Volume 2: Pipeline and Facilities Integrity最新文献

{"title":"Assured Utilization of Vintage Pipelines Through Effective Pressure Fluctuation Management","authors":"Senhat Al-Otaibi, H. Al-Muslim","doi":"10.1115/ipc2022-87009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/ipc2022-87009","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 New policies driven by climate change concerns have made the construction of new pipelines more difficult with uncertain prospects in the years ahead. With expected increasing demand in hydrocarbon transportation, pipelines operators have no alternative but to plan for further use of existing vintage pipelines. These pipelines have inborn flaws such as longitudinal seam weld defects or environmentally assisted defects such as stress corrosion cracking (SCC). Therefore, the need to proactively maintain pipeline integrity and mitigate failure probability has become essential to meeting customers’ demands and protecting the public. This paper discusses Saudi Aramco’s experience in monitoring pressure fluctuation for vintage pipelines that are susceptible to SCC.\u0000 Pressure fluctuation contributes to an increase in crack-like longitudinal defects that are common in vintage pipelines. Therefore, a pipeline integrity management program should consider pressure fluctuation-induced fatigue damage. In addition, a crack growth prediction model can help determine an appropriate re-inspection interval. This paper discusses an innovative approach to evaluating, categorizing, real time monitoring, and reducing pressure cycle aggressiveness by reviewing the pressure cycle history in a complex pipeline network and analyzing several factors contributing to pressure fluctuation.\u0000 There are several pipeline operation modes; the transmission pipeline pressure cycling index is mostly critical at the pump or compressor stations and is dependent mainly on the equipment operations. As upstream gathering pipeline systems most often have multiple tie-ins at several wellheads, each wellhead becomes a source of pressure in the pipeline network. Moreover, pressure fluctuation is a result of different operation activities; for instance, pigging operations contribute in some cases to up to 20% pressure fluctuation during each pigging activity.\u0000 In this paper, an innovative real-time monitoring method is utilized to proactively determine which pipelines are subjected to pressure fluctuation. Meanwhile, cyclic index monitoring was conducted with a digital tool to facilitate large data processing utilizing introduced methodologies that are dependent on fatigue damage rate instead of material strength. More than half a million data points were processed to identify the cyclic index for each pipeline segment for one year. A cyclic index categorization was introduced; therefore, when the pressure cycling index is moderate or higher, pipeline operators should investigate the operational factors to reduce the fluctuation effects. In addition, a fatigue assessment with the recently developed PRCI MAT-8 fracture mechanics model was conducted to predict remaining lifetime and determine appropriate inspection intervals. The technique for assuming the initial flaw size was based on API 1176, which is critical for pipelines with no hydrotesting history.","PeriodicalId":264830,"journal":{"name":"Volume 2: Pipeline and Facilities Integrity","volume":"6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127859613","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Advancement of Probabilistic Analysis of Seam Weld Cracking Integrity Management","authors":"Jing Ma, K. Bagnoli, N. Thirumalai, J. Krynicki, Z. D. Cater-Cyker, Gustavo Gonzalez","doi":"10.1115/ipc2022-86993","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/ipc2022-86993","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Probabilistic analysis has been increasingly used in the pipeline industry to provide insight on reliability as input to quantitative risk assessments. This paper details an overview of recent advancements in its application to seam weld cracking threat. Three major aspects are covered.\u0000 The first aspect is material property. There are limited fracture toughness data outside of Charpy V-Notch (CVN) tests available in the industry for vintage electric resistance welded (ERW) seams. A large number of testing has been conducted to better understand pre-1980 ERW pipe fracture behavior. The database includes conventional toughness tests such as 467 compact tension (CT), 20 single edge notched bend (SENB) and 106 pin-loaded single edge notched tension (SENT) specially designed to simulate the constraint condition of full scale pipe. The distributions presented in the paper characterize the fracture toughness of pre-1980 ERW pipe and provide sufficient information to represent this class of material for probabilistic analysis.