{"title":"Sexual Selection: A Very Short Introduction","authors":"M. Zuk, L. Simmons","doi":"10.1093/actrade/9780198778752.001.0001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780198778752.001.0001","url":null,"abstract":"Sexual Selection: A Very Short Introduction introduces the astounding array of behaviours and decorative traits in the animal world used for competing for mates, and considers the evolutionary logic that underpins them. It also looks at the history of our understanding of sexual selection, from Darwin’s key insights to the modern day. Considering the investment animals place on reproduction, variation in mating systems, sexual conflict, and the origin of sexual dimorphism, it discusses questions such as whether females can really choose between males on aesthetic grounds, and how sexual conflict is resolved in different species. It concludes with a consideration of the thorny question of how, and even if, sexual selection theory applies to humans.","PeriodicalId":264916,"journal":{"name":"Very Short Introductions","volume":"24 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-08-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134185361","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"6. But is it intelligence, really?","authors":"M. Boden","doi":"10.1093/ACTRADE/9780199602919.003.0006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ACTRADE/9780199602919.003.0006","url":null,"abstract":"Suppose that future AGI systems equalled human performance. Would they have real intelligence, real under-standing, real creativity? Would they have selves, moral standing, free choice? Would they be conscious? And without consciousness, could they have any of those other properties? ‘But is it intelligence, really?’ considers these philosophical questions, suggesting some answers that are more reasonable than others. It looks at concepts such as the Turing Test; the many problems of consciousness; the studies of AI-inspired philosophers Paul Churchland, Daniel Dennett, and Aaron Sloman; virtual machines and the mind–body problem, and moral responsibility. It concludes that no one knows, for sure, whether an AGI could really be intelligent.","PeriodicalId":264916,"journal":{"name":"Very Short Introductions","volume":"35 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-08-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133931915","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Artificial Intelligence: A Very Short Introduction","authors":"M. Boden","doi":"10.1093/actrade/9780199602919.001.0001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780199602919.001.0001","url":null,"abstract":"The applications of Artificial Intelligence lie all around us and affect all aspects of our lives. The results of Artificial Intelligence have been invaluable to biologists, psychologists, and linguists in helping to understand the processes of memory, learning, and language from a fresh angle. As a concept, Artificial Intelligence has fuelled and sharpened the philosophical debates concerning the nature of the mind, intelligence, and the uniqueness of human beings. Artificial Intelligence: A Very Short Introduction considers the history of Artificial Intelligence, its successes, its limitations, and its future goals. It also reviews the philosophical and technological challenges raised by Artificial Intelligence, considering whether programs could ever be really intelligent, creative, or even conscious.","PeriodicalId":264916,"journal":{"name":"Very Short Introductions","volume":"146 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-08-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134015140","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The Book of Common Prayer: A Very Short Introduction","authors":"B. Cummings","doi":"10.1093/actrade/9780198803928.001.0001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780198803928.001.0001","url":null,"abstract":"The Book of Common Prayer is one of the most influential books in history. For nearly six centuries, it has formed the order of worship for established Christianity in England, and is now printed in many languages around the world. The Book of Common Prayer: A Very Short Introduction tells the fascinating history of the book, from medieval to modern times, and explains why it is easily misunderstood. Changing in meaning and context over time, the Book of Common Prayer has acted as a cultural symbol, affecting the everyday conduct of life as much as the spiritual, and dividing conformity from non-conformity, in social terms as well as religious, from birth to marriage to death.","PeriodicalId":264916,"journal":{"name":"Very Short Introductions","volume":"5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-08-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124470461","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The History of Childhood: A Very Short Introduction","authors":"James Marten","doi":"10.1093/actrade/9780190681388.001.0001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780190681388.001.0001","url":null,"abstract":"The History of Childhood: A Very Short Introduction describes the differing experiences of childhood across time and place, focusing on conflict, change, war, reform, and the issues and conditions that have shaped childhood throughout history. Childhood is a constantly shifting concept; the age at which a child becomes a youth and a youth becomes an adult has varied by class, religion, ethnicity, place, and economic need. From the rules of Confucian childrearing in twelfth-century China to the struggles of children living as slaves in the Americas or as cotton mill workers in Industrial Age Britain, this VSI shows that the lives of children reveal important and sometimes uncomfortable truths about civilization.","PeriodicalId":264916,"journal":{"name":"Very Short Introductions","volume":"35 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-08-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127637480","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"4. Autobiography and psychoanalysis","authors":"L. Marcus","doi":"10.1093/ACTRADE/9780199669240.003.0005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ACTRADE/9780199669240.003.0005","url":null,"abstract":"Life-writing