Volume 2: Pipeline and Facilities Integrity最新文献

{"title":"Key Considerations for Elastic Finite-Element Modeling of Pipeline Dents for Fatigue Assessments","authors":"Ryan Sager, Fernando Curiel, Christine F Holliday","doi":"10.1115/ipc2022-87142","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/ipc2022-87142","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The assessment of the remaining life of dents in pipelines generally relies on characterizing the structural response to pressure loading and combining a known pressure history with S-N curves to determine a fatigue life. A robust method for determining the structural response of a dent to pressure loading is through the determination of a Stress-Concentration Factor (SCF) derived from the modelling of the dent using Finite-Element Analysis (FEA). For simplicity, most SCF assessments rely on the use of unrestrained models derived directly from deflection data recorded by ILI or laser scan; however, this application can lead to overly high predictions of SCF values when evaluating restrained dents. Explicit modelling of restraint using bespoke indenter profiles and elastic-plastic material models can be used to derive more appropriate SCF values for restrained dents; however, this requires significantly more analytical effort and can sacrifice the fidelity of the shape for complex geometry. An approach that utilizes the efficient modeling and high fidelity of unrestrained elastic models would provide the industry with a reliable and repeatable process for evaluating the fatigue response of restrained dents. The methodology presented within this paper will seek to validate reasonable bounds for unrestrained elastic models that can be applied to cases where restrained dents are indicated. This paper will investigate the feasibility of a plasticity-restraint correction factor that could be applied to elastic SCFs and discuss the implications for dent fatigue assessments. The response of restrained elastic-plastic models will be compared to the response to elastic models for a range of indenter shapes to show the feasibility of this correction factor.","PeriodicalId":264830,"journal":{"name":"Volume 2: Pipeline and Facilities Integrity","volume":"30 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129270563","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Know Your Enemy – Improvements in Managing the Threat of Hard Spots","authors":"Khanh Tran, S. Slater, J. Edwards","doi":"10.1115/ipc2022-88362","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/ipc2022-88362","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Operators of gas and liquid pipelines are expected to manage the threats associated with hard spots as part of their Integrity Management Plan (IMP). Over the past two years, a considerable amount of work has been completed to assess hard spots and characterize exactly what these features are, and how they can be managed. There is a significant body of data from ILI and metallurgical verification to develop a more complete understanding of the threat from hard spots. A hard spot is a localized increase in hardness compared to the surrounding base metal, which is defined in API 5L as an area larger than two inches in any direction and a hardness greater than 327 HBW [1]. Hard spots have been observed on EFW and DSAW pipes of various grades. The data collected confirms that there are different types of hard spots, which vary depending on the specific thermal cycles that create them. In the majority of cases, hard spots are introduced during the plate or pipe manufacturing process, and therefore can be related to specific pipe types, batches or manufacturers. It follows that understanding the types of pipes present within a pipeline system can help with susceptibility analysis and threat management. This fits with updated regulatory requirements driving the industry to verify material properties and attributes to support integrity management, when they are not evidenced by traceable, verifiable and complete (TVC) records. This paper discusses the processes used to assess, characterize and size hard spots, providing the information needed to make informed integrity decisions. Examples of different types of hard spots will be presented and discussed in relation to the various pipe types that can be differentiated using ILI-based material property verification. The paper will demonstrate how a close collaborative approach between operators and vendors can yield significant improvements in technology, processes and the integrity management plan.","PeriodicalId":264830,"journal":{"name":"Volume 2: Pipeline and Facilities Integrity","volume":"34 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126268309","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"New Approaches in Utilizing Eddy Current Testing to Address Pipeline Inline Inspection Requirement","authors":"S. Cornu, Raymond Karé, A. Sweedy, Mitchell Sirois","doi":"10.1115/ipc2022-87676","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/ipc2022-87676","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Eddy current testing is one of the most widely used NDT inspection techniques for both ferrous and non-ferrous materials. This may explain why it was one of the very early techniques implemented on an inline inspection tool (ILI) back in the 1970s, following the first implementation of Magnetic Flux Leakage (MFL) tools. Eddy current testing is primarily developed to accurately detect and size surface breaking defects. The technology is now mature and has been deployed in various applications, most notably for pipeline in-ditch inspection. As of today, the technology as a crack detection technique is not deployed commercially on ILI tools as it can only detect cracks on the inner pipe wall.\u0000 The most common use of the eddy current technology in ILI tools is the simple configuration for lift-off measurement. This offers a way to discriminate between internal and external corrosion on a volumetric tool (MFL) or enhance caliper-based geometry measurements. The most advanced applications of eddy current testing are targeting measurement of electromagnetic properties of the pipe wall to either measure material properties (pipe grade) or pipe stress due to external loading. Both pipe grade or pipe stress eddy current technologies can only operate successfully in combination with a magnetically saturated pipe wall, either prior to or during the measurement. The first objective of this development is to remove the requirement for magnetic saturation, thus removing the need for MFL magnets or large electromagnets.