{"title":"Typography: A Very Short Introduction","authors":"P. Luna","doi":"10.1093/actrade/9780199211296.001.0001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780199211296.001.0001","url":null,"abstract":"Typography: A Very Short Introduction offers a broad definition of typography as design for reading, whether in print or on screens, where a set of visual choices are taken to make a written message more accessible, more easily transmitted, more significant, or more attractive. Considering the development of letterforms and the shapes of letter we use, it discusses the history behind our modern day letters and fonts, before considering the issues behind key typographic decisions, and the differences between printed and on-screen typography. Presenting any piece of typography as a fundamental design choice, this Very Short Introduction introduces the options available today, and explores the reasons why key typographic decisions are made.","PeriodicalId":264916,"journal":{"name":"Very Short Introductions","volume":"17 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114631823","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Napoleon","authors":"D. A. Bell","doi":"10.1093/actrade/9780199321667.001.0001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780199321667.001.0001","url":null,"abstract":"Napoleon: A Very Short Introduction provides a concise and lively portrait of Napoleon Bonaparte’s character and career, situating him firmly in historical context. It emphasizes the astonishing sense of human possibility—for both good and ill—that Napoleon represented. By his late twenties, Napoleon was already one of the greatest generals in European history. At thirty, he had become absolute master of Europe’s most powerful country. In his early forties, he ruled a European empire more powerful than any since Rome, fighting wars that changed the shape of the continent and brought death to millions. Then everything collapsed, leading him to spend his last years in miserable exile in the South Atlantic.","PeriodicalId":264916,"journal":{"name":"Very Short Introductions","volume":"17 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126763817","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Adam Smith: A Very Short Introduction","authors":"Christopher J. Berry","doi":"10.1093/actrade/9780198784456.001.0001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780198784456.001.0001","url":null,"abstract":"In 1776, Adam Smith (1723–90) wrote The Wealth of Nations, the foundational book that led to him being called the ‘father of economics’. However, Adam Smith was far more than an economist. Adam Smith is introduced through an overview of his writings and moral philosophy. Adam Smith: A Very Short Introduction offers a balanced and nuanced view of this seminal thinker, embedding his fierce defence of free trade, competition, and assault on special interests in contemporary European history, politics, and philosophy. It outlines Smith’s central ideas and how his intellectual and social environment influenced his thinking. It also discusses Smith’s influence on subsequent generations, and the ways in which he has been interpreted.","PeriodicalId":264916,"journal":{"name":"Very Short Introductions","volume":"81 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122047429","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Glaciation: A Very Short Introduction","authors":"D. Evans","doi":"10.1093/actrade/9780198745853.001.0001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780198745853.001.0001","url":null,"abstract":"Vast, majestic, and often stunningly beautiful, glaciers lock up some 10 per cent of the world’s fresh water. These great bodies of ice play an important part in the Earth system, carving landscapes and influencing climate on regional and hemispheric scales, as well as having a significant impact on global sea level. Glaciation: A Very Short Introduction offers an overview of glaciers and ice sheets as systems, considering the role of geomorphology and sedimentology in studying them, and their impacts on our planet in terms of erosional and depositional processes. Looking at our glaciers today, and their ongoing processes, it considers the extent to which we can use this knowledge in reconstructing and interpreting ancient glacial landscapes.","PeriodicalId":264916,"journal":{"name":"Very Short Introductions","volume":"6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115180452","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"9. Saints in the modern world","authors":"S. Yarrow","doi":"10.1093/ACTRADE/9780199676514.003.0009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ACTRADE/9780199676514.003.0009","url":null,"abstract":"‘Saints in the modern world’ considers the impact of the Enlightenment and industrialization on sainthood. Canonizations continued throughout the Enlightenment period, though not in great numbers. The new saints were fairly conventional figures, reflecting an ecclesiastical approach tempered by moderation and reason. For most of the 20th century the Roman Catholic Church canonized relatively few saints; 158 saints were made between 1846 and 1978. Since then more than 1,000 saints have been canonized, mainly during the pontificates of John Paul II and Francis. It concludes that as well as being a force for social cohesion, the cult of saints can reflect asymmetries and tensions within faith communities.","PeriodicalId":264916,"journal":{"name":"Very Short Introductions","volume":"428 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-09-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134018173","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"6. The Blessed Virgin