Four Kingdom Motifs before and beyond the Book of Daniel最新文献

The Four Kingdoms Motif and Sibylline Temporality in Sibylline Oracles 4 《西卜勒神谕》中的四国主题与西卜勒时间性4

Four Kingdom Motifs before and beyond the Book of Daniel Pub Date : 2020-11-16 DOI: 10.1163/9789004443280_008

O. Lester

{"title":"The Four Kingdoms Motif and Sibylline Temporality in Sibylline Oracles 4","authors":"O. Lester","doi":"10.1163/9789004443280_008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004443280_008","url":null,"abstract":"The best-known example of the four kingdoms motif in the Jewish-Christian Sibylline Oracles can be found in Sib. Or. 4. The fourth sibyl prophesies a succession of kingdoms, also framed as ten generations, that will each end in destruction: Assyria (4.49–53), Media (4.54–64), Persia (4.65–87), Macedonia (4.88–101), and finally, Rome (4.102–151). This text has attracted scholarly attention primarily in debates about the source(s) for the four kingdoms motif, especially as that motif occurs in Daniel.1 Secondarily, scholars have turned to the four kingdoms motif in Sib. Or. 4 as providing data about the compositional layers of the book, arguing that an earlier four kingdoms oracle underlies the final five kingdoms Jewish oracle.2 Recently, the four kingdoms motif has been re-examined within a brilliant study by Paul Kosmin on periodized time in the Seleucid empire.3 Sibylline Oracles 4, however, did not appear in this analysis. This chapter will review the source and redactional conclusions of John Collins and David Flusser on the four kingdoms motif in Sib. Or. 4, and place them in conversation with Kosmin’s proposal, which reads the motif primarily as an anti-Seleucid response to imperial periodized time. This chapter argues that although our historical knowledge of the four kingdoms motif in Sib. Or. 4 is reconstructed, scholarly speculation about the date and focus of the oracle call the universality of the motif as a thirdand second-century bce anti-Seleucid trope","PeriodicalId":258140,"journal":{"name":"Four Kingdom Motifs before and beyond the Book of Daniel","volume":"149 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122777498","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 2

Five Kingdoms, and Talking Beasts: Some Old Greek Variants in Relation to Daniel’s Four Kingdoms 五个王国和会说话的野兽:与但以理的四个王国有关的一些古希腊变体

Four Kingdom Motifs before and beyond the Book of Daniel Pub Date : 2020-11-16 DOI: 10.1163/9789004443280_004

I. Young

{"title":"Five Kingdoms, and Talking Beasts: Some Old Greek Variants in Relation to Daniel’s Four Kingdoms","authors":"I. Young","doi":"10.1163/9789004443280_004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004443280_004","url":null,"abstract":"Textual criticism of the Hebrew Bible has often been conceived as having a narrow focus on evaluating variant readings in order to establish the earlier, or in fact, the original text of the Bible. However, current mainstream scholarship on the textual history of the Hebrew Bible has abandoned the claim that we are in a position to arrive at the original text of the Bible. For example, the standard handbook by Emanuel Tov states that “the textual evidence does not point to a single ‘original’ text, but a series of subsequent authoritative texts produced by the same or different authors ... the original text is far removed and can never be reconstructed.”1 This does not mean that scholars have abandoned the quest to evaluate variant readings and to attempt to build a case for whether readings are earlier or later. But it means that they are much more aware that establishing what is an earlier reading is not necessarily the same thing as discovering the original reading. Study of the evidence has further demonstrated that a high percentage of variant readings are not due to “errors” as was common language in many older approaches to textual criticism. Instead, it is accepted that variants were often created intentionally, due to the different conception of books held in those ancient cultures.2 First, evidence suggests that for ancient people, an “exact” copy of a text did not usually involve what we would describe as word for word accuracy, as long as what was understood to be the essential message was conveyed. This makes the concept of an original text even more problematic, since this mindset would not lead to even two contemporary “original”","PeriodicalId":258140,"journal":{"name":"Four Kingdom Motifs before and beyond the Book of Daniel","volume":"189 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117318169","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

The Politics of Time: Epistemic Shifts and the Reception History of the Four Kingdoms Schema 时间政治:认识的变迁与四国图式的接受史

Four Kingdom Motifs before and beyond the Book of Daniel Pub Date : 2020-11-16 DOI: 10.1163/9789004443280_015

