ASME 2021 15th International Conference on Energy Sustainability最新文献

{"title":"Energy Storage Versus Demand Side Management for Peak-Demand Reduction at the Hawaii Ocean Science and Technology Park","authors":"Yogesh Manoharan, A. Headley, K. Olson, L. Sombardier, B. Schenkman","doi":"10.1115/es2021-63799","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/es2021-63799","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 There is a growing interest in utilizing energy storage for behind-the-meter customers. Energy storage systems have many functions for behind-the-meter use such as energy time shifting, peak demand shaving, and backup power. However, demand side management of energy consuming systems can also provide similar energy shifting functionality often with a significantly lower upfront cost. Though energy storage systems and demand side management can both be applied, each option has strengths and weaknesses that can make the optimal selection of measures difficult in many cases.\u0000 In this study, the tradeoff between energy storage and demand side management is investigated at the Hawaii Ocean Science and Technology (HOST) park of the Natural Energy Laboratory of Hawaii Authority (NELHA). The major energy consumption at the HOST park is for pumping the seawater that serves many functions at the park, including supplying temperature-controlled water for various agriculture applications and even building air conditioning measure. NELHA’s facilities are broken into two major load centers that are connected by the piping network, though they are electrically isolated and subject to different electricity price tariffs. This scenario is modeled to optimize the dispatch of the pump stations and potential battery systems to minimize the cost of electricity for both load centers. This scenario is a good example of the interplay between demand side management and energy-storage-based cost reduction measures.","PeriodicalId":256237,"journal":{"name":"ASME 2021 15th International Conference on Energy Sustainability","volume":"124 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117332206","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Maximizing Wind Turbine Efficiency by Using Soft Switching Multiple Model Predictive Control","authors":"Babak Mehdizadeh Gavgani, A. Farnam, J. D. Kooning, G. Crevecoeur","doi":"10.1115/es2021-61857","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/es2021-61857","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Variable speed small to medium wind turbines need to cope with the intermittent nature of wind speed at lower altitudes. This imposes challenges on optimally tracking the maximum power point (MPP) during partial load and makes the wind turbine dynamics highly nonlinear. As a result, using one linear controller around a specific operating point may not guarantee acceptable performance in the other operating points. In addition, wind speed variations cause fluctuations in the output power of the turbine. The Soft Switching Multiple Model Predictive Control (SSMMPC) technique is introduced to tackle the latter problems when considering multiple linear models around various operating points (MPPs) approximating the nonlinear dynamics. The gap metric method is used to assess how close different linear models are with respect to each other. The closed loop system stability is validated using Lyapunov theory. The controller performance is investigated and compared with a bidirectional TSR-based controller through simulations using the FAST NREL 10kW wind turbine model. The results verify the improvements that can be attained by using SSMMPC in terms of higher maximum power point tracking quality, lower generator torque oscillations and smoother output power, consequently.","PeriodicalId":256237,"journal":{"name":"ASME 2021 15th International Conference on Energy Sustainability","volume":"44 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124039241","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Rubik’s Cube Topology Based Particle Swarm Algorithm for Bilevel Building Energy Transaction","authors":"Xiaochun Feng, Yang Chen, Jian Zhang, Heejin Cho, Xin Shi","doi":"10.1115/es2021-62982","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/es2021-62982","url":null,"abstract":"Following the rapid growth of distributed energy resources (e.g. renewables, battery), localized peer-to-peer energy transactions are receiving more attention for multiple benefits, such as, reducing power loss, stabilizing the main power grid, etc. To promote distributed renewables locally, the local trading price is usually set to be within the external energy purchasing and selling price range. Consequently, building prosumers are motivated to trade energy through a local transaction center. This local energy transaction is modeled in bilevel optimization game. A selfish upper level agent is assumed with the privilege to set the internal energy transaction price with an objective of maximizing its arbitrage profit. Meanwhile, the building prosumers at the lower level will response to this transaction price and make decisions on electricity transaction amount. Therefore, this non-cooperative leader-follower trading game is seeking for equilibrium