\u0000 The second objective is to progress the established Eddy current development to allow for the measurement of an additional parameter. Current commercial stress measurement method is uniaxial and aligned in the axial/longitudinal direction with limited coverage around the pipe circumference. The new development will make measurements in 2-D, longitudinal and hoop directions, and will include a full array of sensors to provide a full coverage 2-D stress map of the pipe wall.\u0000 The latest development will address accurate detection and sizing of defects on the internal wall of the pipeline. Most crack detection tools are focused on the outer wall, e.g. Stress Corrosion Cracking. However, the growing interest in hydrogen transportation and the potential for Hydrogen Induced Cracking (HIC) on the internal surface of pipelines, has focused the industry on developing tools for internal crack detection. Detection and sizing of surface breaking defects are at the core of eddy current technologies.","PeriodicalId":264830,"journal":{"name":"Volume 2: Pipeline and Facilities Integrity","volume":"29 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127783675","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Study on the Conservatism of the Dent Screening Criteria in the Canadian Standards Association (CSA) Z662:19 Oil and Gas Pipeline Systems Standard","authors":"Krystin Cousart, Christine F Holliday","doi":"10.1115/ipc2022-88266","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/ipc2022-88266","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Dents are a common anomaly type found in many pipelines, regardless of diameter, pipe type, pipe grade, environment, etc. It is not feasible or necessary to repair every dent found in a pipeline. In order to determine which dents do require mitigation, standards such as CSA Z662:19, provide a number of screening criteria for the identification of deformations that require further investigation, assessment or remediation.\u0000 The screening criteria outlined in Section 10.10.4 of the 2019 version of CSA Z662 includes both a depth and a sharpness criteria (i.e. length to depth ratio). For the dents reported by in-line inspection (ILI) that exceed either the dent depth or sharpness criteria, a pipe wall curvature strain-based assessment can be completed to determine their acceptability based on the likelihood of cracking that initiated with the formation of the dent. These screening criteria are intended to be conservative and were designed to identify the dents that are most likely to have unacceptable curvature strain values. However, in November 2018, the American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) corrected the equations given in ASME B31.8 Gas Transmission and Distribution Piping Systems in the non-mandatory Appendix R which is used to calculate equivalent strain on the internal and external pipe surfaces.\u0000 A previous study involved a comparison of the static curvature strain results using the equivalent strain equations from both the 2016 version of ASME B31.8 and the latest 2020 version (which utilizes the corrected strain equations introduced in the 2018 edition). Over 2,500 dents, in a variety of pipelines were included in the comparison. The study identified that there is an increase in the number of dents with equivalent strains considered unacceptable based on the strain limits stipulated in CSA Z662:19. In addition, the study identified that the current length to depth ratio limit of 20 (the dent sharpness criteria) may not be sufficiently conservative; dents with equivalent strains that exceeded the allowable strain limits were considered acceptable based on the depth and sharpness screening criteria. It was noted that these dents, however, had complex dent geometry as they were either multi-apex or dents interacting with other dents.\u0000 The scope of the work reported in this paper was to expand on the previous study by increasing the sample size and considering the added strain limits for plain dents outlined in ASME B31.8-2020 (e.g. half the minimum elongation), in addition to the strain limits stated in CSA Z662:19. The study also explored the equivalent strain results for multiple peak dents and dents interacting with other dents, to determine whether the dent screening criteria within CSA Z662:19 are appropriate for dents with complex geometry.\u0000 The aim of the work was to determine whether the criteria in CSA Z662:19 are still conservative following the correction to the ASME B31.8 strain equations, while further considering addit","PeriodicalId":264830,"journal":{"name":"Volume 2: Pipeline and Facilities Integrity","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115237846","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Modification of Existing Pipeline Corrosion Assessment Methods for Combined Internal Pressure and Compressive Loading - An Update","authors":"Christopher Owens, Angus Patterson, Arlene Arias, A. Brett, A. Russell","doi":"10.1115/ipc2022-87090","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/ipc2022-87090","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Corrosion anomalies in pipelines are typically assessed using methods such as ASME B31G. These methods were developed to consider the axial extent and depth of the anomaly in relation to internal pressure loading only. For the majority of pipelines internal pressure will be the primary loading; however, pipelines can also be subject to additional axial compressive stresses (e.g. thermal stresses). When these additional axial compressive stresses become significant, they can interact with the applied internal pressure to lower the failure pressure of the anomaly. ASME B31G, which now incorporates Modified B31G and Detailed RStreng, acknowledges the need to account for significant axial compressive stresses but it does not include a codified procedure to account for combined loading.