Past & Present最新文献

AIDS and the End of the Soviet Union 艾滋病与苏联解体

Past & Present Pub Date : 2024-08-09 DOI: 10.1093/pastj/gtae020

Siobhán Hearne

{"title":"AIDS and the End of the Soviet Union","authors":"Siobhán Hearne","doi":"10.1093/pastj/gtae020","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/pastj/gtae020","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 In the mid-1980s, HIV and AIDS were initially dismissed in the Soviet press as infections that could only be contracted by individuals engaged in ‘deviant’ or ‘promiscuous’ sexual behaviour. However, in late 1988 a different narrative took hold when the mass nosocomial infection of children occurred in hospitals in Elista, Volgograd and Rostov-on-Don. These tragedies — and the Soviet government’s lack of action in their aftermath — crystallized the public perception that the spread of HIV and AIDS was primarily due to government negligence and the deficiencies of the Soviet system. In this context, civil society organizations sprang up across the USSR to critique the government’s AIDS response, address the country’s inadequate healthcare infrastructure, and formulate their own solutions. This article explores how this played out in Moscow and Riga in 1989–90, where grassroots AIDS action was inflected by the local political context and indicative of the broader disillusionment with the Soviet government. Because of the specific conditions of Soviet society, AIDS action was more centred on the collapse of the social contract between citizens and the government in a socialist welfare state, and less about the de-stigmatization and liberation of marginalized groups.","PeriodicalId":262011,"journal":{"name":"Past & Present","volume":"35 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141924549","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Introduction: Eclipse of internationalism? The late twentieth-century liberal moment 导言：国际主义的消亡？二十世纪晚期的自由主义时刻

Past & Present Pub Date : 2024-07-16 DOI: 10.1093/pastj/gtae006

Celia Donert, Stefan-Ludwig Hoffmann, Paul Betts, Jessica Reinisch, Jan Eckel, Jeanne Morefield, Davide Rodogno, Glenda Sluga

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The making of towns, the making of polities: Towns and lords in late medieval Europe 城镇的形成，政体的形成：中世纪晚期欧洲的城镇与领主

Past & Present Pub Date : 2024-03-29 DOI: 10.1093/pastj/gtad030

Christian D. Liddy

引用次数: 0

Women, Hospitality and The Intimate Politics of International Socialism, 1955–1965 妇女、好客与国际社会主义的亲密政治，1955-1965

Past & Present Pub Date : 2023-04-24 DOI: 10.1093/pastj/gtad006

S. Lewis

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Left to their own devices: Radio, radiomen and radio stations in the making of Tibet’s modern political landscape 听任其自生自弃:电台、广播员和广播站在西藏现代政治格局的形成过程中

Past & Present Pub Date : 2023-04-21 DOI: 10.1093/pastj/gtad008

Huasha Zhang

{"title":"Left to their own devices: Radio, radiomen and radio stations in the making of Tibet’s modern political landscape","authors":"Huasha Zhang","doi":"10.1093/pastj/gtad008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/pastj/gtad008","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 This article illuminates a correlation between Tibet’s national identity and technological peripheralization through three intertwined tales involving Chinese, British and Tibetan radio stations in Lhasa between 1934 and 1950. Instead of a political backwater, Tibet was crucial to the competition between an expansionist British Empire and a growingly nationalistic Republic of China in the Himalayas throughout the first half of the twentieth century. As Britain and China monopolized the radio to substantiate their respective political ambitions, Tibet was compelled to adopt an image of geographical remoteness and technological underdevelopment. Upon breaking the foreign monopoly, the Tibetan government managed to appropriate this image for the propagation of its definitions of Tibetan state and national identities. Both the radio and the lack thereof in Tibet, therefore, became key to the Chinese, British and Tibetan governments’ efforts in furthering their respective portrayals of the Tibetan state and nation, as well as Tibet’s position in relation to its neighbours and the rest of the world. In addition to illustrating the interaction of power and technology in the creation of peripheral regions and competing identities, the history of radio in Tibet also reveals the essential roles played by the individuals who oversaw the radio’s daily operations in such processes. Refusing to remain mere extensions of the state that they represented or the machine that they operated, these agents and technicians actively pursued their individual objectives, sometimes against the interests of their employers, shaping Tibet’s modern political landscape in unexpected yet significant ways","PeriodicalId":262011,"journal":{"name":"Past & Present","volume":"33 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114682061","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Machines in the Hands of Capitalists: Power and Profit in Late Eighteenth-Century Cornish Copper Mines 资本家手中的机器:18世纪晚期康沃尔铜矿的权力与利润

Past & Present Pub Date : 2023-02-17 DOI: 10.1093/pastj/gtac039

Mary O’Sullivan

{"title":"Machines in the Hands of Capitalists: Power and Profit in Late Eighteenth-Century Cornish Copper Mines","authors":"Mary O’Sullivan","doi":"10.1093/pastj/gtac039","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/pastj/gtac039","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 In the inaugural issue of Past and Present, Eric Hobsbawm cautioned historians against the assumption that a capitalist economy has an inherent tendency to cost-saving and technological innovation, emphasizing that ‘It has a bias only towards profit’. Inspired by Hobsbawm, this article shows how a history of profit can elucidate the economic and social history of machines. Beginning with miners’ protests at the stoppage of Boulton & Watt steam engines in Cornish copper mines in the late 1780s, it shows that these engines’ implications for the people who invested in, and worked, the mines were conditioned by a complex relationship between profit and power: mechanical power, which was crucial to the mining of copper and the costs of its production; imperial power, given fluctuating demand for copper from different parts of the British empire; and market power, since control over price setting on the British copper market was crucial for Cornish mining profits. Understanding what determined mines’ profits helps to account for capitalists’ decisions to stop their engines as well as copper miners’ protests at their actions. More generally, it suggests the potential of studying the economic and social history of new machines through the lens of profit.","PeriodicalId":262011,"journal":{"name":"Past & Present","volume":"58 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-02-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121049939","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Astrology, plague, and prognostication in early modern England: A forgotten chapter in the history of public health 现代早期英格兰的占星术、瘟疫和预言:公共卫生史上被遗忘的一章