solutions on the energy transaction amount and prices. In addition, a uniform local transaction price structure (purchase price equals selling price) is considered here. Aiming at reducing the computational burden from classical Karush-Kuhn-Tucker (KKT) transformation and protecting the private information of each stakeholder (e.g., building), swarm intelligence based solution approach is employed for upper level agent to generate trading price and coordinate the transactive operations. On one hand, to decrease the chance of premature convergence in global-best topology, Rubiks Cube topology is proposed in this study based on further improvement of a two-dimensional square lattice model (i.e., one local-best topology-Von Neumann topology). Rotating operation of the cube is introduced to dynamically changing the neighborhood and enhancing information flow at the later searching state. Several groups of experiments are designed to evaluate the performance of proposed Rubiks Cube topology based particle swarm algorithm. The results have validated the effectiveness of proposed topology and operators comparing with global-best version PSO and Von Neumann topology based PSO and its scalability on larger scale applications.","PeriodicalId":256237,"journal":{"name":"ASME 2021 15th International Conference on Energy Sustainability","volume":"117 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117278125","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development and Testing of a 20 kW Moving Packed-Bed Particle-To-sCO2 Heat Exchanger and Test Facility","authors":"Kevin Albrecht, H. Laubscher, M. Carlson, C. Ho","doi":"10.1115/es2021-64050","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/es2021-64050","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 This paper describes the development of a facility for evaluating the performance of small-scale particle-to-sCO2 heat exchangers, which includes an isobaric sCO2 flow loop and an electrically heated particle flow loop. The particle flow loop is capable of delivering up to 60 kW of heat at a temperature of 600 °C and flow rate of 0.4 kg/s. The loop was developed to facilitate long duration off-sun testing of small prototype heat exchangers to produce model validation data at steady-state operating conditions. Lessons learned on instrumentation, control, and system integration from prior testing of larger heat exchangers with solar thermal input were used to guide the design of the test facility. In addition, the development and testing of a novel 20-kWt moving packed-bed particle-to-sCO2 heat exchanger using the integrated flow loops is reported. The prototype heat exchanger implements many novel features for increasing thermal performance and reducing pressure drop which include integral porting of the sCO2 flow, unique bond/braze manufacturing, narrow plate spacing, and pure counter-flow arrangement. The experimental data collected for the prototype heat exchanger was compared to model predictions to verify the sizing, thermal performance, and pressure drop which will be extended to multi-megawatt heat exchanger designs in the future.","PeriodicalId":256237,"journal":{"name":"ASME 2021 15th International Conference on Energy Sustainability","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123442134","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Experimental Investigation of Latent Heat Thermal Energy Storage System Enhanced by Annular and Radial Fins","authors":"S. Tiari, Addison Hockins, S. Moretti","doi":"10.1115/es2021-63832","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/es2021-63832","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 In the current study, the thermal characteristics of a latent heat thermal energy storage system enhanced with annular and radial fins are investigated experimentally. Rubitherm RT-55 is used as the phase change material (PCM) and is enclosed within a vertical cylindrical container. Water is used as the heat transfer fluid (HTF) which is circulated in a copper pipe that passes through the center of the container. The hot HTF is circulated through the system until the entire mass of solid PCM inside the container is melted. Twelve k-type thermocouples are inserted into the container at different levels to monitor the PCM temperature during the charging processes. A thermal imaging camera is used to take thermal images of the latent heat thermal energy system as it operates. The effects of different number of annular and radial fins attached to the central pipe on the thermal performance of the latent heat thermal energy storage system during the charging processes have been studied. It was found that the inclusion of 10 and 20 annular fins decreased the charging time by 79.5% and 82.8%, respectively. The two radial fin designs of 4 fins and 8 fins were assessed and found to decrease charging time by 81.9% and 86.6%, respectively.","PeriodicalId":256237,"journal":{"name":"ASME 2021 15th International Conference on Energy Sustainability","volume":"4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123713219","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessment of Particle Candidates for Falling Particle Receiver Applications Through Irradiance and Thermal