{"title":"Distinguishing the Explicit Power Motives","authors":"Kaspar Schattke, Ariane S. Marion-Jetten","doi":"10.1027/2151-2604/a000481","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1027/2151-2604/a000481","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. Power is an important motivator at work, particularly for leaders. However, power also relates to dark personality traits, which negatively affect employees and organizations. Therefore, we argue that a high explicit power motive is a double-edged sword depending on whether people desire power for dominance, prestige, or leadership. We explored these research questions in a cross-sectional ( N = 151 employees) and a prospective study ( N = 371 leaders). Both studies revealed that dominance is most strongly related to Machiavellianism and moderately to narcissism and psychopathy. Prestige related strongly to narcissism and weakly to Machiavellianism, while leadership only weakly related to narcissism. Dominance best predicted counterproductive work behavior (CWB), while leadership best-predicted organizational citizenship behavior (OCB). In addition, Study 2 showed that transformational and, to a lesser extent, transactional leadership styles mediated the relations between the three power motives with OCB and CWB, respectively. Thus, promoting transformational leadership might be a fruitful way of channeling leaders’ power motives into pro-social actions.","PeriodicalId":263823,"journal":{"name":"Zeitschrift für Psychologie","volume":"17 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133859793","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Anxiety-Related Difficulties With Complex Arithmetic","authors":"J. Huber, C. Artemenko","doi":"10.1027/2151-2604/a000469","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1027/2151-2604/a000469","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. Human behavior depends on the interplay between cognition and emotion. Negative emotions like anxiety affect performance, particularly in complex tasks, by limiting cognitive resources – known as the anxiety–complexity effect. This study set out to replicate the anxiety–complexity effect in a web-based experiment. We investigated individual differences in math anxiety – a negative emotional response specific to math – and arithmetic performance ( N = 382). The mental arithmetic task consisted of a two-digit addition and subtraction, with/without carrying or borrowing, respectively. As expected and preregistered, higher math anxiety was related to poorer arithmetic performance, especially in complex tasks – indicating the anxiety–complexity effect. Consequently, the negative math anxiety-performance link is especially pronounced for complex arithmetic, which requires calculations across place-values and thus working memory resources. This successful replication of the anxiety–complexity effect suggests that math-anxious individuals have particular difficulties in complex arithmetic.","PeriodicalId":263823,"journal":{"name":"Zeitschrift für Psychologie","volume":"176 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132562219","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Call for Papers: “Innovations in Exploring Sequential Process Data”","authors":"","doi":"10.1027/2151-2604/a000487","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1027/2151-2604/a000487","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":263823,"journal":{"name":"Zeitschrift für Psychologie","volume":"88 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124519296","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Correction to Muniak et al., 2021","authors":"","doi":"10.1027/2151-2604/a000488","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1027/2151-2604/a000488","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":263823,"journal":{"name":"Zeitschrift für Psychologie","volume":"142 42","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"113939910","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"From Modems to Mobile Apps","authors":"Ulf-Dietrich Reips, T. Buchanan","doi":"10.1027/2151-2604/a000464","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1027/2151-2604/a000464","url":null,"abstract":"Web-based research in psychology became possible with the development of the world wide web in the early 1990s. While at first, only a few people began using web browsers, now more than half of humanity uses a browser every day, providing them with easy access to participate in science. Traditional laboratory-based and field methods were transformed, adapted, studied, and scaled to apply to the online environment properly. Different methods and new possibilities for research emerged, quantitatively and qualitatively, leading for example, directly to Open Access and Open Science. As with other methods in psychology, web-based research methodology has evolved since and has increased and diversified with layers upon layers of new major developments in Internet technology and life (e.g., Google search; “Web 2.0”; social media; smartphones; automated agents; intensive and Big Data; Open Science). The articles in this special issue are a selection of state-of-the-art pieces on and of web-based research in psychology. In the first article, Reips (2021) reviews different types of web-based research, including research that could not be done without the web. He highlights how some specific research areas, for example, on the rare disorder sexsomnia, have profited enormously from the advantages of the web, in this case the combination of reach and anonymity. Reips describes and discusses methods and techniques in web-based research and summarizes the literature that has used these. He moves on to pitfalls and best practices in web-based research, for example, the disastrous fall of large portions of psychology for dubious recruitment platforms, the phenomenon of “embedded scientists” with dominant social media companies, ever-increasing technological complexity, and the helpful role web-based research can play in Open Science. Reips describes how these research practices have changed over time in a technologically and culturally dynamically changing web environment, with milestones such as the appearance and growth of search engines, social media, and mobile smartphones. Confirming an early observation (Buchanan & Reips, 2001), he throws a light on the interaction of psychology (e.g., personality) and technology. Thus, beyond Rosenthal and Rosnow’s (1975) analysis of volunteerism of participants in psychological research, more is to be considered in web-based research that leads deep into the complexity of technology preferences, access, customization (even on a physiological level), and into an intertwined web of technology and active experience in daily life. In their Original Article, Altmann and Kapoor (2021) focus on factors that might influence how people complete unsupervised personality questionnaires online. The impact this might have on data quality was a major focus of interest in the early days of web-based behavioral science. This article shows that there are still things to be learned. For example, levels of extraversion were lower for partic","PeriodicalId":263823,"journal":{"name":"Zeitschrift für Psychologie","volume":"82 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133107436","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Web-Based Research in Psychology","authors":"Ulf-Dietrich Reips","doi":"10.1027/2151-2604/a000475","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1027/2151-2604/a000475","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. The present article reviews web-based research in psychology. It captures principles, learnings, and trends in several types of web-based research that show similar developments related to web technology and its major shifts (e.g., appearance of search engines, browser wars, deep web, commercialization, web services, HTML5…) as well as distinct challenges. The types of web-based research discussed are web surveys and questionnaire research, web-based tests, web experiments, Mobile Experience Sampling, and non-reactive web research, including big data. A number of web-based methods are presented and discussed that turned out to become important in research methodology. These are one-item-one-screen design, seriousness check, instruction manipulation and other attention checks, multiple site entry technique, subsampling technique, warm-up technique, and web-based measurement. Pitfalls and best practices are described then, especially regarding dropout and other non-response, recruitment of participants, and interaction between technology and psychological factors. The review concludes with a discussion of important concepts that have developed over 25 years and an outlook on future developments in web-based research.","PeriodicalId":263823,"journal":{"name":"Zeitschrift für Psychologie","volume":"41 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114254473","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Ebbinghaus Illusion","authors":"J. Krantz","doi":"10.1027/2151-2604/a000467","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1027/2151-2604/a000467","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. For 25 years, the web has been used for psychological research ( Krantz et al., 1997 ; Reips, 1997 ). While many areas of psychology have benefitted from the increased access to participants and other benefits of web-based research, one area of psychology has rarely taken advantage of the online format, that is, sensation and perception. Largely, sensation and perception research has not used the web because of the need for carefully calibrated equipment to successfully run their experiments. However, there may be classes of phenomena in our sensory processes that might be studied online where the equipment and stimuli vary. Suppose the critical feature of the stimulus is an abstraction of the physical stimulus that does not vary with different displays. In that case, these features can be successfully studied online, meaning that results from online studies will match those from controlled laboratories. This study will examine the Ebbinghaus illusion to illustrate the successful use of the web for perceptual research. The implications and some discussion of types of perceptual studies conducted on the web will be discussed.","PeriodicalId":263823,"journal":{"name":"Zeitschrift für Psychologie","volume":"19 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129456933","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Are Minority Opinions Shared Less?","authors":"Birka Zapf, Mandy Hütter, K. Sassenberg","doi":"10.1027/2151-2604/a000471","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1027/2151-2604/a000471","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. Product evaluation portals on the web that collect product ratings provide an excellent opportunity to observe opinion sharing in a natural setting. Evidence across different paradigms shows that minority opinions are shared less than majority opinions. This article reports a study testing whether this effect holds on product evaluation portals. We tracked the ratings of N = 76 products at 12 measurement points. We predicted that the higher (lower) the mean initial rating of a product, the more positive (negative) the newly contributed ratings will differ from this baseline – as an indication of the preferred sharing of majority compared to minority opinions. We found, however, that newly added ratings were on average less extreme than earlier ratings. These results can either be interpreted as regression to the mean or evidence for the preferred sharing of minority opinions.","PeriodicalId":263823,"journal":{"name":"Zeitschrift für Psychologie","volume":"199 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116383367","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Does Peoples’ Keyboard Typing Reflect Their Stress Level?","authors":"Paul Freihaut, A. Göritz","doi":"10.1027/2151-2604/a000468","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1027/2151-2604/a000468","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. Keyboard-typing tracking offers a convenient behavioral data collection method in web-based study settings. This paper investigated the feasibility of utilizing keyboard-typing for stress measurement. We present data from two experiments: a laboratory study with N = 53 participants and an online study with N = 924 participants. In both studies, participants typed standardized text sequences during a high-stress or low-stress condition. The manipulation checks revealed consistent differences in participant’s stress levels according to experimental conditions. The analysis of 11 typing features with frequentist and machine learning methods revealed a few isolated links between stress and keyboard typing, but the results were inconsistent across both studies and the analysis methods. To foster replication, critical discussion, and new developments, we follow the open science principles of open data, source, and methodology.","PeriodicalId":263823,"journal":{"name":"Zeitschrift für Psychologie","volume":"505 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123258875","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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