{"title":"Designing Life-Enhancing Architecture","authors":"Robert C. Johansen","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780197586648.003.0008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197586648.003.0008","url":null,"abstract":"Strengthening international legal processes and establishing new institutional architecture to enable and require desirable state conduct is probably the most important action that the United States can take to reduce armed conflict and foster human freedom. To design global institutions that can be built now without bringing unacceptable risks and that lead toward more far-reaching structural changes down the road can advance needed system change to achieve human security. Especially promising are opportunities to strengthen global governance with more robust lawmaking and law-enforcing institutions; to establish a more effective global system to monitor weapons of mass destruction, nations’ war-making potential, and gross violations of human rights; to create a standing, individually recruited multinational police force; to establish a world environmental council; to expand economic and educational opportunities enough to end extreme poverty; and to start a democratic global people’s assembly and regular online communication among the world’s democratically elected legislators.","PeriodicalId":264579,"journal":{"name":"Where the Evidence Leads","volume":"5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127628865","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Where the Evidence Leads","authors":"Robert C. Johansen","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780197586648.003.0010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197586648.003.0010","url":null,"abstract":"This book’s synthesis of peace research and security studies shows, ironically, that US security can be better served by turning away from the national security paradigm of political realism and toward a broader human security paradigm of “empirical realism.” US security benefits are likely to be greater from maximizing the correlates of peace than from maximizing US military power. Tempering narrow nationalism with increased respect for human dignity can help implement the correlates of positive reciprocity, equity, human security, enhanced international law, and democratic global governance. Progress in these areas would enable transforming the existing militarized-balance-of-power system into a more complex global governing system that empowers transnational political, economic, environmental, religious, and other influences to move all states’ conduct toward serving the common good. A global grand strategy for human security, which would include US security within it, can succeed where a national grand strategy for US security is likely to fail.","PeriodicalId":264579,"journal":{"name":"Where the Evidence Leads","volume":"46 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115701395","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Understanding New Global Realities","authors":"Robert C. Johansen","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780197586648.003.0002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197586648.003.0002","url":null,"abstract":"To build successful national security policy, US policymakers need to take new security realities more fully into account. Four of these—declining utility of military power, rising threats from non-state actors, increasing non-military threats to security, and growing dangers from virulent militarized nationalisms—worsen all of the United States’ traditional security problems and increase the dysfunctionality of the existing international system. Three more promising changes—expanding applications of the rule of law internationally, rising potential in nonviolent direct action for advancing social justice and human rights, and increasing promise in global governance—provide new possibilities for increasing US security. These changing realities call for significant revisions in security theory, policy, and international institutions to address the most dangerous trends and take advantage of the most promising governance opportunities in order to make national government, once again, and global governance, for the first time, truly effective in serving the common good.","PeriodicalId":264579,"journal":{"name":"Where the Evidence Leads","volume":"61 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124561357","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Watching National Policies Fail","authors":"Robert C. Johansen","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780197586648.003.0004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197586648.003.0004","url":null,"abstract":"US national security managers have not aligned US power wisely to meet desirable security goals. Their policies have undermined US security, sustainable peace, and international human rights. They have focused on maximizing US military power rather than constraining the role of military power for all states in the international system; maximizing economic gain for the wealthy rather than eliminating poverty and improving economic well-being for all; slowing multilateral initiatives for environmental protection, economic equity, and international economic integration; expressing indifference toward or opposition to multilateral legal and judicial processes aimed at deterring crimes and protecting human rights; and opposing initiatives in international lawmaking, enforcement, and more effective global governance. US policies have ignored possibilities for new constraints on nuclear weapons, drones, and other military technology and refused to strengthen multilateral institutions or to join the International Criminal Court even though these could have helped bridle some dangerous states and non-state actors.","PeriodicalId":264579,"journal":{"name":"Where the Evidence Leads","volume":"87 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133972826","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Developing a Security-Enhancing Strategy","authors":"Robert C. Johansen","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780197586648.003.0006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197586648.003.0006","url":null,"abstract":"The best way to increase US national security is to maximize the effectiveness of the correlates of peace rather than merely to maximize US military power. A synthesis of peace research and security studies identifies the main correlates as addressing all nations’ security fears; emphasizing human security no less than national security; entrenching positive reciprocity in all relationships; implementing equity in political, economic, and environmental affairs; expanding the rule of law in the international