\u0000 The second aspect is the use of validation spools for in-line inspection (ILI) performance evaluation. Nondestructive evaluation (NDE) data collected during excavations are a traditional source to validate the tool run. Recently, validation spools are manufactured to quantify the ILI performance by designing configurations with a variety of “synthetic” flaws having accurately known sizing information. The use of these spools enables the rapid and comprehensive assessment of ILI performance by applying API STD 1163 Level 3 analysis. It also provides the opportunity to determine probability of detection (POD) as a function of flaw size, which is critical to interpret the residual failure probability after running ILI and completing repairs.\u0000 The third aspect is to leverage the accumulated industry flaw data to infer a postulated population to characterize the condition of a pipeline without historical ILI. This approach is beneficial in a few scenarios, for instance, to prioritize assets for ILI runs, to evaluate difficult-to-pig pipelines, and to estimate the probability of failure (POF) of pipelines only subject to hydrotest mitigation. The paper provides some case study to illustrate the implementation of the process and debriefs the ongoing industry progress.","PeriodicalId":264830,"journal":{"name":"Volume 2: Pipeline and Facilities Integrity","volume":"28 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115850928","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Case Study Applying Gouge Classification to Mechanical Damage Defects","authors":"Matthew Romney, Dane Burden","doi":"10.1115/ipc2022-84801","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/ipc2022-84801","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Mechanical damage is a leading cause of serious pipeline incidents worldwide. Anomalies caused by it, including those associated with third-party damage, are challenging to detect, classify and size. In particular, in-line inspection (ILI) systems have had difficulty inspecting dent regions for coincidental gouging and distinguishing gouging from corrosion. This is a problem as gouging, which occurs when the pipeline is damaged by mechanical or forceful removal of metal from a local area on the pipe surface, tends to be more susceptible to cracking.\u0000 Key to achieving proper mechanical damage assessment is a comprehensive inspection of the pipeline using multiple technologies plus the implementation of advanced data analysis algorithms, including machine learning techniques.\u0000 Using the T.D. Williamson (TDW) Multiple Dataset (MDS) platform to provide comprehensive pipeline assessment along with the recent development of advanced machine learning models has resulted in the first gouge classifier backed by an industry compliant performance specification.\u0000 Through this innovative development, the pipeline industry has access to accurate classification of dents with coincident gouging. Once accurately classified, validation of depth sizing performance for metal loss, both gouges and non-gouges, located coincident with a dent is achieved.\u0000 This paper will outline the history of the gouge classifier development, recent improvements and enhancements made to the classifier, and an overview of the classifier performance when applied to a recent ILI project. Classifier model performance metrics, specifically precision and recall, will be reviewed. Post-classification metal loss depth sizing accuracy of gouge and corrosion features will also be presented. Finally, an overview of the operational benefits of the enhanced gouge classifier results will be provided.","PeriodicalId":264830,"journal":{"name":"Volume 2: Pipeline and Facilities Integrity","volume":"39 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116015020","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The State of Dent Screening and Shape-Based Assessments: Discrepancies to Consider","authors":"S. Polasik, Shanshan Wu, Joseph P. Bratton, R. Dotson, Ryan Sager","doi":"10.1115/ipc2022-87301","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/ipc2022-87301","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Dents in buried pipelines either caused by third party mechanical damage or introduced during pipeline construction remain a leading contributor to reportable pipeline releases. API Recommended Practice 1183 (API RP 1183) provides a modern, shape-based fatigue life assessment of pipeline dents that can be incorporated into a pipeline operator’s integrity management program. Specifically, in API RP 1183, dent shape information is obtained by analyzing in-line inspection (ILI) caliper data and is expressed using characteristic lengths and areas. Once obtained, these characteristic lengths and areas define not only the dent restraint condition, but also various fatigue growth parameters.\u0000 API RP 1183 provides multiple screening techniques that are intended to identify dents that are non-injurious and therefore do not require additional detailed assessments or response actions. These screening techniques both increase in complexity and decrease in conservatism. Three screening processes provided in API RP 1183 are: (1) a table with lower bound, conservative estimates of fatigue life, (2) a pipe geometry and spectrum severity indicator (SSI) approach, and (3) a pipe geometry and operational spectrum approach. When combined with the shape-based fatigue life assessment, multiple analysis approaches are described.