Int. J. Nanotechnol. Mol. Comput.最新文献

{"title":"Quantum Computation Perspectives in Medical Image Processing","authors":"P. Rodrigues, M. Ferreira, J. Monteiro","doi":"10.4018/978-1-61520-670-4.ch006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-61520-670-4.ch006","url":null,"abstract":"The automatic analysis of medical images is a field whose main goal is to give to machines a high capacity of processing images in the way the human brain does. This capacity is important in multiple directions. In this domain, the automation of human tasks is mainly helpful to conclude tasks in less time and to minimize errors when producing the results of those tasks. The involved tasks in human vision reach a high level of functional complexity. This is particularly true when the objects of processing are medical images. Thus, it is common to use medical image cases to validate models that have the goal to reach the human visual capacity. Nowadays, there is a relative large pool of knowledge about the human visual cortex and this allows having some image processing solutions that present a good perAbstrAct","PeriodicalId":259233,"journal":{"name":"Int. J. Nanotechnol. Mol. Comput.","volume":"2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126549275","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Biomolecular Computing Devices in Synthetic Biology","authors":"Jesús M. Miró Bueno, Alfonso Rodriguez-Paton","doi":"10.4018/978-1-59904-996-0.ch014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-59904-996-0.ch014","url":null,"abstract":"Synthetic biology and biomolecular computation are disciplines that fuse when it comes to designing and building information processing devices. In this chapter, we study several devices that are representative of this fusion. These are three gene circuits implementing logic gates, a DNA nanodevice and a biomolecular automaton. The operation of these devices is based on gene expression regulation, the so-called competitive hybridization and the workings of certain biomolecules like restriction enzymes or regulatory proteins. Synthetic biology, biomolecular computation, systems biology and standard molecular biology concepts are also defined to give a better understanding of the chapter. The aim is to acquaint readers with these biomolecular devices born of the marriage between synthetic biology and biomolecular computation.","PeriodicalId":259233,"journal":{"name":"Int. J. Nanotechnol. Mol. Comput.","volume":"26 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121600087","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Molecular Manufacturing: Nano Building Nano","authors":"Chris Phoenix","doi":"10.4018/978-1-61692-006-7.ch002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-61692-006-7.ch002","url":null,"abstract":"A wide variety of nanotechnology programs, both pedagogical and research-oriented, can incorporate some aspect of molecular manufacturing. Nanotechnology is developing from large tools that give us access to the nanoscale, to tools constructed at or near the nanoscale. To date, these nanoscale tools are not capable of accomplishing much of commercial interest; however, this will be changing with increasing rapidity over the next decade or two. Eventually, nanoscale tools will be capable of broad classes of nanoscale construction; this will enable the fabrication of increasingly complex and useful structures. Fabrication of structures with molecular precision is especially relevant. When nanoscale tools are developed to the point of being capable of building duplicate tools, a manufacturing revolution may occur; even before that point, there are both scientific and likely commercial benefits to developing capabilities in this area.","PeriodicalId":259233,"journal":{"name":"Int. J. Nanotechnol. Mol. Comput.","volume":"73 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114542608","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nanotechnology Innovation Systems: A Regional Comparison","authors":"N. Islam","doi":"10.4018/978-1-61520-643-8.ch018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-61520-643-8.ch018","url":null,"abstract":"The ‘nanotechnology’ concept first captured the world’s attention when the Nobel Prize winner Richard Feynman advocated the possibility of widespread nanotechnology research by delivering his famous speech, “There’s Plenty of Room at the Bottom” just half a century ago. The emerging nanotechnology field comprises one of the fastestgrowing research and development (R&D) areas in the world (National Science and Technology Council, 2006). Developed countries, as well as many developing countries, have prioritized nanotechnology as a core scientific and technological research agenda since the early 2000s. R&D activities in nanotechnology have been strengthened worldwide recently to provide a foundation for technological