DIET FACTOR (Journal of Nutritional & Food Sciences)最新文献

{"title":"Chemical Characterisation of Tamarind Plum Squash","authors":"M. Yasir Rafique, Misbah Arshad, Zinab Sharmeen, Majida Umar Nasib, S. Bashir, N. Huda","doi":"10.54393/df.v3i1.49","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54393/df.v3i1.49","url":null,"abstract":"Tamarind plum containing red flesh when peeled is very intriguing fruit due to its high content of bioactive compounds, such as the anthocyanins and other polyphenolic compounds with a high antioxidant capacity. These natural substances found in plum acts to prevent diseases, including diabetes and cancer. Objective: In this study squash was prepared with tamarind plum to evaluate the quality and shelf-life extension of the fruit at different concentrations. Methods: The tamarind plum was used to prepare squash with different percentages of tamarind juice and plum juice but at same percentages of sugar, water, and sodium benzoic acid. Prepared squash was filled in polyethylene terephthalate bottles and analysed after 0, 15, 30, 45, 60, 75, and 90 days of storage. The tamarind plum squash was subjected to total phenolic compounds, pH, TSS, Titratable acidity, reducing and non-reducing sugar, and sugar acid ratio. Result: Maximum TSS (49.54), ascorbic acid (33.46), pH (2.29), titratable acidity (2.11), reducing sugar (24.29), and non-reducing sugar (37.64) was observed in squash prepared using tamarind juice (350ml), plum juice (400), sodium benzoic acid, sugar and water (2g, 1kg and 250ml). Storage showed significant effect on reducing sugar and non-reducing sugar, ascorbic acid, pH and titratable acidity during nineteen-day storage. Conclusion: On the basis of above results it was concluded that sample TPS3 show best in keeping quality during storage time intervals. Hence, the results of sample TPS3 of tamarind plum blended squash is more recommended in terms of commercial use and for large scale industrial production. Squash prepared from tamarind and plum are more acceptable to consumers because of sour test, need commercialisation.","PeriodicalId":253971,"journal":{"name":"DIET FACTOR (Journal of Nutritional & Food Sciences)","volume":"18 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116314534","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Physical And Sensory Evaluation of Peanut Yogurt","authors":"Misbah Arshad, Zainab Sharmeen, A. Nawaz, A. Iqbal","doi":"10.54393/df.v3i1.48","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54393/df.v3i1.48","url":null,"abstract":"The word “yogurt” is related to the Turkish word “jaukurt” which means thick milk. Yogurt refers to a fermented milk product made by using selected microorganisms to develop not only the characteristic flavor but also body and texture. Peanut is one of the important nutrients which has significant amount of all essential nutrients. Objective: In this study physical and sensory properties of peanut yogurt are evaluated by using different scientifically proved sensory evaluation methods.  Methods: Organoleptic evaluation of yogurt showed that storage as well as treatments had significant effect on all sensory parameters and a progressive deterioration in flavor, body & texture and appearance of yogurt under various preparatory treatments. Results: Among treatments, highest scores were awarded to treatment containing 10 % peanut milk, 80 % skimmed milk liquid, 9 % skimmed milk powder and 1 % sugar, for all parameters and minimum changes were noted in it during the whole period of study. Recent investigation revealed that treatment T1 (10 % peanut milk) was comparatively best for manufacturing of peanut milk yogurt followed by T2 (20 % peanut milk + 70 % skimmed milk liquid + 9 % skimmed milk powder + 1 % sugar) while peanut milk yogurt from (30 % peanut milk + 60 % skimmed milk liquid + 9 % skimmed milk powder + 1 % sugar) had the lowest degree of firmness and organoleptic acceptance. Conclusion: It was noticed that correlation among fat, total solids and protein contents in peanut milk affect the extent of serum separation and pH of yogurt and ultimately the texture and overall acceptability of yogurt.","PeriodicalId":253971,"journal":{"name":"DIET FACTOR (Journal of Nutritional & Food Sciences)","volume":"13 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129313067","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"GASTROESOPHAGEAL REFLUX DISEASE","authors":"Tabassum Tufail","doi":"10.54393/df.v3i1.31","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54393/df.v3i1.31","url":null,"abstract":"Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is a chronic disease usually caused by the reflux of acidic gastric and duodenal contents into the distal esophagus. Major symptoms of GERD are acidity, heartburn, acid regurgitation, and