{"title":"Dynamic range estimation for nonlinear systems","authors":"Bin Wu, Jianwen Zhu, F. Najm","doi":"10.1109/ICCAD.2004.1382658","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICCAD.2004.1382658","url":null,"abstract":"It has been widely recognized that the dynamic range information of an application can be exploited to reduce the datapath bitwidth of either processors or ASICs, and therefore the overall circuit area, delay and power consumption. While recent advances in analytical dynamic range estimation can deliver results accurate enough to account for both spatial and temporal correlation, the reported methods are only valid for linear systems. In this paper, we use a powerful mathematical tool, called polynomial chaos, which enables not only the orthogonal decomposition of random processes, but also the propagation of random processes through nonlinear systems with difficult constructs such as multiplications, divisions and conditionals. We show that when applied to interesting nonlinear applications such as adaptive filters, polynomial filters and rational filters, this method can produce complete, accurate statistics of each internal variable, thereby allowing the synthesis of bitwidth with the desired tradeoff between circuit performance and signal-to-noise ratio.","PeriodicalId":255227,"journal":{"name":"IEEE/ACM International Conference on Computer Aided Design, 2004. ICCAD-2004.","volume":"64 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-11-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134493919","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Application-specific buffer space allocation for networks-on-chip router design","authors":"Jingcao Hu, R. Marculescu","doi":"10.1109/ICCAD.2004.1382601","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICCAD.2004.1382601","url":null,"abstract":"We present a system-level buffer planning algorithm that can be used to customize the router design in networks-on-chip (NoCs). More precisely, given the traffic characteristics of the target application and the buffering space budget, our algorithm automatically assigns the buffer depth for each input channel, in different routers across the chip, to match the communication pattern, such that the overall performance is maximized. This is in deep contrast with the uniform assignment of buffering resources (currently used in NoC design) which can significantly degrade the overall system performance. For instance, for a complex audio/video application, about 85% savings in buffering resources can be achieved by smart buffer allocation using our algorithm without any reduction in performance.","PeriodicalId":255227,"journal":{"name":"IEEE/ACM International Conference on Computer Aided Design, 2004. ICCAD-2004.","volume":"117 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-11-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133858806","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Banked scratch-pad memory management for reducing leakage energy consumption","authors":"M. Kandemir, M. J. Irwin, Guilin Chen, I. Kolcu","doi":"10.1109/ICCAD.2004.1382555","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICCAD.2004.1382555","url":null,"abstract":"Current trends indicate that leakage energy consumption will be an important concern in upcoming process technologies. We propose a compiler-based leakage energy optimization strategy for on-chip scratch-pad memories (SPMs). The idea is to divide SPM into banks and use compiler-guided data layout optimization and data migration to maximize SPM bank idleness, thereby increasing the chances of placing banks into low-power (low-leakage) state.","PeriodicalId":255227,"journal":{"name":"IEEE/ACM International Conference on Computer Aided Design, 2004. ICCAD-2004.","volume":"80 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-11-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114975026","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Engineering details of a stable force-directed placer","authors":"Kristofer Vorwerk, A. Kennings, A. Vannelli","doi":"10.1109/ICCAD.2004.1382642","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICCAD.2004.1382642","url":null,"abstract":"Analytic placement methods that simultaneously minimize wire length and spread cells are receiving renewed attention from both academia and industry. We describe the implementation details of a force-directed placer, FDP. Specifically, we provide: (1) a description of efficient force computation for spreading cells; (2) an illustration of numerical instability in these methods and a means by which these instabilities are avoided; (3) spread metrics for measuring cell distribution throughout the placement region; and (4) a complementary technique which aids in directly minimizing HPWL. We present results comparing our analytic placer to other academic tools for both standard cell and mixed-size designs. Compared to Kraftwerk and Capo 8.7, our tool produces results with an average improvement of 9% and 3%, respectively.","PeriodicalId":255227,"journal":{"name":"IEEE/ACM International Conference on Computer Aided Design, 2004. ICCAD-2004.","volume":"4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-11-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115152771","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Diagnosis of small-signal parameters for broadband amplifiers through S-parameter measurements and sensitivity-guided evolutionary search","authors":"Fang Liu, S. Ozev, M. Brooke","doi":"10.1109/ICCAD.2004.1382654","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICCAD.2004.1382654","url":null,"abstract":"With increasing uncertainties in the modeling and processing of semiconductor devices, it is essential that the sources of failures be identified once the devices are manufactured. We present a methodology to diagnose the problems in broadband amplifiers by determining the most important small signal parameters of the internal transistors. We use an evolutionary algorithm specifically designed to mimic the expected errors to ensure fast convergence to the correct solution. Sensitivity analysis is used to determine the set of the most impactful small signal parameters and to guide the evolutionary search. Experimental results indicate the proposed algorithm determines the parameters accurately and it scales well in terms of accuracy and computation time.","PeriodicalId":255227,"journal":{"name":"IEEE/ACM International Conference on Computer Aided Design, 2004. ICCAD-2004.","volume":"5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-11-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116778554","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Dynamic transition relation simplification for bounded property checking","authors":"A. Kuehlmann","doi":"10.1109/ICCAD.2004.1382542","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICCAD.2004.1382542","url":null,"abstract":"Bounded model checking (BMC) is an incomplete property checking method that is based on a finite unfolding of the transition relation to disprove the correctness of a set of properties or to prove them for a limited execution length from the initial states. Current BMC techniques repeatedly concatenate the original transition relation to unfold the circuit with increasing depths. In this paper we present a method that is based on a dual unfolding scheme. The first unfolding is non-initialized and progressively simplifies concatenated frames of the transition