\u0000 However, as more dents are being analyzed with the methods from the first edition of API RP 1183, discrepancies between the screening methods and the shape-based approach are being observed. The aim of this paper is to discuss those cases where the conclusions from the screening processes and the shape-based assessment are inconsistent. In other words, there are cases where the screening process “passes” a dent indicating the dent is non-injurious and can be monitored while the shape-based assessment dictates the dent is injurious and a response should be taken. After discussing the inconsistencies in these cases, the authors make recommendations on how operators should use API RP 1183 in its current form.","PeriodicalId":264830,"journal":{"name":"Volume 2: Pipeline and Facilities Integrity","volume":"5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117078487","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Comprehensive Fitness for Service Engineering Assessment of Gas Pipeline Dents","authors":"Suborno Debnath, K. Roy, Robert Wickie, A. Kohandehghan","doi":"10.1115/ipc2022-87360","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/ipc2022-87360","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Mechanical damages such as dents are one of the most common threats to the structural integrity of buried pipelines traversing high population areas or mountainous terrains. Dents are defined as local inward depression in the pipe surface caused by external forces that produce pipe wall plastic deformation and a disturbance in the curvature of the pipe. Since not all dents affect the fitness for service (FFS) of a pipeline, dents identified by in-line inspection (ILI) tools need to be properly evaluated to determine the severity. This article provides a methodological framework to carry out a comprehensive fitness for service engineering assessment of dented natural gas pipelines using finite element analyses. The assessment is based on the evaluation of the dent formation strain, plastic collapse, local buckling, and pressure cycling fatigue failure modes. This FFS engineering assessment methodology addresses the susceptibility of dents to ductile fracture damages and stress-corrosion cracking integrity threats that can develop due to high membrane and bending loads in a dented pipe. This FFS assessment methodology has successfully been utilized to assess dents identified by ILI in gas pipeline systems. The results and the associated interpretation and discussions of the FFS assessment findings are presented herein.","PeriodicalId":264830,"journal":{"name":"Volume 2: Pipeline and Facilities Integrity","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130204502","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Reliability Analysis of Dented Pipelines in the Absence of Deformation Profiles","authors":"Josiah SooTot, Katie Killeen, K. Yap, S. Hassanien","doi":"10.1115/ipc2022-86762","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/ipc2022-86762","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Dents associated with stress risers contribute to pipeline degradation, as they may increase the likelihood of loss-of-containment incidents. The regulatory-based dent and threat integration integrity management utilizes dent depth and potential interaction with stress risers such as crack, corrosion, and/or welds criteria. However, there have been industry incidents that passed such criteria and still resulted in loss of containment. As part of pushing the boundaries of pipeline integrity assessment towards quantitative risk assessment (QRA), a semi-quantitative analysis of dents (SQuAD) had been recently developed; where a strain-based limit state is used to account for pipe properties, dent geometry, and threat integration uncertainties. SQuAD utilizes deformation surface profile reported by caliper in-line inspection (ILI) tools to estimate the radius of dent curvature. Deformation surface profiles are usually provided by the ILI vendors, but it may not be practical to obtain these profiles on all dent features reported across a pipeline system. In the absence of such data, pipeline operators face a challenge in assessing dent severity using the QRA framework. Herein, a practical surrogate model of dent curvature parameters is proposed to enable the use of SQuAD approach without full knowledge of deformation profiles. The surrogate model is a function of ILI reported dent characteristics (i.e., depth, width, and length) and provides a width and length scaling scheme that makes use of dent shape factors. Based on a set of dent cases, the analysis results obtained from SQuAD approach with the surrogate model using several scaling schemes were compared against those obtained from SQuAD approach with ILI-based deformation surface data. It