Int. J. Nanotechnol. Mol. Comput.最新文献

{"title":"Routing Physarum with Electrical Flow/Current","authors":"S. Tsuda, J. Jones, A. Adamatzky, J. W. Mills","doi":"10.4018/jnmc.2011040104","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4018/jnmc.2011040104","url":null,"abstract":"Plasmodium stage of Physarum polycephalum behaves as a distributed dynamical pattern formation mechanism who's foraging and migration is influenced by local stimuli from a wide range of attractants and repellents. Complex protoplasmic tube network structures are formed as a result, which serve as efficient `circuits' by which nutrients are distributed to all parts of the organism. We investigate whether this `bottom-up' circuit routing method may be harnessed in a controllable manner as a possible alternative to conventional template-based circuit design. We interfaced the plasmodium of Physarum polycephalum to the planar surface of the spatially represented computing device, (Mills' Extended Analog Computer, or EAC), implemented as a sheet of analog computing material whose behaviour is input and read by a regular 5x5 array of electrodes. We presented a pattern of current distribution to the array and found that we were able to select the directional migration of the plasmodium growth front by exploiting plasmodium electro-taxis towards current sinks. We utilised this directional guidance phenomenon to route the plasmodium across its habitat and were able to guide the migration around obstacles represented by repellent current sources. We replicated these findings in a collective particle model of Physarum polycephalum which suggests further methods to orient, route, confine and release the plasmodium using spatial patterns of current sources and sinks. These findings demonstrate proof of concept in the low-level dynamical routing for biologically implemented circuit design.","PeriodicalId":259233,"journal":{"name":"Int. J. Nanotechnol. Mol. Comput.","volume":"15 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117188921","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Understanding Advances in Nanotechnology: Minimizing Risks and Maximizing Benefits with Application of the Appropriate Governance Framework","authors":"M. Mehta","doi":"10.4018/jnmc.2011040101","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4018/jnmc.2011040101","url":null,"abstract":"“Nanotechnology” is a word that has come a long way. Until recently most people associated nanotechnology with science fiction-based accounts that tended to focus on fantastical devices and applications. Due to developments in nanoscience (e.g., greater control over atomic structure and relatively better predictability of nanoscale properties), nanotechnology has entered the commercial realm, and it has begun simultaneously to stimulate the development of new governance frameworks. In this article, the author discusses potential benefits and risks and examines a select set of frameworks for governing this technology. DOI: 10.4018/jnmc.2011040101 2 International Journal of Nanotechnology and Molecular Computation, 3(2), 1-11, April-June 2011 Copyright © 2011, IGI Global. Copying or distributing in print or electronic forms without written permission of IGI Global is prohibited. the Woodrow Wilson International Center For Scholars and the Pew Charitable Trusts, entitled “The Project On Emerging Nanotechnologies,” provides on their website (http://www. nanotechproject.org/inventories/consumer/) with a searchable inventory of more than 1000 consumer products where the manufacturer has disclosed voluntarily that nanoscale processes are used (Figure 1). THE BENEFITS OF NANOTECHNOLOGY Nanotechnology promises breakthroughs that will revolutionize disease detection and treatment, enhance environmental protection, produce and store energy, remediate contaminated soil, and lead to more targeted drug delivery (Table 1). There is even hope that advances in nanotechnology will be of direct value to the developing world (Salamanca-Buentello et al., 2005), and of course there are dissenting views as well (Mehta, 2008). In the United States, the National Nanotechnology Initiative (NNI) was established in 2000 to examine ways to create the knowledge base required to exploit fully technological innovations arising from nanoscience, and consequently the U.S. federal government allocated $423 million for that purpose during the fiscal year 2001, and has steadily increased funding ever since. Several other countries have made similar kinds of investments, and in 2001 the National Research Council of Canada earmarked $120 million to create the National Institute for Nanotechnology at the University of Alberta (NRC, 2001). According to Canada’s National Research Council (NRC), “The economic and social impact of nanotechnology may be profound: discoveries and applications of nanotechnology could lead to a new industrial revolution in the coming century, and to commercial markets as large as $1.5 trillion per year within 10-15 years” (NRC, 2005). The applications of nanotechnology, particularly in the biomedical realm, involve a postulated trillion-dollar impact with otherwise undreamed of benefits for health care, public safety, environmental monitoring, and forensics (Pilarski et al., 2004). For example, nanoscale manipulations may enable tissue regeneration, in vivo me","PeriodicalId":259233,"journal":{"name":"Int. J. Nanotechnol. Mol. Comput.","volume":"17 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123516464","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Robust Computation through Percolation: Synthesizing Logic with Percolation in Nanoscale Lattices","authors":"M. Altun, Marc D. Riedel","doi":"10.4018/jnmc.2011040102","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4018/jnmc.2011040102","url":null,"abstract":"This paper proposes a probabilistic framework for digital computation with lattices of nanoscale switches based on the mathematical phenomenon of percolation. With random connectivity, percolation gives rise to a sharp non-linearity in the probability of global connectivity as a function of the probability of local connectivity. This phenomenon is exploited to compute Boolean functions robustly in the presence of defects. It is shown that the margins, defined in terms of the steepness of the non-linearity, translate into the degree of defect tolerance. Achieving good margins entails a mapping problem. Given a target Boolean function, the problem is how to assign literals to regions of the lattice such that no diagonal paths of 1’s exist in any assignment that evaluates to 0. Assignments with such paths result in poor error margins due to stray, random connections that can form across the diagonal. A necessary and sufficient condition is formulated for a mapping strategy that preserves good margins: the top-to-bottom and left-to-right connectivity functions across the lattice must be dual functions. Based on lattice duality, an efficient algorithm to perform the mapping is proposed. The algorithm optimizes the lattice area while meeting prescribed worst-case margins. Its effectiveness is demonstrated on benchmark circuits. DOI: 10.4018/jnmc.2011040102 International Journal of Nanotechnology and Molecular Computation, 3(2), 12-30, April-June 2011 13 Copyright © 2011, IGI Global. Copying or distributing in print or electronic forms without written permission of IGI Global is prohibited. Robinett, Seroussi, & Williams, 2005; Sun & Zhang, 2006; Hogg & Snider, 2007; Snider &","PeriodicalId":259233,"journal":{"name":"Int. J. Nanotechnol. Mol. Comput.","volume":"28 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117242817","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nanoscience and Nanotechnology in Latin America","authors":"A. Nemirovsky, F. Audebert, O. Oliveira, C. Constantino, L. Barrientos, G. González, E. Rosa","doi":"10.4018/978-1-61692-006-7.ch021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-61692-006-7.ch021","url":null,"abstract":"Latin America (LA) can count some strong research centers with a tradition of research excellence in certain disciplines such as medicine and biology, nuclear technology, metallurgy and materials, among others. Latin American countries have generated networks of researchers across disciplines, centers, etc. within a country, and linking two or more countries in the region (e.g., Argentina-Brazil Bi-National Center for Nanoscience & Nanotechnology, CABN). Additionally, collaborations have extended beyond LA, mainly to the EU and the USA. In general, these programs have been quite successful in the generation of interdisciplinary nanoscience and nanotechnology (N & N) research. The relation between academia and industry has been improving in the last few years, but it is still weak. In particular, funding incentives for N&N efforts have encouraged joint efforts and contributed to new dimensions in collaborations. This chapter reviews the state of nanoscience and nanotechnology in Chile, Brazil, Argentina and Mexico. Chile and Mexico. N&N has already impacted the global economy, and it appears to hold a large economic potential that is just emerging. This, in turn, is bringing together strong interest from governments, academia, industry and investors in the most developed countries and some fast growing economies (China, India, etc.). In fact, according to Lux Research (Lux DOI: 10.4018/978-1-61692-006-7.ch021 International Journal of Nanotechnology and Molecular Computation, 2(4), 38-76, October-December 2010 39 Copyright © 2010, IGI Global. Copying or distributing in print or electronic forms without written permission of IGI Global is prohibited. 2008), global funding in N&N during 2008 reached almost $20 billion with over 40% from governments, about 40% of corporate funding, and over 5% from venture capital contribution. Products incorporating nanotech reached over $240 billion with about 65% in manufacturing and materials, 25% electronics and IT and 10% in healthcare and life sciences. Lux predicts that nanotech will touch $3.1 trillion worth of products along the value chain by 2015. Latin America contribution to total investment and N&N products has been growing but still is quite small. For example, Latin American governments’ investment in N&N in 2006 reached just about $50 million (see Table 1). N&N is a truthfully interdisciplinary endeavor that requires the collaboration of several disciplines such as physics, chemistry, mechanical and electrical