Brennan W. Breed

{"title":"The Politics of Time: Epistemic Shifts and the Reception History of the Four Kingdoms Schema","authors":"Brennan W. Breed","doi":"10.1163/9789004443280_015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004443280_015","url":null,"abstract":"Time is a particularly slippery object of study.1 As a structuring element of human experience, it lies outside the bounds of our direct perception; nevertheless, we cannot help but observe its constant, omnipresent effects. Since time is in itself imperceptible, we observe and measure it only by its impacts.2 Moreover, since time appears to be ubiquitous, any division of time will necessarily be arbitrary. Yet in order to conceive of time, we must make such arbitrary distinctions. As systems-theoreticians G. Spencer-Brown and Niklas Luhmann have demonstrated, the drawing of distinctions, of delimitation and articulation, must precede any and every act of indication or description.3 Time is a particularly rich index of the necessity of articulation precisely because of its simultaneous ubiquity and imperceptibility. Thinking about time requires us to study changes in objects that reveal the passage of time, which in turn requires us to articulate different moments in time by which to measure that change. Periodization is the always-constructive act of articulating time into different, distinguishable objects for purposes of measurement and analysis. Even the articulation of a period of time as seemingly natural as a day is a constructive act of periodization. Not only is a twenty-four hour cycle arbitrary from any cosmic perspective other than that of the earth: even within the limits of an anthropocentric perspective, various cultures begin and end their counting of days at different moments.4 Some start with daybreak, others nightfall, while still others switch from one day to","PeriodicalId":258140,"journal":{"name":"Four Kingdom Motifs before and beyond the Book of Daniel","volume":"105 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134211924","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 1

The Apocalypse of Weeks: Periodization and Tradition-Historical Context 周的启示:分期与传统-历史语境

Four Kingdom Motifs before and beyond the Book of Daniel Pub Date : 2020-11-16 DOI: 10.1163/9789004443280_006

L. Stuckenbruck

{"title":"The Apocalypse of Weeks: Periodization and Tradition-Historical Context","authors":"L. Stuckenbruck","doi":"10.1163/9789004443280_006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004443280_006","url":null,"abstract":"The organization of time was undoubtedly a central concern in the Apocalypse of Weeks (hereafter, aw). This work is preserved among Enochic writings most fully collected in the Geʿez Mäṣḥafä Henok, or 1 Enoch. As is well known, aw is split up in the Geʿez text tradition into two parts that are out of sequence, with the first part in 1 En. 93:1–10 and the second prior to it, in 91:10–17. While the original order was long apparent on source-critical grounds, it was confirmed with the publication of Dead Sea fragments to the text in Aramaic from 4Q212, a manuscript datable to the first century bce.1 Though contiguous to (4Q212) and within (so the Geʿez) two other works composed just before the mid-second century bce (the Epistle of Enoch, 1 En. 92:1–5 + 93:11–105:2 and Exhortation at 91:1–10 + 91:18–19), both the setting and date of aw are by no means secondary; indeed, it may have been composed just prior to the outbreak of the Maccabean revolt (i.e., before 167 bce) in the wake of the growing socio-political and religious conflict with the Seleucids and Hellenistic reforms taking place in Jerusalem.2 If this date holds, then aw, which antedates both the Animal Apocalypse (1 En. 85–90) and the Book of Daniel (chs. 7–12), is one of the earliest, if not the earliest “historical” apocalypse of Jewish tradition. As such, and in the context of the present volume’s focus on the four kingdoms, it merits a closer look. While the four beasts in Daniel 7 focus on powers that dominated the Levant from the early-sixth century to the first half of the second century bce, aw, as the Animal Apocalypse considered history more widely, from the beginning of humankind all the way to the eschaton and even beyond. If one were to imagine how Danielic traditions, whether the book itself or related literature (e.g., the so-called “Pseudo Daniel” texts in 4Q243–245), located themselves within","PeriodicalId":258140,"journal":{"name":"Four Kingdom Motifs before and beyond the Book of Daniel","volume":"49 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128580645","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

The Four Kingdoms of Daniel in the Early Mediaeval Apocalyptic Tradition 中世纪早期启示录传统中的但以理四王国

Four Kingdom Motifs before and beyond the Book of Daniel Pub Date : 2020-11-16 DOI: 10.1163/9789004443280_012

L. Ditommaso

引用次数: 0

Persia, Rome and the Four Kingdoms Motif in the Babylonian Talmud 巴比伦塔木德中的波斯、罗马和四大王国主题