was concluded that with a proper scaling scheme, SQuAD-based surrogate model approach can produce reasonable results with sufficient conservatism compared to the SQuAD-based ILI deformation approach. The proposed approach is suitable for dent integrity screening decision purpose, which would help pipeline operators to assess, rank, and prioritize resources in dent and threat integration integrity management programs.","PeriodicalId":264830,"journal":{"name":"Volume 2: Pipeline and Facilities Integrity","volume":"142 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132500632","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"ILI System Performance Trials for Mechanical Damage","authors":"S. Tiku, Arnav Rana, Binoy John, A. Dinovitzer, M. Piazza","doi":"10.1115/ipc2022-87344","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/ipc2022-87344","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Pipeline integrity management involves the analysis of pipeline condition information (e.g., pipe size, existence, and size of features), operational/environmental conditions and line pipe material properties in engineering assessment (fitness-for-purpose) tools to evaluate operational risk. While nominal or minimum specified material properties and SCADA reported, design or estimated operational loading conditions can be considered, pipeline operators depend heavily on pipeline condition data from in line inspection systems. This paper will present the details of performance trials supported by the Pipeline Research Council International (PRCI) evaluating the ability of ILI systems to provide pipeline condition information for dents with coincident or closely aligned features. A set of sample dent features were prepared along with a trial protocol and performance metrics beyond those presented in API 1163 that were used to characterize performance.\u0000 The ILI system pull and pump through trials of magnetic, ultrasonic and caliper-based ILI technologies from seven ILI Service Providers were used to consider detection, identification and sizing performance for isolated corrosion features, dents with variety of shapes including those without coincident features and those with corrosion, gouges, cracks, cracks and corrosion. The effect of dents on the ILI system detection, identification and sizing of the coincident features was evaluated.\u0000 The presentation will describe trial protocols including new feature characterization techniques that considers the position of the coincident feature in the dent pipe wall deformation. The trial results include consideration of various technologies, the effect of speed and relative position of the dent and coincident feature on probability of detection, identification, and sizing accuracy by considering unity plots and observed statistical variation and trends. The final objective of this work was to report on the performance of ILI systems in detecting, characterizing, and sizing dents with coincident features such that this information can be used to support the pipeline integrity management process and provide feedback to ILI Service Providers to support advancement in technology development. The results of this work described in this paper provide confidence that ILI systems are capable of reporting dents and any coincident features to support fitness for service evaluation or integrity management.","PeriodicalId":264830,"journal":{"name":"Volume 2: Pipeline and Facilities Integrity","volume":"46 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130763701","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Review of Hydrogen Induced Cracking of Mid-Wall Defects","authors":"Tara Podnar McMahan, T. Bubenik, B. N. Padgett, H. Al-Muslim, J. Beavers, Satish Kulkarni","doi":"10.1115/ipc2022-87275","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/ipc2022-87275","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 There is the potential to demand more of existing infrastructure and introduce uncommon integrity threats as a result of societal challenges to building new cross-country pipelines, the need to traverse more challenging terrain, and the momentum for a hydrogen economy increases. One such threat is hydrogen induced cracking (HIC) of mid-wall defects. HIC is commonly defined in the literature as cracking that initiates within the mid-wall from reformation of molecular hydrogen at mid-wall defects, such as stringers, or microscopic voids in the line pipe steel. In 2020, the Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI) funded a project, PRCI Project NDE-1-10, to review the pipeline industry’s current understanding of mid-wall HIC and to identify a potential management strategy for HIC as an integrity threat.