{"title":"Variability analysis of FinFET-based devices and circuits considering electrical confinement and width quantization","authors":"S. H. Rasouli, K. Endo, K. Banerjee","doi":"10.1145/1687399.1687495","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1687399.1687495","url":null,"abstract":"FinFET is considered as the most likely candidate to substitute bulk CMOS technology. FinFET-based design, however, requires special attention due to its exclusive properties such as width quantization and electrical confinement (quantum-mechanical effect) even in subthreshold regime. Considering these exclusive properties of FinFETs, the sources of process variations and their effects on FinFET-based circuit characteristics can be significantly different from that in bulk CMOS devices. This paper identifies a new source of random process variation due to the gate work-function variation and resulting electrical confinement in emerging high-k/metal-gate FinFET devices. In order to capture the effect of the variations on the characteristics of multifin FinFETs (considering their width quantization property), this paper also presents a new statistical framework to accurately predict the effective threshold voltage of multifin FinFET devices. This framework is subsequently used to predict the leakage profile of FinFET-based SRAM cells. Since FinFETs are optimal for ultra-low-voltage operations due to near-ideal subthreshold swing (60 mV/dec), we focus on FinFET-based SRAM (including subthreshold SRAM) design. Contrary to the low sensitivity of the static noise margin (SNM) to the width of the pull-down devices in bulk-CMOS subthreshold SRAMs, our analysis shows, for the first time, the significant impact of employing multifin pull-down devices on the SNM of subthreshold FinFET SRAMs.","PeriodicalId":256358,"journal":{"name":"2009 IEEE/ACM International Conference on Computer-Aided Design - Digest of Technical Papers","volume":"41 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-11-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123273931","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Security against hardware Trojan through a novel application of design obfuscation","authors":"R. Chakraborty, S. Bhunia","doi":"10.1145/1687399.1687424","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1687399.1687424","url":null,"abstract":"Malicious hardware Trojan circuitry inserted in safety-critical applications is a major threat to national security. In this work, we propose a novel application of a key-based obfuscation technique to achieve security against hardware Trojans. The obfuscation scheme is based on modifying the state transition function of a given circuit by expanding its reachable state space and enabling it to operate in two distinct modes - the normal mode and the obfuscated mode. Such a modification obfuscates the rareness of the internal circuit nodes, thus making it difficult for an adversary to insert hard-to-detect Trojans. It also makes some inserted Trojans benign by making them activate only in the obfuscated mode. The combined effect leads to higher Trojan detectability and higher level of protection against such attack. Simulation results for a set of benchmark circuits show that the scheme is capable of achieving high levels of security at modest design overhead.","PeriodicalId":256358,"journal":{"name":"2009 IEEE/ACM International Conference on Computer-Aided Design - Digest of Technical Papers","volume":"63 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-11-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121796179","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
C. Myers, Nathan A. Barker, Hiroyuki Kuwahara, K. R. Jones, C. Madsen, Nam-Phuong D. Nguyen
{"title":"Genetic design automation","authors":"C. Myers, Nathan A. Barker, Hiroyuki Kuwahara, K. R. Jones, C. Madsen, Nam-Phuong D. Nguyen","doi":"10.1145/1687399.1687531","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1687399.1687531","url":null,"abstract":"Electronic design automation (EDA) tools have facilitated the design of ever more complex integrated circuits each year. Synthetic biology would also benefit from the development of genetic design automation (GDA) tools. Existing GDA tools require biologists to design genetic circuits at the molecular level, roughly equivalent to designing electronic circuits at the layout level. Analysis of these circuits is also performed at this very low level. This paper presents the background and issues involved in the development of such a GDA tool for modeling, analysis, and design.","PeriodicalId":256358,"journal":{"name":"2009 IEEE/ACM International Conference on Computer-Aided Design - Digest of Technical Papers","volume":"2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-11-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121091975","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Retiming and time borrowing: Optimizing high-performance pulsed-latch-based circuits","authors":"Seonggwan Lee, Seungwhun Paik, Youngsoo Shin","doi":"10.1145/1687399.1687471","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1687399.1687471","url":null,"abstract":"Pulsed-latches take advantage of both latches in their high performance and flip-flops in their convenience of timing analysis. To minimize the clock period of pulsed-latch-based circuits for a higher performance, a problem of combined retiming and time borrowing is formulated, where the latter is enabled by using a handful of different pulse widths. The problem is first approached by formulating it as an integer linear programming to lay a theoretical