engineering, biology, medicine, etc. This, in turn, has fostered partnerships among researchers and practitioner from various fields of expertise either at the same facility (university, lab, etc.) or from different institutions in academia and industry. An important byproduct of the emergence of N&N is the strong enhancement of multidisciplinary collaborations, and LA has not been an exception. In the last few years, the requirement of this field and the steering of funding agencies have foste","PeriodicalId":259233,"journal":{"name":"Int. J. Nanotechnol. Mol. Comput.","volume":"7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130754000","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Current Molecular Technologies for Assessing the Amount of Microbial Pathogens in Oral Plaque Biofilms","authors":"H. Horz, G. Conrads","doi":"10.4018/978-1-60566-733-1.ch005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-60566-733-1.ch005","url":null,"abstract":"The goal of identifying and quantifying defined oral microbial populations has gained increasing importance in clinical dentistry. Standard laboratory culture-based procedures–despite their importance for the generation of resistance profiles–are unfortunately inadequate to grow the majority of mainly anaerobic species that predominate at pathological sites, such as periodontal pockets or infected root canals. Conversely, the rapidly evolving field of nucleic-acid-based technologies is a promising approach to access the full breadth of the oral microflora. Critical to this development, however, is a proper understanding and application of the methodologies and knowledge of their limitations. In this chapter molecular tools based on real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RTQ-PCR) will be described along with ways showing the computation and analysis of the datasets. RTQ-PCR allows the determination of the amount of almost any given bacterial species or the total bacterial load in oral clinical sample in a sensitive and highly reproducible way. The precise and time-efficient nature of this technique allows to run large numbers of samples and if several bacterial targets are studied in parallel to study the dynamics and potential interactions of microbial populations over space and time. This chapter will be complemented by discussing potential pitfalls that should be taken into consideration for producing proper results along with referring the reader to pertinent literature that will allow an individual deepening into the concept of molecular-based diagnosis in clinical dentistry. microbiome of approximately 2000 different species) is at least 100 times larger than the human genome (Turnbaugh et al., 2007). Coevolution of humans and microbes has led to mutual interdependencies with the human body benefiting from the unique metabolic capacities of the adapted microbes. Besides providing us with nutrition and vitamins and “shaping” our immune system our microflora protects us from invasion by pathogenic species through complex competitive interactions. Conversely, DOI: 10.4018/978-1-60566-733-1.ch005 78 International Journal of Nanotechnology and Molecular Computation, 2(4), 77-93, October-December 2010 Copyright © 2010, IGI Global. Copying or distributing in print or electronic forms without written permission of IGI Global is prohibited. the microbes are provided with a rich buffet of glycans and a protected anoxic environment. The symbiotic relationship, however, depends on the stability of the protecting microflora. Shifts in the microbial community composition can occur quite frequently leading possibly to the development of disease or at least to the predisposition for a disease. Classical examples are oral diseases, such as periodontitis and caries but also extra-oral diseases such as inflammatory bowel disease (Crohn’s disease). These chronical infectious diseases can be viewed as the result of an “ecological disaster” within the ","PeriodicalId":259233,"journal":{"name":"Int. J. Nanotechnol. Mol. Comput.","volume":"31 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115660989","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A New Approach for DNA Sequence Similarity Analysis based on Triplets of Nucleic Acid Bases","authors":"Dan Wei, Q. Jiang, Sheng Li","doi":"10.4018/978-1-60960-064-8.ch006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-60960-064-8.ch006","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":259233,"journal":{"name":"Int. J. Nanotechnol. Mol. Comput.","volume":"112 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114239734","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Formal Model of Universal Algorithmic Assembly and Molecular Computation","authors":"B. MacLennan","doi":"10.4018/jnmc.2010070104","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4018/jnmc.2010070104","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":259233,"journal":{"name":"Int. J. Nanotechnol. Mol. Comput.","volume":"23 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125245766","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"DNA-Based Indexing","authors":"M. Garzon, Kiran C. Bobba, A. Neel, Vinhthuy