Fe<sup>3+</sup>-LDH did not show any other Mg‑carbonates but contained Fe hydroxides, as evidenced by their brown coloration. All samples were re-equilibrated at 7, 20 and 50 °C. The solubility product (log Kso) was calculated from solution analysis, and preliminary thermodynamic data are presented. The findings provide insights into the stability and formation conditions of carbonated Mg-Fe<sup>3+</sup> LDH phases in carbonate-rich environments.","PeriodicalId":266,"journal":{"name":"Cement and Concrete Research","volume":"77 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":11.4,"publicationDate":"2024-12-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142776419","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Estimation of cement content in concrete by spatially resolved laser induced breakdown spectroscopy 空间分辨激光诱导击穿光谱法估算混凝土中水泥含量
IF 11.4 1区 工程技术
Cement and Concrete Research Pub Date : 2024-12-05 DOI: 10.1016/j.cemconres.2024.107714
Tobias Völker, Friedrich M. Mensing, Sabine Kruschwitz
{"title":"Estimation of cement content in concrete by spatially resolved laser induced breakdown spectroscopy","authors":"Tobias Völker, Friedrich M. Mensing, Sabine Kruschwitz","doi":"10.1016/j.cemconres.2024.107714","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2024.107714","url":null,"abstract":"The cement content in concrete significantly influences critical properties such as durability, permeability, strength, and workability. Traditional methods for estimating the cement content face limitations. These include the need for comprehensive chemical and solubility knowledge, extensive sample preparation, and their time-consuming and destructive nature. This study investigates the application of laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) as an alternative method. It involves probing concrete samples with high spatial resolution and analyzing the resultant spectra. The methodology is first tested on mesoscale concrete models to assess limitations and inherent errors. Subsequently, the methodology is applied to actual concrete samples with varying cement content and aggregate size distributions. The results demonstrate a promising accuracy, with an average relative error of approximately 8%. This paper offers a comprehensive evaluation of the method’s advantages, limitations, and factors influencing its practical applicability in field conditions.","PeriodicalId":266,"journal":{"name":"Cement and Concrete Research","volume":"87 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":11.4,"publicationDate":"2024-12-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142776422","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Effect of temperature on the solubility of xonotlite 温度对硅钙石溶解度的影响
IF 11.4 1区 工程技术
Cement and Concrete Research Pub Date : 2024-12-02 DOI: 10.1016/j.cemconres.2024.107732
S. Mingione, D. Jansen, F. Winnefeld, S.V. Churakov, B. Lothenbach
{"title":"Effect of temperature on the solubility of xonotlite","authors":"S. Mingione, D. Jansen, F. Winnefeld, S.V. Churakov, B. Lothenbach","doi":"10.1016/j.cemconres.2024.107732","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2024.107732","url":null,"abstract":"Xonotlite forms under hydrothermal conditions and it dehydrates to β-wollastonite between 770 and 800 °C under atmospheric pressure. The solubility of xonotlite is poorly known, as the experimental datasets reported in literature differ by as much as 10 log units. This study investigates the impact of temperature (7, 20, 50 and 80 °C) on the solubility of xonotlite by dissolution experiments from undersaturation. The derived solubility data are comparable to those reported in literature at 25 °C for synthesized xonotlite, while the much higher solubility reported in literature for natural xonotlite seems to describe the solubility of amorphous C-S-H. The solubility of xonotlite increases moderately at lower temperature. At 7 °C, xonotlite was found to co-exist with tobermorite.","PeriodicalId":266,"journal":{"name":"Cement and Concrete Research","volume":"116 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":11.4,"publicationDate":"2024-12-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142760007","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
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