Four Kingdom Motifs before and beyond the Book of Daniel Pub Date : 2020-11-16 DOI: 10.1163/9789004443280_011

Geoffrey Herman

{"title":"Persia, Rome and the Four Kingdoms Motif in the Babylonian Talmud","authors":"Geoffrey Herman","doi":"10.1163/9789004443280_011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004443280_011","url":null,"abstract":"Apocalypses and the classical rabbinic literature are usually treated as two distinct genres with little overlap.1 While the rabbis would surely have been aware of the former, as many apocalyptic works are contemporaneous to them, the near absence of direct reference to apocalypses in their own compositions affirms their fundamentally rejectionist position with regard to this genre as a whole. The four kingdoms apocalyptic prophecy from the book of Daniel was nevertheless an important thematic construct for the rabbis. Yet, even with respect to such an apocalyptic text as this, as we shall be reminded, the rabbis have only a limited appetite. This paper will deal with the relation between Rome and Persia as perceived by the rabbis in light of this four kingdoms motif, focusing on the Babylonian rabbis and examining, in particular, a debate found in the Babylonian Talmud on whether or not Rome would ultimately subdue Persia. The four kingdoms structure plays a major role in numerous rabbinic homilies, being linked to additional verses and subjects. For example, it is applied in the Mekhilta to non-kosher animals. In this tradition, the camel is Babylonia; the hare is Media; the rabbit is Greece and the boar is Rome. Or, alternatively, associations with the covenant of Abram are made via Gen 15:12, “As the sun was about to set, a deep sleep fell upon Abram and a great dark dread descended upon him.” This verse is interpreted such that “dread” refers to the","PeriodicalId":258140,"journal":{"name":"Four Kingdom Motifs before and beyond the Book of Daniel","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129623900","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Conflicting Traditions: The Interpretation of Daniel’s Four Kingdoms in the Ethiopic Commentary (Tergwāmē) Tradition 冲突的传统:埃塞俄比亚注释中对但以理四国的解释(Tergwāmē)传统

Four Kingdom Motifs before and beyond the Book of Daniel Pub Date : 2020-11-16 DOI: 10.1163/9789004443280_014

James R. Hamrick

{"title":"Conflicting Traditions: The Interpretation of Daniel’s Four Kingdoms in the Ethiopic Commentary (Tergwāmē) Tradition","authors":"James R. Hamrick","doi":"10.1163/9789004443280_014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004443280_014","url":null,"abstract":"In Daniel we encounter the scripturalization of the four kingdoms motif. The work itself presents the division of history into four temporal kingdoms (and one eternal one) as a sacred reality, embedding the motif within inspired dreams and visions. The acceptance of Daniel as canonical by the church and synagogue has ensured that two millennia of biblical interpreters have used the motif in their framing of world history and their understanding of the future. In this contribution I examine the reception of Daniel’s four kingdoms in one area typically overlooked in the study of biblical reception history: medieval Africa. The tergwāmē, or Geʿez (classical Ethiopic) commentaries to Daniel, continue the hermeneutical work already begun within Daniel itself by deciphering the symbols left untouched by the dream-interpreter Daniel and the interpreting angel. These commentaries do this in different ways, inheriting and developing various interpretive traditions that sometimes offer conflicting understandings of the identities of the body parts of the statue in Nebuchadnezzar’s dream and the four animals in Daniel’s. Within one of the commentaries these different traditions are identified, explained, allowed to coexist, and ultimately reconciled with each other. In bringing disparate traditions together the tergwāmē provide a good window into some of the issues in the broader reception history of Daniel’s four kingdoms and offer a glimpse into the Ethiopian commentary tradition.","PeriodicalId":258140,"journal":{"name":"Four Kingdom Motifs before and beyond the Book of Daniel","volume":"33 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128123094","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Introduction to the Four Kingdoms as a Time Bound, Timeless, and Timely Historiographical Mechanism and Literary Motif 《四国志:时空、永恒、适时的史学机制与文学母题》

Four Kingdom Motifs before and beyond the Book of Daniel Pub Date : 2020-11-16 DOI: 10.1163/9789004443280_002