chest pain. It is a digestive disease with the direct medical costs estimated around 9.3 billion dollars annually, and with the symptoms portending a low quality of life. The most common and known phenotype of GERD is Reflux esophagitis (RE). Many countries has a high prevalence of GERD, Especially in USA, about 44% of Americans suffer from GERD symptoms at least once monthly, 17% once weekly, and 7% once daily. Traditionally, GERD is less common in Asians. The overall prevalence of RE in Japanese adults is about 16%. Aging causes various physiologic changes in GIT that may increase the risk of developing complications such as GERD. Age-related changes in the physiology of the esophagus can be divided into two categories: motility and sensory. In general, changes in esophageal motility are mild and tend to be quiet in an older patient. It is possible that both the motility and nerve changes observed in the esophagus of older patients, combined with lower comorbidities and medication use, lead to a higher risk of esophageal mucosa to reflux and cause inflammation and development of GERD-related problems. Previously, it was thought that gastric acid release decreased with age, but further research revealed that the underlying mechanism may have been Helicobacter pylori infection that eventually developed atrophic gastritis. As the prevalence of Helicobacter pylori infection has decreased over the last 3-4 decades, more recent studies have shown that gastric acid secretion is maintained normally in more than 80% of elderly subjects. Comorbidity and commonly used drugs can reduce esophageal sphincter tone, esophageal clearance mechanisms, and saliva production. \u0000A low-fat diet likely contributes to a more favorable stomach distribution. Male gender, civil servant, smoking, strong tea, alcohol consumption, meat diet and body mass index (BMI) are risk factors associated with GERD. In many countries, dietary fat, cholesterol, saturated fatty acid (SFA), dietary fiber, and other nutrients are associated with GERD. An epidemiological study showed a link between high fat intake and GERD. Also, dietary fiber, particularly cereal fiber, has been found to reduce the risk of adenocarcinoma of the esophagus and stomach, of which GERD is a well-known risk factor. The mechanism may be that dietary fiber reduces the intake of gastric nitrites, which is thought to promote reflux by relaxing the lower esophageal sphincter (LES). A high-fiber diet has played a protective role in GERD. However, dietary fiber reduced the number of gastroesophageal refluxes, but increased their duration, and had no significant effect on gastric emptying and gastric acid secretion. Diet plays an important role in controlling acid reflux symptoms and is the first li","PeriodicalId":253971,"journal":{"name":"DIET FACTOR (Journal of Nutritional & Food Sciences)","volume":"7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124254172","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prognostic Significance of Cellular Iron Metabolism in Breast Cancer","authors":"Amber Hassan, T. Faridi, I. Tanvir, U. Rafi","doi":"10.54393/df.v2i2.25","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54393/df.v2i2.25","url":null,"abstract":"Cancer is caused due to rapid and uncontrolled growth of cells. Among females, breast cancer is one of the most prevalent types of cancer globally. The most common risk factors for developing breast cancer are family history and estrogens. Radiation exposure, alcohol use, tobacco smoking, age and race are other risk factors of developing breast cancer. Objective: Aim of the present study was to check iron expression in the biopsies of patients with different grades of breast cancer and to see the prognostic significance of cellular iron metabolism in breast cancer. Methods: A total of 24 breast biopsies were studied using cross sectional study design, among which 19 cases were poorly differentiated, 5 cases were moderately differentiated and there was no case of well differentiated breast carcinoma. These total 24 biopsies were taken between age 20 to 80 years and all patients were females. Results: Among the 5  moderately differentiated cases ,2 cases  (40%) were positive for iron staining and among 19 poorly differentiated cases, 8 cases (42%) were positive for iron staining. patients between age group 41-80 were more iron positive. Conclusion: It has been concluded that iron plays a significant role in the development of breast cancer. Both excess and deficient iron levels can potentially affect prognosis of breast cancer.","PeriodicalId":253971,"journal":{"name":"DIET FACTOR (Journal of Nutritional & Food Sciences)","volume":"15 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115376691","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Squamous