Past & Present Pub Date : 2023-02-17 DOI: 10.1093/pastj/gtac044

Michelle Pfeffer

{"title":"Astrology, plague, and prognostication in early modern England: A forgotten chapter in the history of public health","authors":"Michelle Pfeffer","doi":"10.1093/pastj/gtac044","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/pastj/gtac044","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The ability to foresee the outbreak of epidemic disease, and to predict its course, is a highly coveted skill. Most often associated with statistical techniques, such efforts to improve the health of communities are thought to be exclusively modern. Public health more generally is often said to be categorically distinct from pre-modern medicine, which was interested above all in individual patients and rarely considered the broader health of a population. This article challenges these long-entrenched views by showcasing early modern astrologers at work on disease at the population level. Located at the intersection of medicine and mathematics, astrology was once a promising methodology for monitoring the health of the people. Astrologers made annual predictions about the diseases that would predominate in particular regions, disseminating their forecasts widely alongside advice on what should be done in response. Their ability to think in terms of relatively standardized ‘populations’ — alongside their attempts to correlate the incidence of disease with external factors — made astrologers prime candidates for developing novel approaches to epidemics. Before the epidemiologist there was the astrologer, who looked to the stars to find patterns between celestial configurations and major health events, using their findings to model the rise and fall of epidemics.","PeriodicalId":262011,"journal":{"name":"Past & Present","volume":"64 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-02-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133245229","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Correction to: ‘Where Are the Proxenoi?’ Social Network Analysis, Connectivity and the Greek Poleis 更正:“Proxenoi在哪里?”社会网络分析，连通性和希腊城邦

Past & Present Pub Date : 2022-11-30 DOI: 10.1093/pastj/gtac043

引用次数: 0

Hyperbole in Early Modern Missionary Travel Accounts of China 近代早期中国传教游记中的夸张手法

Past & Present Pub Date : 2022-10-31 DOI: 10.1093/pastj/gtac036

Emily Teo

{"title":"Hyperbole in Early Modern Missionary Travel Accounts of China","authors":"Emily Teo","doi":"10.1093/pastj/gtac036","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/pastj/gtac036","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 For much of the early modern period, Europeans identified China as a land of opulence and abundance. This image was later dismissed as an unfaithful representation, wilfully created by missionaries who overstated the positive qualities of China, and understated its negative attributes. This chapter explores the beginnings of overstatement and exaggeration in the earliest Iberian missionary accounts of China. As travel publications flooded the sixteenth-century print market, new literary conventions emerged, privileging eyewitness observations over hearsay. Negotiating the porous categories of fact and fiction, missionaries sought to convince audiences of their reliability while creating impressive accounts. This chapter demonstrates that hyperbole, more than mere exaggeration, was creatively and strategically used by the missionaries not to deceive, but to highlight to their audiences the promise and potential of China. By insisting that the reality of China exceeded the limits of the textual medium, the missionaries liberally created an image of an abundant land. As their texts gained popularity and underwent translations, redactions and reprints, the reception and repetitions of these hyperboles could not always be shaped and controlled as the missionaries had intended. The missionaries’ hyperbolic China was further amplified and veered precariously between the boundaries of information and disinformation.","PeriodicalId":262011,"journal":{"name":"Past & Present","volume":"307 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123476896","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Rhetorical Strategies and the Manipulation of Discourse in Machiavelli’s Writings 马基雅维利作品中的修辞策略与话语操纵

Past & Present Pub Date : 2022-10-31 DOI: 10.1093/pastj/gtac035

Chiara De Caprio, Andrea Salvo Rossi

{"title":"Rhetorical Strategies and the Manipulation of Discourse in Machiavelli’s Writings","authors":"Chiara De Caprio, Andrea Salvo Rossi","doi":"10.1093/pastj/gtac035","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/pastj/gtac035","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 This chapter sheds light on the narrative strategies and techniques involving reported speech in Machiavelli’s diplomatic records and historical writings. The focus is on the diplomatic correspondence of his 1502 mission to Cesare Borgia and on his Discourses on Livy. Analysis of the rhetorical devices that Machiavelli uses to report his own words and those of others shows that his letters and the Discourses exploited the intrinsically reconstructive nature of reported speech and its paradoxical communicative function: to maximize the perception of veracity through unrestrained manipulation. Two case studies will shed light on the relationship between fact and fiction and between information and its manipulation in early modern Italy. In particular, these relationships are captured by analyzing the interplay between, on the one hand, the communicative dynamics of diplomatic writings and, on the other, research into old historical texts and the writing of contemporary history. Machiavelli’s writings demonstrate clearly that direct discourse could be used as a tool to reinforce the verisimilitude and credibility of a narrative. At the same time, his careful selection and manipulation of reported words exploited the persuasive force of the words of others to further his own line of argument.","PeriodicalId":262011,"journal":{"name":"Past & Present","volume":"26 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124930030","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

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Past &amp; Present最新文献

Past & Present最新文献