Cycling","authors":"N. Schroeder, Kevin Albrecht","doi":"10.1115/es2021-62305","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/es2021-62305","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Falling particle receiver (FPR) systems are a rapidly developing technology for concentrating solar power applications. Solid particles are used as both the heat transfer fluid and system thermal energy storage media. Through the direct irradiation of the solid particles, flux and temperature limitations of tube-bundle receives can be overcome, leading to higher operating temperatures and energy conversion efficiencies. Candidate particles for FPR systems must be resistant to changes in optical properties during long term exposure to high temperatures and thermal cycling using highly concentrated solar irradiance. Five candidate particles, CARBOBEAD HSP 40/70, CARBOBEAD CP 40/100, including three novel particles, CARBOBEAD MAX HD 35, CARBOBEAD HD 350, and WanLi Diamond Black, were tested using simulated solar flux cycling and tube furnace thermal aging. Each particle candidate was exposed for 10 000 cycles (simulating the exposure of a 30-year lifetime) using a shutter to attenuate the solar simulator flux. Feedback from a pyrometer temperature measurement of the irradiated particle surface was used to control the maximum temperatures of 775 °C and 975 °C. Particle solar-weighted absorptivity and emissivity were measured at 2000 cycle intervals. Particle thermal degradation was also studied by heating particles to 800 °C, 900 °C, and 1000 °C for 300 hours in a tube furnace purged with bottled unpurified air. Here particle absorptivity and emissivity were measured at 100-hour intervals. Measurements taken after irradiance cycling and thermal aging were compared to measurements taken from as-received particles. WanLi Diamond Black particles had the highest initial value for solar weighted absorptance, 96%, but degraded up to 4% in irradiance cycling and 6% in thermal aging. CARBOBEAD HSP 40/70 particles currently in use in the prototype FPR at the National Solar Thermal Test Facility had an initial value of 95% solar absorptance with up to a 1% drop after irradiance cycling and 4% drop after 1000 °C thermal aging.","PeriodicalId":256237,"journal":{"name":"ASME 2021 15th International Conference on Energy Sustainability","volume":"73 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128838856","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Impact of COVID-19 on Energy Consumption in the United States: An Overview","authors":"Lindsey Kahn, H. Najafi","doi":"10.1115/ES2021-63903","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/ES2021-63903","url":null,"abstract":"Lockdown measures and mobility restrictions implemented to combat the spread of the novel COVID-19 virus have impacted energy consumption patterns, particularly in the United States. A review of available data and literature on the impact of the pandemic on energy consumption is performed to understand the current knowledge on this topic. The overall decline of energy use during lockdown restrictions can best be identified through the analysis of energy consumption by source and end-user breakdown. Using monthly energy consumption data, the total 9-months use between January and September for the years 2015–2020 are calculated for each end-use. The cumulative consumption within these 9 months of the petroleum, natural gas, biomass, and electricity energy by the various end-use sectors are compared to identify a shift in use throughout time with the calculation of the percent change from 2019 to 2020. The analysis shows that the transportation sector experienced the most dramatic decline, having a subsequent impact on the primary energy it uses. A steep decline in the use of petroleum and natural gas by the transportation sector has had an inevitable impact on the emission of carbon dioxide and other air pollutants during the pandemic. Additionally, the most current data for the consumption of electricity by each state and each end-user in the times before and during the pandemic highlights the impact of specific lockdown procedures on energy use. The average total consumption for each state was found for the years 2015–2019. This result is used calculation of yearly growth rate and average annual growth rate in 2020 for each state and end-user. The total average annual growth rate for 2020 was used to find a correlation coefficient between COVID-19 case and death rates as well as population density and lockdown duration. To further examine the relationship a correlation coefficient was calculated between the 2020 average annual growth rate for all sectors and average annual growth rate for each individual end-user.","PeriodicalId":256237,"journal":{"name":"ASME 2021 15th International Conference on Energy Sustainability","volume":"27 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128562525","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Thermal-Economic Optimization of Moving Packed Bed Particle-to-SCO2 Heat Exchanger Using Particle Swarm Optimization","authors":"Yanjie Zheng, K. Hatzell","doi":"10.1115/es2021-63435","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/es2021-63435","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Low