community; and building democratic global governance to enable formation and enforcement of laws essential for human security and institutionalizing peace. Replacing current US grand strategy for national security, advocated by political realists, with a global grand strategy for human security, recommended by empirical realists, is more likely to yield sustainable security with lasting peace, environmental protection, economic justice, and human rights for the United States and all nations. Extensive evidence confirms that such change is possible.","PeriodicalId":264579,"journal":{"name":"Where the Evidence Leads","volume":"39 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130522548","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Fostering System Change","authors":"Robert C. Johansen","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780197586648.003.0007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197586648.003.0007","url":null,"abstract":"Most US national security problems, ranging from terrorism to the spread of weapons of mass destruction, from environmental destruction to life-threatening poverty, and from unwanted migration to gross violations of human rights, can be more effectively addressed if they are approached as problems of global governance rather than as problems to be solved by deploying US military power—regardless of the amount deployed. Military means should not be totally dismissed, but their recurring use is likely to increase risks of military competition, nuclear proliferation, terrorist attacks, forced human migration, and future violence. US security can improve with internationally agreed-on rules that constrain military technology, abolish poverty and meet human needs, protect the environment, and enable cosmopolitan law enforcement. Such lawmaking requires commitment to deliberate construction of effective, democratic, global governance in which all nations are equitably represented in order to reduce international anarchy and advance human security for all nations.","PeriodicalId":264579,"journal":{"name":"Where the Evidence Leads","volume":"386 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128447055","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Conceiving a Security-Enhancing Theory","authors":"Robert C. Johansen","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780197586648.003.0003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197586648.003.0003","url":null,"abstract":"This book develops a theory of “empirical realism” to address unprecedented challenges to US security and utilize new opportunities for global governance. Empirical realism differs from political realism in emphasizing that anarchy in the international system can be reduced to increase US security. A synthesis of peace research and security studies identifies the primary correlates of peace and develops a strategy to implement these. The goal is to maximize the likelihood of peace rather than primarily to maximize US military power. By addressing all nations’ security fears, increasing equity, respecting reciprocity, expanding the role of international law, and growing democratic global governance, the governability of the international system can be increased enough to manage dangers from non-state actors, non-military security threats, hyper-independent states, populists, and the violently permissive balance-of-power system. A global grand strategy for human security can succeed where a national grand strategy for US security is likely to fail.","PeriodicalId":264579,"journal":{"name":"Where the Evidence Leads","volume":"66 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117212725","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Recognizing Structural Breakdown","authors":"Robert C. Johansen","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780197586648.003.0005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197586648.003.0005","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter examines how traditional US policies and political realist assumptions have involved the United States in unnecessary wars and impeded lasting US security. Policymakers have ignored dangers inherent in the militarized balance-of-power system of relative anarchy, in unilateralism, and in narrowing nationalism. They are modernizing rather than reducing nuclear arsenals. They have been slow to address environmental protection. They have used attack drones repeatedly in violation of international law and US long-term interests. They reject US membership in the International Criminal Court. They have blocked opportunities to expand the role of international law, multilateral institutions, and global governance. These policies fail because they place too much faith in maximizing US military power when more effective rules to institutionalize peace and more support for global governance are needed to achieve sustainable security. By impeding multilateral lawmaking processes, US policies have brought repeated tragedies to the security commons.","PeriodicalId":264579,"journal":{"name":"Where the Evidence Leads","volume":"91 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114231651","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Building Human Security","authors":"Robert C. Johansen","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780197586648.003.0009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197586648.003.0009","url":null,"abstract":"Because successful US security policies in the future will require implementing the correlates of peace rather than simply maximizing US military power, forward-looking policymakers and citizens will need to exert substantial pressures within the United States, as well as to build support from friendly transnational social movement organizations, to bring desired policies into being. To achieve change at home and to engage effectively abroad necessitates bolstering US democracy by requiring the electoral college to follow the popular vote; reducing gerrymandering; stopping voter suppression; encouraging honest public debate and civic education on global issues; countering threats to democratic integrity from officials’ dishonesty, populism, social media amplification of falsehoods, and the influence of huge monetary contributions on electoral and legislative processes; and broadening US national interests to serve the human security needs of all. Transnational networking also helps to address increasing democratic deficits that every country encounters from growing interdependence and globalization.","PeriodicalId":264579,"journal":{"name":"Where the Evidence Leads","volume":"20 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125653196","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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