\u0000 The project included a literature review of key factors influencing HIC and of the capabilities of non-destructive inspection technologies (both in-line and in the field) to detect, identify, and size mid-wall defects and any potential radial cracking associated with HIC. A summary of the key factors as well as non-destructive inspection technologies with the potential to detect and size the mid-wall defects with radial cracking was compiled. As a result of the literature review, gaps in knowledge and experience with HIC were identified. It was determined that there is opportunity to better understand hydrogen exposure, both the amount of hydrogen present in the environment and the amount of time in which the line pipe materials are exposed, required to initiate HIC. The literature review also identified improvement opportunities related to non-destructive inspection technologies with the ability to reliably and consistently detect and size HIC.\u0000 A management framework was developed, based upon the key factors that were identified, data offered through case studies by the steering committee, as well as industry subject matter expert interviews and feedback. The framework is comprised of traditional integrity management components with a focus on threat susceptibility, integrity assessment, severity determination, and assessment response. Using the segment’s threat history, environmental factors, and pipe material factors, a high-level threat susceptibility process was developed that categorizes pipeline or dynamic segments into high-high, high, moderate, low, and not covered priorities. A response for each categorization was also developed that ranges from performing an integrity assessment as soon as practical to opportunistic monitoring. This paper provides a high-level summary of the key factors for the threat of HIC, the gaps identified through the literature reviewed as well as industry outreach, and the integrity management framework developed as a result.","PeriodicalId":264830,"journal":{"name":"Volume 2: Pipeline and Facilities Integrity","volume":"64 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125681332","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Utilization of a Probabilistic Function to Describe the Performance of In-Line Crack Inspection Systems and a Possible Application in Hydrogen Service","authors":"Tim Moritz, M. Baumeister, T. Beuker","doi":"10.1115/ipc2022-87668","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/ipc2022-87668","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 A more result-driven, holistic view on the performance of an In-line inspection (ILI) system is desired by pipeline operators, namely an integrated view on the Probabilities of Detection, Identification and Sizing, i.e. POD, POI and POS respectively. It is self-evident to combine the product of the individual probabilities to a single value POX as proposed also by API 1163. The changes in material properties of existing pipelines related to the repurposing to Hydrogen service yields smaller acceptable anomaly dimension. Consequently the dependency of the POX vs. anomaly dimensions need to be considered as function.\u0000 The current practice to document the performance of an ILI system is typically based only on the specific dimensions of minimum detectable crack-like anomaly. In the case of crack-like anomalies, the contribution of the dimensions (e.g. length, depth, orientation) and interactions of crack-like anomalies can be used to turn POX into a meaningful function/dependency depending on the anomaly dimensions instead of a single value. To establish a POX to anomaly dimension relation successfully for a specific ILI crack detection service, the relevance of field verifications needs to be taken into account as well. Previous publications as well as physics foundations of NDE demonstrate that an increase in anomaly dimensions typically yields a higher sensitivity of the underlying inspection system. This can be immediately linked to the POX function as product of POD, POI and POS. This paper provides access to an in-depth assessment of POX based on the results of recent field verification data. The paper focuses on the interaction between POX and different anomaly dimensions.\u0000 This is supported by the most commonly applied standard for in-line inspection, API 1163, which implies the validation of inspection performance with use of field verifications based on the reported results. In addition, a performance specification can be derived exclusively based on a field verification campaign, in the absence of other comparable performance information.\u0000 As an example, as part of a conversion of natural gas transmission pipelines to hydrogen service the sensitivity of inspection systems is frequently discussed. A potentially increased crack growth rate da/dN and a reduction in pipe steel toughness seem to require a reduction of minimum acceptable anomaly dimensions, in the absence of better statistical evidence of the actual ILI performance. The proposed POX assessment will be a credible means to establish optimal re-inspection intervals for existing in-line crack inspection technologies.","PeriodicalId":264830,"journal":{"name":"Volume 2: Pipeline and Facilities Integrity","volume":"12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117012520","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}