cost (< $150 kWt−1) and high heat-transfer coefficient particle heat exchangers may enable high temperature operation of high efficiency power cycles (supercritical CO2/air Brayton) [1–3]. Currently, these heat exchangers are cost-prohibitive and require large surface areas due to ineffective particle-particle and particle-CO2 heat transfer. Particle heat transfer media are examples of complex material systems that can display a re-configurable mesostructure during flow or shearing processes. This deformation or rearrangement in the underlying active material can cause a decrease in the thermal transport properties and limit the heat-transfer coefficient. For future adoption, it is critical that we gain a greater understanding of how local (particle-particle) thermophysical properties are affected by system architecture/design. Traditional heat exchanger optimization approaches are limited and often lead to non-feasible design approaches. Here, we employ a stochastic and evolutionary method, particle swarm optimization (PSO), to perform a multi-objective optimization for the particle-to-sCO2 shell-and-plate heat exchanger for two state-of-the-art particulate materials (i.e., Accucast ID50K and CARBO HSP). The objective function for optimization considers the minimum payback period (economics), entropy generation (thermodynamics), and volume (engineering). The results suggest that Accucast ID50K is preferable for a packed bed heat exchanger from the perspective of minimizing payback period and volume, while at a larger entropy generation rate than CARBO HSP.","PeriodicalId":256237,"journal":{"name":"ASME 2021 15th International Conference on Energy Sustainability","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129250420","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Upper and Lower Threshold Limit of Chilled and Condenser Water Temperature Set-Points During ANN Based Optimized Control","authors":"S. Yeon, W. Kang, J. Lee, Kwanwoo Song, Y. Chae, K. Lee","doi":"10.1115/es2021-63997","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/es2021-63997","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 In this study, an artificial neural network (ANN) based real-time predictive control and optimization algorithm for a chiller-based cooling system was developed and applied to an actual building to analyze its cooling energy saving effects through in-situ application and actual measurements. For this purpose, we set the cooling tower’s condenser water outlet temperature and the chiller’s chilled water outlet temperature as the system control variables. During the analysis, unexpected abnormal data were observed due to insufficient training data and a limited consideration of the outdoor air wet-bulb temperature when determining the condenser water temperature set-point. Therefore, it is necessary to build training data under a wide range of conditions and to set the condenser water temperature set-point lower limit to be outdoor air wet-bulb temperature +3.6°C in the outdoor wet-bulb temperature region above 23°C, so that further energy savings can be achieved.","PeriodicalId":256237,"journal":{"name":"ASME 2021 15th International Conference on Energy Sustainability","volume":"72 5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131413246","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Using Molding to Fabricate Stable Salt Structures for Thermochemical Energy Storage","authors":"A. Gladen, F. Azarmi","doi":"10.1115/es2021-63188","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/es2021-63188","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The present work investigates using a molding technique to fabricate stable salt structures for thermochemical energy storage. Two type of salts were investigated: pure MgSO4 and a blend of 53% CaCl2 with 47% MgSO4. These salts were mixed with two common binders and hot pressed. Various post-hot-pressing conditions were considered including the debinding temperature, whether the sample was sintered, and the sintering temperature. The samples were subjected to combined hydration and thermal cycling. The hydration reaction was monitored by measuring the relative humidity. The samples were visibly inspected for changes between each half cycle. The results indicate that molding can result in stable structures. All the samples of 53wt%CaCl2+47%wtMgSO4 and one sample of pure MgSO4 retained their integrity through the course of cycling. Of the samples that did not retain their integrity through cycling, the results show that fabrication parameters can be used to improve the cycle stability of the molded sample. The hydration data shows that, for the samples that retained their structure, stable hydration rates were achieved. This indicates that the structure stabilized. These results show the feasibility of using molding or similar manufacturing techniques to fabricate a stable structure of hygroscopic salts for thermochemical-based, thermal energy storage.","PeriodicalId":256237,"journal":{"name":"ASME 2021 15th International Conference on Energy Sustainability","volume":"33 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115524935","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}