foundation. A heuristic approach is proposed, which solves the problem by performing clock skew scheduling for the minimum clock period and gradually converting skew into a combination of retiming and time borrowing. Experiments with 45-nm technology demonstrate that the clock period close to the minimum can be achieved for all benchmark circuits with an average of 1.03× with less use of extra latches compared to the conventional retiming. Categories and Subject Descriptors: B.6.1 [Logic Design]: Design Styles-Sequential circuits; B.7.1 [Integrated Circuits]: Types and Design Styles-VLSI General Terms: Algorithms, Design","PeriodicalId":256358,"journal":{"name":"2009 IEEE/ACM International Conference on Computer-Aided Design - Digest of Technical Papers","volume":"152 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-11-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121154074","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Characterizing within-die variation from multiple supply port IDDQ measurements","authors":"K. Agarwal, D. Acharyya, J. Plusquellic","doi":"10.1145/1687399.1687479","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1687399.1687479","url":null,"abstract":"The importance of within-die process variation and its impact on product yield has increased significantly with scaling. Within-die variation is typically monitored by embedding characterization circuits in product chips. In this work, we propose a minimally-invasive, low-overhead technique for characterizing within-die variation. The proposed technique monitors within-die variation by measuring quiescent (IDDQ) currents at multiple power supply ports during wafer-probe test. We show that the spatially distributed nature of power ports enables spatial observation of process variation. We demonstrate our methodology on an experimental test-chip fabricated in 65-nm technology. The measurement results show that the IDDQ currents drawn by multiple power supply ports correlate very well with the variation trends introduced by state-dependent leakage patterns.","PeriodicalId":256358,"journal":{"name":"2009 IEEE/ACM International Conference on Computer-Aided Design - Digest of Technical Papers","volume":"40 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-11-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121828883","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Temporal and spatial idleness exploitation for optimal-grained leakage control","authors":"Hao Xu, R. Vemuri, W. Jone","doi":"10.1145/1687399.1687487","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1687399.1687487","url":null,"abstract":"Runtime leakage control techniques, such as power gating (PG) and body biasing (BB), have been applied in a coarse-grained manner traditionally. In order to enable more aggressive leakage reduction, researchers are seeking ways to control leakage with finer granularity. Our research proposes two novel methods, namely circuit clustering for temporal and spatial idleness exploitation, to systematically reduce the granularity of leakage control and improve leakage reduction. Another strength of this paper is the quantitative study of leakage saving and control cost by leakage control with different granularity. With our quantitative study, designers can make the trade-off between leakage saving and control cost, and decide the optimum granularity for leakage control. A heuristic algorithm has been developed to automate the two circuit clustering methods and determine the optimum granularity for any given circuit. The analysis and experiments of this paper is mainly based on RBB. They are also applicable to PG by modifying the cost function.","PeriodicalId":256358,"journal":{"name":"2009 IEEE/ACM International Conference on Computer-Aided Design - Digest of Technical Papers","volume":"8 8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-11-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130098151","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"CROP: Fast and effective congestion refinement of placement","authors":"Yanheng Zhang, C. Chu","doi":"10.1145/1687399.1687465","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1687399.1687465","url":null,"abstract":"Modern circuits become harder to route with the ever decreasing design features. Previous routability-driven placement techniques are usually tightly coupled with the underlying placers. So usually they cannot be easily integrated into various placement tools. In this paper, we propose a tool called CROP (Congestion Refinement of Placement) for mixed-size placement solutions. CROP is independent of any placer. It takes a legalized placement solution and then relocates the modules to improve routability without significantly disturbing the original placement solution. CROP interleaves a congestion-driven module shifting technique and a congestion-driven detailed placement technique. Basically the shifting technique targets at better allocating the routing resources. Shifting in each direction can be formulated as a linear program (LP) for resizing each G-Cell. Instead of solving the computationally expensive LP, we discover that the LP formulation could be relaxed and solved by a very efficient longest-path computation. Then the congestion-driven detailed placement technique is proposed to better distribute the routing demands. Congestion reduction is realized by weighting the HPWL with congestion coefficient during detailed placement. The experimental results show that CROP is capable of effectively alleviating the congestion for unroutable placement solutions. We apply it to placement solutions generated