advancement, since governments of many countries have invested aggressively in the relevant research through academic funds and subsidies for private ABStrAct","PeriodicalId":259233,"journal":{"name":"Int. J. Nanotechnol. Mol. Comput.","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130445500","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Organization-Oriented Chemical Programming of Distributed Artifacts","authors":"N. Matsumaru, T. Hinze, P. Dittrich","doi":"10.4018/jnmc.2009120901","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4018/jnmc.2009120901","url":null,"abstract":"The construction of molecular-scale machines requires novel paradigms for their programming. Here, we assume a scenario of distributed devices that process in-formation by chemical reactions and that communicate by exchanging molecules. Programming such a distributed system requires specifing reaction rules as well as exchange rules. Here, we present an approach that helps to guide the manual construction of distributed chemical programs. We show how chemical organization theory can assist a programmer in predicting the behavior of the program. The basic idea is that a computation should be understood as a movement between chemical organizations, which are closed and self-maintaining sets of molecular species. When sticking to that design principle, fine-tuning of kinetic laws becomes less important. We demonstrate the approach by a novel chemical program that solves the maximal independent set problem on a distributed system without any central control—a typical situation in ad-hoc networks. We show that the computational result, which emerges from many local reaction events, can be explained in terms of chemical organizations, which assures robustness and low sensitivity to the choice of kinetic parameters. DOI: 10.4018/jnmc.2009120901 2 International Journal of Nanotechnology and Molecular Computation, 1(4), 1-19, October-December 2009 Copyright © 2010, IGI Global. Copying or distributing in print or electronic forms without written permission of IGI Global is prohibited. ‘dry’ nanotechnology materials has been argued (Merkle, 2000) to be the drawback. Despite the rapid development of nanotechnology, wet-lab experiments are commonly exercised to operate the boolean logics (de Silva & Uchiyama, 2007). DNA computing demonstrated by Adleman (1994) already addressed that limitation of imperative computation paradigms by utilizing particular operation modes of DNA molecules. Assuming DNA as data carrier, up to 10 bytes can be saved and operated simultaneously within one liter of liquid providing a storage density of 1 3 bit nm / (Păun, Rozenberg, & Salomaa, 1998). One Joule allows up to10 molecular operations on DNA (Pisanti, 1998). This highly parallelized operation on DNA strands with high data density is the key characteristics of the DNA computation approach. The significance, we note here, is that the computation model is in concert with computation medium. In the nano-scale world, molecules are regarded to constitute a medium, and chemical reactions play an important role in biological information processing principles (Kuppers, 1990). Employing molecules and reaction rules as a metaphor, thus, novel computation paradigms have been explored (Banâtre & Metayer, 1986; Păun, 2002; Banâtre, Fradet, & Redenac, 2004; Tschudin, 2003; Berry & Boudo, 1992). Essentially, those chemical computing models refer the elementary units as molecules, and the operations are described in the form of reactions among those molecules. Given the inputs of the comput","PeriodicalId":259233,"journal":{"name":"Int. J. Nanotechnol. Mol. Comput.","volume":"35 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124334743","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Spin Relaxation Mechanisms in the Organic Semiconductor Alq3","authors":"S. Patibandla, B. Kanchibotla, S. Pramanik, Supriyo Bandyopadhyay, M. Cahay","doi":"10.4018/jnmc.2009120902","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4018/jnmc.2009120902","url":null,"abstract":"We have measured the longitudinal (T1) and transverse (T2) spin relaxation times in the organic semiconductor tris(8-hydroxyquinolinolato aluminum)—also known as Alq3—at different temperatures. These measurements shed some light on the spin relaxation mechanisms in the organic. The two most likely mechanisms affecting T1 are hyperfine interactions between carrier and nuclear spins, and the Elliott-Yafet mode. On the other hand, the dominant mechanism affecting T2 of delocalized electrons in Alq3 remains uncertain, but for localized electrons (bound to defect or impurity sites), the dominant mechanism is most likely spin-phonon coupling.","PeriodicalId":259233,"journal":{"name":"Int. J. Nanotechnol. Mol. Comput.","volume":"26 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127904912","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An