relation. The tail of the simplified frames is then applied in the second unfolding, which starts from the initial state and checks the properties. We use a circuit graph representation for all functions and perform simplification by merging vertices that are functionally equivalent under given input constraints. In the noninitialized unfolding, previous time frames progressively tighten these constraints thus leading to an asymptotic simplification of the transition relation. As a side benefit, our method can find inductive invariants constructively by detecting when vertices are functionally equivalent across time frames. This information is then used to further simplify the transition relation and, in some cases, prove unbounded correctness of properties. Our experiments using industrial property checking problems demonstrate that the presented method significantly improves the efficiency of BMC.","PeriodicalId":255227,"journal":{"name":"IEEE/ACM International Conference on Computer Aided Design, 2004. ICCAD-2004.","volume":"23 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-11-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114829321","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"SILENT: serialized low energy transmission coding for on-chip interconnection networks","authors":"Kangmin Lee, Se-Joong Lee, H. Yoo","doi":"10.1109/ICCAD.2004.1382618","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICCAD.2004.1382618","url":null,"abstract":"On-chip source-synchronous serial communication has many advantages over multi-bit parallel communication in the aspects of skew, crosstalk area cost, wiring difficulty, and clock synchronization. However, the serial wire tends to dissipate more energy than parallel bus due to the bit multiplexing. We propose a coding method to reduce the transmission energy of the serial communication by minimizing the number of transitions on the serial wire. We demonstrate the significant energy saving in a multimedia application, 3D graphics. We also apply the coding technique to a CMOS SoC implementation which integrates various processing units with packet switched on-chip networks.","PeriodicalId":255227,"journal":{"name":"IEEE/ACM International Conference on Computer Aided Design, 2004. ICCAD-2004.","volume":"22 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-11-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121566597","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A provably good algorithm for high performance bus routing","authors":"Muhammet Mustafa Ozdal, Martin D. F. Wong","doi":"10.1109/ICCAD.2004.1382690","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICCAD.2004.1382690","url":null,"abstract":"As the clock frequencies used in industrial applications increase, the timing requirements on routing problems become tighter, and current routing tools can not successfully handle these constraints any more. We focus on the high-performance single-layer bus routing problem, where the objective is to match the lengths of all nets belonging to each bus. An effective approach to solve this problem is to allocate extra routing resources around short nets during routing; and use those resources for length extension afterwards. We first propose a provably optimal algorithm for routing nets with min-area max-length constraints. Then, we extend this algorithm to the case where minimum constraints are given as exact length bounds. We also prove that this algorithm is optimal within a constant factor. Both algorithms proposed are also shown to be scalable for large circuits, since the respective time complexities are O(A) and O(A log A), where A is the area of the intermediate region between chips.","PeriodicalId":255227,"journal":{"name":"IEEE/ACM International Conference on Computer Aided Design, 2004. ICCAD-2004.","volume":"336 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-11-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123336357","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Yangfeng Su, Jian Wang, Xuan Zeng, Z. Bai, C. Chiang, Dian Zhou
{"title":"SAPOR: second-order Arnoldi method for passive order reduction of RCS circuits","authors":"Yangfeng Su, Jian Wang, Xuan Zeng, Z. Bai, C. Chiang, Dian Zhou","doi":"10.1109/ICCAD.2004.1382546","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICCAD.2004.1382546","url":null,"abstract":"The recently-introduced susceptance element exhibits many prominent features in modeling the on-chip magnetic couplings. For an RCS circuit, it is better to be formulated as a second-order system. Therefore, corresponding MOR (model-order reduction) techniques for second-order systems are desired to efficiently deal with the ever-increasing circuit scale and to preserve essential model properties. We first review the existing MOR methods for RCS circuits, such as ENOR and SMOR, and discuss several key issues related to numerical stability and accuracy of the methods. Then, a technique, SAPOR (second-order Arnoldi method for passive order reduction), is proposed to effectively address these issues. Based on an implementation of a generalized second-order Arnoldi method, SAPOR is numerically stable and efficient. Meanwhile, the reduced-order system also guarantees passivity.","PeriodicalId":255227,"journal":{"name":"IEEE/ACM International Conference on Computer Aided Design, 2004. ICCAD-2004.","volume":"34 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-11-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124463181","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"DAG-aware circuit compression for formal verification","authors":"Per Bjesse, Arne Borälv","doi":"10.1109/ICCAD.2004.1382541","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICCAD.2004.1382541","url":null,"abstract":"The choice of representation for circuits and Boolean formulae in a formal verification tool is important for two reasons. First of all, representation compactness is necessary in order to keep the memory consumption low. This is witnessed by the importance of maximum processable design size for equivalence checkers. Second, many formal verification algorithms are sensitive to redundancies in the design that is processed. To address these concerns, three different auto-compressing representations for Boolean circuit networks and formulas have been suggested in the literature. We attempt to find a blend of features from these alternatives that allows us to remove as much redundancy as possible while not sacrificing runtime. By studying how the network representation size varies when we change parameters, we show that the use of only one operator node is suboptimal, and demonstrate that the most powerful of the proposed reduction rules, two-level minimization, actually can be harmful. We correct the bad behavior of two-level optimization by devising a simple linear simplification algorithm that can remove tens of thousands of nodes on examples where all obvious redundancies already have been removed. The combination of our compactor with the simplest representation outperforms all of the alternatives we have studied, with a theoretical runtime bound that is at least as good as the three studied representations.","PeriodicalId":255227,"journal":{"name":"IEEE/ACM International Conference on Computer Aided Design, 2004. ICCAD-2004.","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-11-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130374778","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}