\u0000 This paper considers an approach to modify these widely used existing assessment methods in order to account for the potential effects of combined loading. The approach used to modify the methods was based on the global collapse method developed for DNVGL-RP-F101, which uses the Tresca yield criterion. To validate that the modified assessment methods would provide safe failure pressure predictions, the results were compared against existing full-scale test data. This was further supported by carrying out finite element analysis (FEA) simulations to estimate plastic collapse and local failure pressures, in order to consider the impact of different corrosion profiles on predictions using effective area calculations.\u0000 This work follows on from a previous paper and includes additional FEA simulations to consider the influence of the loading order on the failure pressure. In addition, a case study is presented showing the potential benefit of using an effective area method when compressive loading is significant.","PeriodicalId":264830,"journal":{"name":"Volume 2: Pipeline and Facilities Integrity","volume":"82 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115677480","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Preparation and Performance Evaluation of Erosion Resistant Lining of Bimetallic Composite Pipe","authors":"Jianwei Dong, Deguo Wang, Yanbao Guo","doi":"10.1115/ipc2022-86912","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/ipc2022-86912","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Erosion widely exists in oil and gas production and transmission pipelines, which seriously affects the service life of pipelines. Ordinary carbon steel pipe can meet the strength and pressure of oil and gas transportation, but it has the disadvantages of poor erosion resistance, short service life and frequent replacement. The cost of using erosion resistant metal pipe is high, which is not suitable for comprehensive popularization and application. Bimetallic composite pipe includes outer layer and inner layer. It is formed by two different metals through a variety of processing technologies, which has the advantage that a single material does not have. It not only has the strength and toughness of the outer pipe, but also has the erosion resistance of the inner pipe. The service life of bimetallic composite pipeline can be 4–6 times longer than that of traditional carbon steel pipeline, and the manufacturing cost is relatively low, the service time is long, and it has good economy. Therefore, it is more and more widely used in oil and gas production and transportation. However, the common problem of bimetallic composite pipe is that the bonding interface between outer pipe and inner layer is not fully bonded and there has gaps. Or the interface binding force is not enough. When the composite pipe is eroded by the fluid in the pipe, the stress concentration at the interface will lead to the separation of the inner layer and the outer pipe, leading to the reduction of the service life of the pipe. Therefore, how to prepare the bimetallic composite pipe with good quality and strong erosion resistance has become an urgent problem to be solved. In this paper, carbon steel cemented carbide bimetallic composite pipe was prepared by electromagnetic heating through the application of centrifugal force and molten metal fluidity. The joint surface of the prepared bimetallic composite pipe was observed and analyzed, and the erosion test of the inner layer was carried out. The micro morphology of the erosion sample was observed and analyzed by shape analysis laser microscope. The erosion rate was accurately calculated according to the mass loss of the sample before and after erosion. The results show that the bimetallic composite pipe prepared by the above method has good interface bonding quality and no obvious defects. In the same erosion environment, the bimetallic composite pipe has stronger erosion resistance, lower erosion rate and higher service life than carbon steel pipe. Therefore, through the exploration of the preparation method of bimetallic composite pipe, this paper improves the preparation process of bimetallic composite pipe, improves the comprehensive mechanical properties and erosion resistance of bimetallic composite pipe, and promotes the application of bimetallic composite pipe in industrial production.","PeriodicalId":264830,"journal":{"name":"Volume 2: Pipeline and Facilities Integrity","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114340071","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pipeline Defect Detection and Fine-Scale Reconstruction From 3-D MFL Signal Analysis Using Object Detection and Physics-Constrained Machine Learning","authors":"W. S. Rosenthal, S. Westwood, K. Denslow","doi":"10.1115/ipc2022-87313","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/ipc2022-87313","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Sustainable operation of pipeline networks for oil and gas transportation requires diagnostics capable of both detection and characterization of pipeline defects in particular corrosion defects. Current defect analysis techniques can identify and characterize the geometric features of metal loss defects or defect clusters such as peak depth, length, and width with limited accuracy. Probabilistic data driven models have also shown an ability to predict error bounds for individual defect characteristics as opposed to overall defect tolerance. The prediction accuracy of the health of a pipeline with metal loss defects such as corrosion can be improved with additional detail in the corrosion surface profile as this affects the burst pressure. This will enable operators to apply more accurate corrosion growth models and simulations that can forecast the reduction in pipeline capacity and facilitate more targeted diagnostic and mitigation plans. To this end, a data-driven workflow is proposed to automate the detection, classification, and surface prediction of external corrosion defects. This combines experimental MFL data and validated MFL simulations and leverages both image-based and physics-informed machine learning methodologies.","PeriodicalId":264830,"journal":{"name":"Volume 2: Pipeline and Facilities Integrity","volume":"46 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115854004","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Gaps in the Current Strain-Based Dent Assessment","authors":"Rick Wang, Kecheng Zhang","doi":"10.1115/ipc2022-87165","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/ipc2022-87165","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Dents in pipelines, especially when associated with crack formation, pose a significant pipeline integrity threat. With crack formation during the initial indentation process, the fatigue life and failure pressure can dramatically reduce compared with crack-free dents. Over the past decade, cracks associated with the dent-formation process were typically assessed using strain-based engineering critical assessment (ECA), which compares the dent strain and curvature measured by in-line inspection (ILI) geometry tool, with industry-established damage criteria.