T. Phan","doi":"10.4018/jnmc.2010070102","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4018/jnmc.2010070102","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":259233,"journal":{"name":"Int. J. Nanotechnol. Mol. Comput.","volume":"3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121738952","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nano-Based Food and Substantial Equivalence: A Category-Mistake","authors":"J. Woodrow, M. Mehta","doi":"10.4018/jnmc.2010070103","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4018/jnmc.2010070103","url":null,"abstract":"In recent years regulators have become sensitized to the fact that advances in nanotechnology challenge current regulatory approaches and capacities. Since many of these issues parallel earlier debates on genetically modified foods, it seems highly likely that similar decision-making tools and approaches will be used for governing nano-based food. A key decision-making tool used by regulators in North America and Europe involves application of the principle of substantial equivalence. In this paper, the authors argue that substantial equivalence is an inapt arbiter of equivalence for nano-based food, and that it incorporates a fundamental flaw in logic known as a category-mistake. changes in nutritional composition (Srinivas et al., 2010), or the development of new or altered human allergens (van Putten et al., 2010; Rubial-Mendieta et al., 1997). Collectively, these considerations represent the three main characteristics embedded into a regulatory approach that utilizes a decision-making principle known as substantial equivalence. SUBSTANTIAL EQUIVALENCE The principle of substantial equivalence first emerged in the 1990s when regulators were given the task of assessing the safety of genetically modified foods in a policy environment where specific biotechnology regulations and DOI: 10.4018/jnmc.2010070103 International Journal of Nanotechnology and Molecular Computation, 2(3), 46-54, July-September 2010 47 Copyright © 2010, IGI Global. Copying or distributing in print or electronic forms without written permission of IGI Global is prohibited. dedicated hazard and risk assessment tools had not yet been developed. This policy vacuum was quickly filled with competing ideas on how best to regulate products of biotechnology. At that time a choice existed for treating genetically modified foods similarly to other functional innovations such as novel chemical compounds including pesticides, food additives and pharmaceuticals (Millstone, Brunner & Mayer, 1999). Moreover, evidence-based research could have been developed and deployed to establish acceptable daily intakes (ADIs). Due to a general reluctance on the part of industry to carry out toxicological studies, and also because the very notion of establishing ADIs for genetically modified food implied restricting or limiting consumption, substantial equivalence was eventually adopted and embedded into policy statements of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), and the World Health Organization (WHO). Substantial equivalence is essentially a comparative approach. It is not a risk assessment but rather a hazard assessment tool for identifying possible problem areas (Kuiper et al., 2002). Hazard assessment involves identifying and controlling hazards, while risk assessment involves calculating the probability of a hazard generating adverse outcomes multiplied by the consequences associated with exposure. Consequently, ris","PeriodicalId":259233,"journal":{"name":"Int. J. Nanotechnol. Mol. Comput.","volume":"124 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131561289","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Reduced-Order General Continuum Method for Dynamic Simulations of Carbon Nanotube","authors":"Yang Yang, W. Liou","doi":"10.4018/jnmc.2010070101","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4018/jnmc.2010070101","url":null,"abstract":"A reduced-order general continuum method for simulating three dimensional transient mechanical behaviors of carbon nanotube is presented. The method builds the potential energy density for carbon nanotubes by applying the macroscopic deformation gradient to the atomistic energy potential based on the modied nite element degrees of freedom could be much less than the actual atomic degrees of freedom; (2) reduced modeling error due to the application of the same atomistic energy potential as that is used in molecular dynamic method; (3) the explicit time integration schemes allow for e- cient simulation especially for highly nonlinear carbon nanotube deformations. The article starts with a review on the development of reduced order numerical methods for carbon nanotube, then follows the introduction and implementation details of the method. Finally a series of numerical experiments are presented including two dimensional carbon atomic ring interacting with carbon substrate, static deformations such as elongation, buckling, and twisting of carbon nanotube, and dynamic deformations of CNT-AFM probe.","PeriodicalId":259233,"journal":{"name":"Int. J. Nanotechnol. Mol. Comput.","volume":"5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-04-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115074472","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}