{"title":"Enemies Inside and Out","authors":"N.I. Bogatyreva","doi":"10.1027/2151-2604/a000543","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1027/2151-2604/a000543","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract: Several popular conspiracy theories hold the government as one of the main figures of power, accusing it of various bad deeds. However, in authoritarian regimes or weak democracies, the state itself creates and exploits conspiracies about external and internal enemies of the nation. This paper explores the relationship between specific prostate conspiracy theory beliefs and conspiracy mentality in the context of Russia ( N = 819), a country, where the government currently leverages conspiracy theories for its own purposes. These findings suggest interesting ways forward for the study of conspiracy theories in nondemocratic states. A discussion about the influence of institutional trust on conspiracy theory beliefs is provided.","PeriodicalId":263823,"journal":{"name":"Zeitschrift für Psychologie","volume":"30 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140520567","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"On Different Operationalizations and Conceptualizations of the Tendency to Believe in Conspiracy Theories","authors":"Lotte Pummerer","doi":"10.1027/2151-2604/a000547","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1027/2151-2604/a000547","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract: This commentary in response to Nera (2024, this issue) offers an overview of different operationalizations and conceptualizations of the tendency to believe in conspiracy theories. It distinguishes Conspiracy Mentality (the disposition to believe in any kind of conspiracy theory) from the Belief in Conspiracy Theories (described as latent variable or monological network underlying the belief in many popular and scientifically unwarranted conspiracy theories, sometimes also called conspiracy ideation or generalized conspiracy belief) and the belief in a specific conspiracy theory (for example surrounding the Apollo moonlanding or COVID-19). It emphasizes the need for researchers to be clear about their operationalization and conceptualization of the tendency to believe in conspiracy theories, especially when making causal statements about its impact on the belief in specific conspiracy theories.","PeriodicalId":263823,"journal":{"name":"Zeitschrift für Psychologie","volume":"57 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140526110","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Roland Imhoff, Aleksandra Cichocka, B. Gjoneska, Olivier Klein
{"title":"Not All Conspiracy Theories Are Created Equal","authors":"Roland Imhoff, Aleksandra Cichocka, B. Gjoneska, Olivier Klein","doi":"10.1027/2151-2604/a000548","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1027/2151-2604/a000548","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":263823,"journal":{"name":"Zeitschrift für Psychologie","volume":"28 24","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140518676","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Carolina Trella, Robbie M. Sutton, Karen M. Douglas
{"title":"Semantic and Causal Relations Between the Conspiracy Mentality and Belief in Conspiracy Theories","authors":"Carolina Trella, Robbie M. Sutton, Karen M. Douglas","doi":"10.1027/2151-2604/a000545","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1027/2151-2604/a000545","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract: Four pre-registered studies examined the semantic and causal relation between conspiracy mentality and belief in conspiracy theories. Study 1 ( N = 251) confirmed important differences between these two constructs. Participants perceived conspiracy mentality propositions as general rules and conspiracy theories as specific examples. This perception that conspiracy mentality statements are more general was associated with the perception that they are more plausible and, if shared, less likely to cause dispute and to stigmatize the communicator. Conceptualizing them as different constructs, Studies 2–4 together indicate that they might have a bidirectional causal relationship with each other. Affirming conspiracy theories set in real-world and fictional societies increased participants’ conspiracy mentality scores, relative to negations of conspiracy theories (Studies 2, 3) and a baseline condition (Study 4). Conversely, affirming conspiracy mentality statements increased participants’ endorsement of conspiracy theories (Study 4). The semantic relation between the two constructs means each may reinforce the other through inductive and deductive reasoning. Nonetheless, important social-psychological differences may emerge between them due to the greater specificity and epistemic riskiness of conspiracy theories compared to the conspiracy mentality.","PeriodicalId":263823,"journal":{"name":"Zeitschrift für Psychologie","volume":"27 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140520713","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Robbie M. Sutton, Karen M. Douglas, Carolina Trella
{"title":"Conspiracy Mentality Versus Belief in Conspiracy Theories","authors":"Robbie M. Sutton, Karen M. Douglas, Carolina Trella","doi":"10.1027/2151-2604/a000549","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1027/2151-2604/a000549","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract: In this research spotlight, we respond to Nera’s (2024 , this issue) critique of the conspiracy mentality. We agree that the concept of the conspiracy mentality – and its relation to belief in conspiracy theories – requires further clarification. We also agree that the causal relationship between conspiracy mentality and belief in conspiracy theories may be bidirectional. We elaborate on these arguments by adding additional critical points and providing recommendations for researchers. We see the chief value of the construct as making it possible to tease apart (e.g., in covariance analyses) belief in conspiracy theories from the political attitudes that underlie them.","PeriodicalId":263823,"journal":{"name":"Zeitschrift für Psychologie","volume":"17 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140527081","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
E. Pelikan, Luisa Grützmacher, Katharina Hager, Julia Holzer, Selma Korlat, Martin Mayerhofer, Barbara Schober, C. Spiel, Marko Lüftenegger