Andrew B. Perrin

{"title":"Introduction to the Four Kingdoms as a Time Bound, Timeless, and Timely Historiographical Mechanism and Literary Motif","authors":"Andrew B. Perrin","doi":"10.1163/9789004443280_002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004443280_002","url":null,"abstract":"This collection of essays is the result of a collaborative project between Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München and Trinity Western University. Our venture began as a small conference in Munich (August 7–8, 2018).1 The outcomes of our conversations there both answered questions and posed new ones. As such, we extended invitations to a larger group of scholars to include voices that were both international and interdisciplinary. The topic that united all of these contributions was the historiographical mechanism and motif of the four kingdoms. The four kingdoms schema has enabled writers of various cultures, times, and locations, to periodize all of history as the staged succession of empires barreling towards the consummation of history and arrival of a utopian age. The motif provided order to lived experiences under empire (the present), in view of ancestral traditions and cultural heritage (the past), and inspired outlooks assuring hope, deliverance, and restoration (the future). Research on the historical origins, imperial identifications, history of interpretation, and contemporary applications of the four kingdoms pattern is expansive.2 The present project both draws upon and extends these studies on the mechanism’s formulation and reformation before, in, and beyond the book of Daniel in three key ways. First, research on the four kingdoms traditionally adopts a quest for origins approach. That is, pursuing and identifying the earliest expressions of this idea—whether in known external sources or redactional histories of biblical","PeriodicalId":258140,"journal":{"name":"Four Kingdom Motifs before and beyond the Book of Daniel","volume":"57 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116588039","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

The Four Kingdoms and Other Chronological Conceptions in the Book of Daniel 《但以理书》中的四个王国和其他时间观念

Four Kingdom Motifs before and beyond the Book of Daniel Pub Date : 2020-11-16 DOI: 10.1163/9789004443280_003

M. Segal

{"title":"The Four Kingdoms and Other Chronological Conceptions in the Book of Daniel","authors":"M. Segal","doi":"10.1163/9789004443280_003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004443280_003","url":null,"abstract":"The four kingdoms scheme plays a prominent role in the book of Daniel itself, and lies at the foundation of Nebuchadnezzar’s dream in chapter 2 and Daniel’s vision in chapter 7. The motif of four earthly empires followed by a heavenly kingdom, whose roots can be traced to surrounding cultures, serves both chronological and ideological-theological functions within Daniel itself. In the current study, I want to focus on the former, and place it in the larger context of chronological conceptions throughout the book as a whole. At the same time, the discussion of the ideological worldview of the Danielic authors will be discussed as it relates to these chronological conceptions. All of the chronological schemes in Daniel to be discussed here share a number of basic features, although specific aspects and emphases vary from chapter to chapter. It will be suggested that one aspect, common to the chronological worldview of most early Jewish and Christian apocalypses, is in fact not present in all of the Daniel apocalypses, and this serves as a litmus test for the milieu and historical background in which they were composed.1 The following five characteristics or features are common to some or all of the Daniel apocalypses.","PeriodicalId":258140,"journal":{"name":"Four Kingdom Motifs before and beyond the Book of Daniel","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129462150","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 1

The Four Kingdom Schema and the Seventy Weeks in the Arabic Reception of Daniel 阿拉伯语《但以理书》中的四个王国图式和七十个星期

Four Kingdom Motifs before and beyond the Book of Daniel Pub Date : 2020-11-16 DOI: 10.1163/9789004443280_013

M. L. Hjälm

{"title":"The Four Kingdom Schema and the Seventy Weeks in the Arabic Reception of Daniel","authors":"M. L. Hjälm","doi":"10.1163/9789004443280_013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004443280_013","url":null,"abstract":"Throughout the ages, Jews, Christians, and Muslims have used the periodization motifs in the book of Daniel to interpret past, present and future events and to understand their own place within sacred history. For most Christian commentators in patristic times, the four different materials representing four successive kingdoms, which comprised the statue in Daniel 2, were identified as Babylonia, Media-Persia, Greece, and Rome.1 The stone that grew into a mountain and shattered all previous kingdoms was identified as Christ and his kingdom, the eternal Church. Further east, the flexibility of the four kingdoms motif was put to the test when the people of the book2 were subjected by yet another empire, one none of the patristic interpreters had imagined. In the wake of the Arab victories over Byzantium, the interpretation of the kingdoms was thus often adapted.3 In the Syriac Apocalypse of Pseudo-Methodius the interpretation of the final kingdom was expanded to include the Greek, the Roman, and the Byzantine empires with a reference to the Kushites. This final kingdom waged war with Islam and defeated it.4 In another Syriac tract, the four kingdoms were identified with Rome, Persia, Media, and finally the","PeriodicalId":258140,"journal":{"name":"Four Kingdom Motifs before and beyond the Book of Daniel","volume":"20 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128011636","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0