Mary","authors":"S. Yarrow","doi":"10.1093/ACTRADE/9780199676514.003.0006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ACTRADE/9780199676514.003.0006","url":null,"abstract":"The Blessed Virgin Mary is pre-eminent among Christian saints. Her giving birth to Jesus the God-man distinguishes her from other women, even as it draws attention to that experience uniquely distinguishing women from men: childbirth. ‘The Blessed Virgin Mary’ shows how this delicate partitioning of empathetic possibilities in the veneration of Mary, intimately grounded in biology and played out through ideas of gender difference, has stimulated profound and sometimes conflicted religious emotions in men and women. St Mary presents a conundrum to Christian theology: a virgin mother, a Jew who became a Christian, a redeemer of humanity from Eve’s sins, a human who gave birth to God, and the Queen of Heaven.","PeriodicalId":264916,"journal":{"name":"Very Short Introductions","volume":"13 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-09-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129131452","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"2. Inventing the saints","authors":"S. Yarrow","doi":"10.1093/ACTRADE/9780199676514.003.0002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ACTRADE/9780199676514.003.0002","url":null,"abstract":"Sainthood took on its most familiar forms from the death of Jesus c.33 ce to the decades following the Council of Chalcedon in 451 ce. The early Christian church was an urban diaspora spread around the Mediterranean littoral, Hispania, Gaul, Asia Minor, North Africa, and Palestine. But who among these diverse communities were saints? ‘Inventing the saints’ describes the earliest saints as apostles who were ‘sanctified’ through their common associations with Jesus Christ. It outlines persecution, early Christian martyrdom, Donatism, asceticism, monasticism, and eremeticism, and introduces St Paul and St Antony. By the end of the 5th century the martyr, the ascetic, and the confessor had become the most important forms of Christian sainthood.","PeriodicalId":264916,"journal":{"name":"Very Short Introductions","volume":"21 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-09-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129178986","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"8. Globalizing sanctity","authors":"S. Yarrow","doi":"10.1093/actrade/9780199676514.003.0008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780199676514.003.0008","url":null,"abstract":"The cult of saints crossed global horizons as part of the spread of Roman Catholicism that began in the late 15th century with the maritime expeditions of Catholic Portugal and Spain. ‘Globalizing sanctity’ explains that the most successful seedbed of sainthood was the Americas, where the Church received most patronage when it operated as a colonial government ideological arm, working to pacify and economically exploit the Amerindian natives. Why did the indigenous people adopt their Christian oppressors’ religion and what part did saints play? A fundamental feature of Catholic world mission was syncretism, mixing elements of two sets of religious belief and meaning through the adaptation of symbols and practices culturally accommodating to both.","PeriodicalId":264916,"journal":{"name":"Very Short Introductions","volume":"49 2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-09-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131338447","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"African Politics: A Very Short Introduction","authors":"I. Taylor","doi":"10.1093/actrade/9780198806578.001.0001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780198806578.001.0001","url":null,"abstract":"African Politics: A Very Short Introduction explores how politics is practised on the African continent, providing an overview of the different states and their systems. It considers the nature of the state in sub-Saharan Africa and why its state structures are generally weaker than elsewhere in the world. Exploring the historical and contemporary factors that account for Africa’s underdevelopment, it also analyses why some African countries suffer from high levels of political violence while others are spared. Unveiling the ways in which African state and society actually function beyond the formal institutional façade, this VSI discusses how external factors—both inherited and contemporary—act upon the continent.","PeriodicalId":264916,"journal":{"name":"Very Short Introductions","volume":"11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-09-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132740796","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"1. Introduction","authors":"S. Yarrow","doi":"10.1093/actrade/9780199676514.003.0001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780199676514.003.0001","url":null,"abstract":"Saints are persons who by various means have demonstrated such worth in their lifetimes as to posthumously merit the company of God. The saint is a ‘holy one’, someone whose exemplary and exceptional qualities bring him or her close to God. But how is saintly merit defined and acquired? How can one be sure of a saint’s closeness to God and posthumous presence in heaven? Do saints need official endorsement, or special witnesses or followers to confirm their status? Or is saintliness an intensely private and mysterious relationship that need concern none but an individual and their god? The Introduction explains how this VSI will help answer these questions.","PeriodicalId":264916,"journal":{"name":"Very Short Introductions","volume":"73 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-09-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114564759","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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