Assessment of Random Dynamical Network Automata for Nanoelectronics1","authors":"C. Teuscher, N. Gulbahce, Thimo Rohlf","doi":"10.4018/jnmc.2009120904","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4018/jnmc.2009120904","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":259233,"journal":{"name":"Int. J. Nanotechnol. Mol. Comput.","volume":"26 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128104309","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Synthesis of Stochastic Circuits for Nanoscale Computation","authors":"Weikang Qian, John D. Backes, Marc D. Riedel","doi":"10.4018/jnmc.2009120903","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4018/jnmc.2009120903","url":null,"abstract":"Emerging technologies for nanoscale computation such as self-assembled nanowire arrays present specific challenges for logic synthesis. On the one hand, they provide an unprecedented density of bits with a high degree of parallelism. On the other hand, they are characterized by high defect rates. Also they often exhibit inherent randomness in the interconnects due to the stochastic nature of self-assembly. We describe a general method for synthesizing logic that exploits both the parallelism and the random effects. Our approach is based on stochastic computation with parallel bit streams. Circuits are synthesized through functional decomposition with symbolic data structures called multiplicative binary moment diagrams. Synthesis produces designs with randomized parallel components—and operations and multiplexing—that are readily implemented in nanowire crossbar arrays. Synthesis results for benchmarks circuits show that our technique maps circuit designs onto nanowire arrays effectively.","PeriodicalId":259233,"journal":{"name":"Int. J. Nanotechnol. Mol. Comput.","volume":"80 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122728198","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Passive vs Active Approaches in Particle Approximations of Reaction-Diffusion Computing","authors":"J. Jones","doi":"10.4018/jnmc.2009070104","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4018/jnmc.2009070104","url":null,"abstract":"Reaction-diffusion computing utilises the complex auto-catalytic and diffusive interactions underlying self-organising systems for practical computing tasks – developing variants of classical logical computing devices, or direct spatial embodiments of problem representations and solutions. We investigate the concept of passive and active approaches to reaction-diffusion computing. Passive approaches use front propagation as a carrier signal for information transport and computation. Active approaches can both sense and modify the propagation of the underlying carrier signal. Using particle approximations of reaction-diffusion behaviours in chemical wavefront systems, and the plasmodium of Physarum polycephalum, we demonstrate the similarities and differences between the two concepts. We provide examples of how both methods can be used for complex spatially represented computational tasks. We show that the active approach results in second-order emergent behaviours, exhibiting complex quasi-physical properties such as apparent surface tension effects and network minimisation which may have utility in future physical implementations of reaction-diffusion computing devices. [Article copies are available for purchase from InfoSci-on-Demand.com]","PeriodicalId":259233,"journal":{"name":"Int. J. Nanotechnol. Mol. Comput.","volume":"4 1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115851642","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Toward Biomolecular Computers Using Reaction-Diffusion Dynamics","authors":"M. Hiratsuka, Koichi Ito, T. Aoki, T. Higuchi","doi":"10.4018/jnmc.2009070102","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4018/jnmc.2009070102","url":null,"abstract":"This article investigates a possibility of constructing massively parallel computing systems using molecular electronics technology. By employing the specificity of biological molecules, such as enzymes, new integrated circuit architectures that are free from interconnection problems could be constructed. To clarify the proposed concept, we present a functional model of an artificial catalyst device called an enzyme transistor. In this article, we develop artificial catalyst devices as basic building blocks for molecular computing integrated circuits, and explore the possibility of a new computing paradigm using reaction-diffusion dynamics induced by collective behavior of artificial catalyst devices. [Article copies are available for purchase from InfoSci-on-Demand.com]","PeriodicalId":259233,"journal":{"name":"Int. J. Nanotechnol. Mol. Comput.","volume":"33 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125573116","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}