{"title":"The Role of Basic Need Satisfaction for Motivation and Self-Regulated Learning During COVID-19","authors":"E. Pelikan, Luisa Grützmacher, Katharina Hager, Julia Holzer, Selma Korlat, Martin Mayerhofer, Barbara Schober, C. Spiel, Marko Lüftenegger","doi":"10.1027/2151-2604/a000531","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1027/2151-2604/a000531","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract: Higher education institutions in Austria switched to emergency distance learning in March 2020 to mitigate the spread of COVID-19. Due to the sudden change, students and instructors scarcely had time to adjust to the new demands. Initial cross-sectional studies pointed to the risks of emergency distance learning for students’ intrinsic motivation, self-regulation, and learning behavior. We investigated the longitudinal effects between the satisfaction of the basic psychological needs (competence, autonomy, and social relatedness), intrinsic motivation, and self-regulated learning, applying a cross-lagged panel model. A sample of N = 3,286 students answered four online questionnaires between April 2020 and July 2021. All measured constructs remained stable during that time span. The satisfaction of the basic needs was cross-sectionally related to intrinsic motivation. We found no cross-lagged effects on intrinsic motivation. Self-regulated learning showed small but significant cross-lagged positive effects on intrinsic motivation at all time points. Implications and future research perspectives are discussed.","PeriodicalId":263823,"journal":{"name":"Zeitschrift für Psychologie","volume":"14 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128072459","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Correction to Christiansen & Lueken, 2023","authors":"","doi":"10.1027/2151-2604/a000534","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1027/2151-2604/a000534","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":263823,"journal":{"name":"Zeitschrift für Psychologie","volume":"93 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133837192","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Navigating an Uncertain Future","authors":"Ingrid Schoon, G. Henseke","doi":"10.1027/2151-2604/a000530","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1027/2151-2604/a000530","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract: Young people navigate an increasingly uncertain and precarious employment market. They have to mobilise and use psychosocial resources necessary to adapt to a changing career landscape and employment opportunities. Guided by career development theories, this study asks if school-based career preparation activities can support the development of career adaptability and career-related cognitions of young people in the aftermath of the COVID-19 pandemic. The research draws on a nationally representative sample of 16–25 year-olds who participated in the Youth Economic Activity and Health (YEAH) online survey conducted in the UK between May 2021 and May 2022 ( n = 4040). The findings highlight the malleability of career adaptability and the importance of school-based career preparation activities in supporting adaptive career-related cognitions as well as life satisfaction among young people in times of economic uncertainty and upheaval.","PeriodicalId":263823,"journal":{"name":"Zeitschrift für Psychologie","volume":"3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114991733","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ricarda Steinmayr, Rebecca Lazarides, Linda Wirthwein, H. Christiansen
{"title":"Comparison of Parent-Rated Teaching Activities During the First and Second School Lockdowns and Its Association With Students’ Learning Outcomes During Distant Teaching","authors":"Ricarda Steinmayr, Rebecca Lazarides, Linda Wirthwein, H. Christiansen","doi":"10.1027/2151-2604/a000528","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1027/2151-2604/a000528","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract: Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, schools were closed twice in Germany for several months. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether distant teaching activities increased from the first school lockdown to the second school lockdown and whether the frequency of distant teaching activities were related to students’ outcomes (motivation, competent and independent learning, perceived learning progress) during distant learning. To this end, N = 3,480 legal guardians filled in an online questionnaire during the second lockdown (see Steinmayr et al., 2021 ). Distant teaching activities greatly increased from the first lockdown to the second lockdown. Besides communication with a parent, all other distant teaching activities were more frequent at secondary schools. However, in both elementary and secondary schools, distant teaching activities varied greatly. Distant teaching activities as well as children’s characteristics and social background were independently important for students’ outcomes. The results are discussed with regard to their practical implications for realizing distant teaching.","PeriodicalId":263823,"journal":{"name":"Zeitschrift für Psychologie","volume":"6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115052224","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Martin Daumiller, R. Rinas, I. Schoon, Marko Lüftenegger
{"title":"How Did COVID-19 Affect Education and What Can Be Learned Moving Forward?","authors":"Martin Daumiller, R. Rinas, I. Schoon, Marko Lüftenegger","doi":"10.1027/2151-2604/a000527","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1027/2151-2604/a000527","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract: The COVID-19 pandemic drastically impacted the educational sector on a global front. A plethora of research has been conducted to better understand the effects that the pandemic had on education as a whole, including investigations into different topics (e.g., school closures, e-teaching and learning, mental and physical health), populations (e.g., students, teachers), and levels of education (e.g., school, higher education). To summarize the available literature on education during the pandemic both qualitatively and quantitatively, many systematic reviews and meta-analyses have begun to emerge. With the present systematic meta-review, we aimed to synthesize and combine this existing database to derive broader and more comprehensive insights that can aid educational stakeholders. We summarize and evaluate 43 systematic reviews, four meta-analyses, and eight combined systematic reviews and meta-analyses published until November 2022 to provide a comprehensive narrative of how this crisis affected education and what can be learned moving forward.","PeriodicalId":263823,"journal":{"name":"Zeitschrift für Psychologie","volume":"54 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121133841","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}