has been central to psychoanalysis, which created its own form of biographical narrative. The psychoanalytic case study draws upon the dreams and reminiscences of patients to reconstruct their stories. Psychoanalysis has also profoundly shaped autobiographical consciousness. While psychoanalytic theories and therapies have led to new ways of thinking and writing about the self, psychoanalytic thought also takes up much earlier models of the mind and identity. Through the works of Sigmund Freud and Carl Jung, among others, ‘Autobiography and psychoanalysis’ explains how psychoanalysis has been a shaping force on 20th-century autobiography. The model of the ‘inside out’ suggests an exploration of the autobiographer’s inner world, which is then turned outwards, through writing and towards a readership.","PeriodicalId":264916,"journal":{"name":"Very Short Introductions","volume":"39 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-07-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114735223","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"1. Confession, conversion, testimony","authors":"L. Marcus","doi":"10.1093/actrade/9780199669240.003.0002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780199669240.003.0002","url":null,"abstract":"While autobiography can be defined as a literary form, it reaches into, and overlaps with, many other kinds of writing and fields of knowledge. This is particularly clear in the case of the models confession, conversion, and testimony, which bring the literary into relation with concepts central to religion, law, and history. ‘Confession, conversion, testimony’ explains that these models also bear on questions that have been fundamental to understandings of autobiography: truth, authenticity, selfhood, narrative time, memory, the relationship between past and present selves, the motives for writing an autobiography, and the identities, imagined or real, of the autobiography’s addressees or readers. Examples of autobiographies discussed include those of St Augustine, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, and J. M. Coetzee.","PeriodicalId":264916,"journal":{"name":"Very Short Introductions","volume":"191 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-07-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124228393","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"3. Autobiographical consciousness","authors":"L. Marcus","doi":"10.1093/ACTRADE/9780199669240.003.0004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ACTRADE/9780199669240.003.0004","url":null,"abstract":"The concepts of time, memory, and identity, which are central to autobiographical theory, are also perennial concerns of philosophers, who have given widely differing account of them, both in their formal philosophical work and in their more personal reflections. ‘Autobiographical consciousness’ takes the autobiographies of predominantly Western philosophers—including Descartes, Montaigne, Hume, Nietzsche, Sartre, and Simone de Beauvoir—as central examples, and focuses on their representations of memory, the self in and through time, concepts of subjectivity, identity, and consciousness, and self-formation or ‘becoming’. It also discusses recent theories of ‘autobiographical consciousness’, including the works of Jerome Bruner and Antonio Damasio.","PeriodicalId":264916,"journal":{"name":"Very Short Introductions","volume":"38 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-07-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127564698","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"8. Autobiographies, autobiographical novels, and autofictions","authors":"L. Marcus","doi":"10.1093/actrade/9780199669240.003.0009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780199669240.003.0009","url":null,"abstract":"Few of the great modernist writers produced explicit or fully fledged autobiographies, but the expansion of the ‘life-writing’ category has made visible the prevalence of autobiographical novels, including works by Katherine Mansfield, James Joyce, D. H. Lawrence, Dorothy Richardson, and Virginia Woolf. ‘Autobiographies, autobiographical novels, and autofictions’ explains that in the late 19th and early 20th centuries there was an increasingly ‘aesthetic’ approach to autobiography. New genres arose that blended life-writing and fiction, such as the personal essay, the ‘imaginary portrait’, and novels which incorporated authentic letters and journal entries. Since the 1980s, it is argued, the novel has been eclipsed by autobiographical narrative, reversing the earlier sense that autobiographical writing was of secondary importance.","PeriodicalId":264916,"journal":{"name":"Very Short Introductions","volume":"9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-07-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123001613","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Autobiography: A Very Short Introduction","authors":"L. Marcus","doi":"10.1093/actrade/9780199669240.001.0001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780199669240.001.0001","url":null,"abstract":"Throughout history, individuals have recorded their own lives and experiences. These personal writings provide an understanding of the ways in which lives have been lived, and the most fundamental accounts of what it means to be a self in the world. Autobiography: A Very Short Introduction defines what is meant by ‘autobiography’, and considers its relationship with similar literary forms such as memoirs, journals, letters, and diaries. Analysing the core themes in autobiographical writing, including confession, conversion, testimony, romanticism, and the journeying self, this VSI discusses the autobiographical consciousness (and the roles played by time, memory, and identity), and considers the relationship between psychoanalysis and autobiography. It also explores the themes of self-portraiture, photography, and performance.","PeriodicalId":264916,"journal":{"name":"Very Short Introductions","volume":"87 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-07-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131190896","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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