\u0000 However, in recent dent management practice, TC Energy has observed cracks in several shallow dents with strain levels much lower than any established fracture criteria. Cracks were found at some dents with measured depth at only 1.3% outer diameter (OD), and the calculated strain with ASME B31.8 nonmandatory method was ∼4% [6]. It is believed that the strain-based assessment solely based on post-formation shape measured by ILI geometry tool likely requires improvement to capture additional aspects that might contribute to formation of dent-cracks.\u0000 Various dent formation processes were reviewed, and the multiple potential contributing factors are discussed in this paper, including loading rate sensitivity, temperature effect, stress triaxiality and geometrical influence. The effects of these factors on material responses, dent-crack formation and fracture damage are outlined. Observed gaps in the current strain-based dent assessment process are also outlined, and a multi-element approach to assess dents and identify dent-induced cracks is proposed, which includes evaluation of combined Caliper, magnetic flux leakage (MFL), electromagnetic acoustic transducer (EMAT) and axial flaw detector (AFD) data, enhanced dynamic testing and ductile failure damage indicator (DFDI) determination, materials modeling and finite element analysis (FEA) techniques. Results of two case studies using multiple real-life dent features are described to illustrate effectiveness of the proposed approach.","PeriodicalId":264830,"journal":{"name":"Volume 2: Pipeline and Facilities Integrity","volume":"4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128642664","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Role of Axial Stress in Pipeline Integrity Management","authors":"Ken Zhang, Ron Chune, Rick Wang, R. Kania","doi":"10.1115/ipc2022-87327","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/ipc2022-87327","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 In pipeline integrity management, axial stress solely can be a detrimental condition, and it may play an important role in assessment of other threats. Current practice for the assessment of integrity features such as external metal loss, deformation and stress corrosion cracking (SCC) are based on methods validated by burst testing that primarily consider hoop stress to be the maximum principal stress which governs. Observations during recent integrity management practice, however, indicate that axial stress plays an important role in pipeline failures when interacting with integrity features under certain circumstances, and should be carefully considered in integrity engineering assessment.\u0000 Multiple real-life case studies are described to illustrate the importance of proper consideration of axial stress in integrity management, including: 1) axial compressive stress induced global buckling, 2) yielding of small radius fitting under axial stress, 3) ductile overloading due to axial tensile stress interacting with circumferentially oriented corrosion feature, 4) axial tensile stress and its relationship with formation of circumferential stress corrosion cracking. The details of the case studies, results and findings are summarized in this paper.\u0000 Determining axial stress for integrity assessment can be critical, depending on site-specific conditions and nature of the loading. In this paper, a multi-level method for calculating axial stress based on finite element analysis (FEA) using various elements and techniques, combined with bending strain measured by in-line inspection (ILI) is described. In addition, a simplified approach for interacting threat analysis with continuum FEA and a simplified assessment based on empirical equations are proposed and discussed.","PeriodicalId":264830,"journal":{"name":"Volume 2: Pipeline and Facilities Integrity","volume":"15 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121841541","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Transparent ASME B31.8-Based Strain Assessment Method Using 3D Measurement of Dent Morphology","authors":"Shenwei Zhang, Billy Zhang, Rick Wang","doi":"10.1115/ipc2022-87168","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/ipc2022-87168","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 This paper presents a comprehensive methodology to evaluate the geometric strain of pipeline in a dented area caused by mechanical damage. This methodology was formulated based on the approach recommended by ASME B31.8 and built the transparency of the entire process of dent strain assessment using three-dimensional (3D) measurement of dent morphology reported by the Caliper tools from in-line inspection (i.e., Caliper data). The 2D Fourier Transform in conjunction with band rejection filtering method was used to filter the signal noise and smooth the 3D morphology of dent. The cubic spline was utilized to characterize the discrete 2D longitudinal and circumferential profiles for curvature and arch length calculations, which were used to evaluate the bending strain and membrane strain, respectively. The effective strain was then calculated using the method recommended by ASME B31.8. To demonstrate the application of the methodology, a tool with user-friendly interface and powerful visualization and reporting functions was developed using the methodologies reported in this paper. The reported methodology enables development of dent strain assessment tool and benefit pipeline operators to facilitate dent integrity management program.","PeriodicalId":264830,"journal":{"name":"Volume 2: Pipeline and Facilities Integrity","volume":"16 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121452089","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}