by four different placers on the ISPD05/06 placement benchmarks [1] [2]. Within a very short runtime, CROP greatly improves the routability and saves execution time for the routing stage after refinement.","PeriodicalId":256358,"journal":{"name":"2009 IEEE/ACM International Conference on Computer-Aided Design - Digest of Technical Papers","volume":"131 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-11-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131071949","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Final-value ODEs: Stable numerical integration and its application to parallel circuit analysis","authors":"Wei Dong, Peng Li","doi":"10.1145/1687399.1687476","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1687399.1687476","url":null,"abstract":"While solving initial-value ODEs is the de facto approach to time-domain circuit simulation, the opposite act, solving final-value ODEs, has been neglected for a long time. Stable numerical integration of initial-value ODEs involves significant complications; the application of standard integration methods simply leads to instability. We show that not only practically meaningful applications of final-value ODE problems exist, but also the inherent stability challenges may be addressed by recently proposed numerical methods. Furthermore, we demonstrate an elegant bi-directional parallel circuit simulation scheme, where one time-domain simulation task is sped up by simultaneously solving initial and final-value ODEs, one from each end of the time axis. The proposed approach has unique and favorable properties: the solutions of the two ODE problems are completely data independent with built-in automatic load balancing. As a specific application study, we demonstrate the proposed technique under the contexts of parallel digital timing simulation and the shooting-Newton based steady-state analysis. Categories and Subject Descriptors B.7.2 [Integrated Circuits]: Design Aids-simulation General Terms Algorithms, Design, Performance","PeriodicalId":256358,"journal":{"name":"2009 IEEE/ACM International Conference on Computer-Aided Design - Digest of Technical Papers","volume":"7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-11-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131508363","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
R. Kanj, R. Joshi, C. Adams, J. Warnock, S. Nassif
{"title":"An elegant hardware-corroborated statistical repair and test methodology for conquering aging effects","authors":"R. Kanj, R. Joshi, C. Adams, J. Warnock, S. Nassif","doi":"10.1145/1687399.1687494","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1687399.1687494","url":null,"abstract":"We propose a new and efficient statistical-simulation-based test methodology for optimally selecting repair elements at beginning-of-life (BOL) to improve the end-of-life (EOL) functionality of memory designs. This is achieved by identifying the best BOL test/repair corner that maximizes EOL yield, thereby exploiting redundancy to optimize EOL operability with minimal BOL yield loss. The statistical approach makes it possible to identify such corners with tremendous savings in terms of test time and hardware. To estimate yields and search for the best repair corner the approach relies on fast conditional importance sampling statistical simulations. The methodology is versatile and can handle complex aging effects with asymmetrical distributions. Results are demonstrated on state-of-the-art dual-supply memory designs subject to statistical negative bias temperature instability (NBTI) effects, and hardware results are shown to match predicted model trends.","PeriodicalId":256358,"journal":{"name":"2009 IEEE/ACM International Conference on Computer-Aided Design - Digest of Technical Papers","volume":"76 4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-11-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130558153","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jiying Xue, Zuochang Ye, Yangdong Deng, Hongrui Wang, Liu Yang, Zhiping Yu
{"title":"Layout-dependent STI stress analysis and stress-aware RF/analog circuit design optimization","authors":"Jiying Xue, Zuochang Ye, Yangdong Deng, Hongrui Wang, Liu Yang, Zhiping Yu","doi":"10.1145/1687399.1687497","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1687399.1687497","url":null,"abstract":"With the continuous shrinking of feature size, various effects due to shallow-trench-isolation (STI) stress are becoming more and more significant. The resulting nonuniform distribution of stress affects the MOSFET characteristics and hence changes the circuit behavior. This paper proposes a complete flow to characterize the influence of STI stress on performance of RF/analog circuits based on layout design and process information. An accurate and efficient FEM-based stress simulator has been developed to handle the layout dependence. A comprehensive MOSFET model is also proposed to capture the effects of STI stress on mobility, threshold voltage, and leakage current. The influence of layout-dependent STI stress on the circuit performance is further studied, and the corresponding optimization strategies to circuit design are discussed. A realistic PLL design realized using 90nm CMOS technology is used as a test case for the proposed approach.","PeriodicalId":256358,"journal":{"name":"2009 IEEE/ACM International Conference on Computer-Aided Design - Digest of Technical Papers","volume":"69 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-11-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121250401","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}