Cell Carcinoma and its Association to different chewing Habits in Punjab, Pakistan","authors":"Maria Siddiqui, Umar Raees, B. Hassan","doi":"10.54393/df.v2i2.36","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54393/df.v2i2.36","url":null,"abstract":"Oral squamous cell carcinoma is the world’s most prevalent and alarming cancerous disorder. Primarily it was found that elderly men are mostly affected by this disease due to tobacco and excessive use of alcohol. However, some studies also show a higher incidence of OSCC among young patients less than 40 years of age. Objective: To assess the risk factors for oral squamous cell carcinoma in Lahore. Methods:  A randomized retrospective study was performed at Mayo hospital, Lahore. 52 patients suffering from diagnosed oral squamous cell carcinoma were selected as sample from different districts of Punjab, Pakistan. Data was collected by using pre-tested questionnaire. Results: Among all patients 87.50 % patients were addicted to different habits i.e. smoking (23.07%) and some chewing habits such as Paan (8.65%), Sapari (2.88%), Naswar (16.34%) and some patients were found to be addicted to a combination of factors like (Smoking and Paan 2.88%), (Smoking and Naswar 18.26%), (Smoking and Sapari 3.84%), (Paan and naswar 4.80%) and (Paan and Supari 6.73%). The ages of patients were mostly above than 35 years; only 4 patients were below than 35 years. Conclusion: Present data and measures to gratify and slow down the progress of OSCC are scarce. Steps should be taken to create awareness regarding risk factors of OSCC, early diagnosis and how effective treatment can make a difference.","PeriodicalId":253971,"journal":{"name":"DIET FACTOR (Journal of Nutritional & Food Sciences)","volume":"75 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121029139","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dietary Pattern Among Infertile Women: A Cross-sectional Study","authors":"Hina Asif, Mahvish Kabir, Maimoona Ashfaq, Misbah Arshad, S. Saeed","doi":"10.54393/df.v2i2.21","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54393/df.v2i2.21","url":null,"abstract":"Infertility is one of the leading disorders and effecting large number of populations. Imbalanced dietary pattern can disturb fertility in women. The diet we consumed has huge input in the occurrence of fertility or infertility in women. Objective: To determine the role of dietary pattern in the occurrence of infertility among married women. Methods: Cross-sectional study was conducted in public sector hospital of Lahore on 100 infertile females from reproductive age to premenopausal years of life in married women. Results: Age group ranges from 27-32 years female were infertile. 56/100 females consumed refined carbohydrate and 89 out of 100 consumed sugar daily in diet. Several dietary factors were found to be involved in infertility among women. Conclusions: It has been concluded that imbalanced dietary routine can directly cause infertility in women of various age. Women who consumed refined carbs, high fat and low dairy items, thus results in failure to conceive or have a successful pregnancy.","PeriodicalId":253971,"journal":{"name":"DIET FACTOR (Journal of Nutritional & Food Sciences)","volume":"57 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124021277","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Gestational Diabetes Mellitus","authors":"S. Khalid","doi":"10.54393/df.v2i02.18","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54393/df.v2i02.18","url":null,"abstract":"Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) refers to chronic hyperglycemia during pregnancy in women with no diabetic history before pregnancy. As per the surveys it is estimated that gestational diabetes affects 16% of pregnancies worldwide. This percentage is increasing day by day. Most of the cases of GDM suffer from glucose intolerance because of impaired pancreatic β-cell during pregnancy. Although GDM vanishes after delivery but may cause fetal macrosomia, type-2 diabetes, and maternal CVD are some of the main outcomes of gestational diabetes. In the long-term effect of GDM, a child may suffer from obesity, type-2 diabetes as well as heart diseases at later ages [1].\u0000Several factors work as a root cause of GDM like pregnancy after 35 years of age, genetic history of diabetes, obesity, nutrients deficiency (especially micronutrients), and high consumption of western diet. Gestational diabetes opens ways for diabetes and obesity from generation to generation. At present time, under advanced medical technologies, we still have no instant procedure for treating gestational diabetes completely except modifying diet and physical activity to maintain GDM till delivery. Oral medications of gestational diabetes work well but can cause long-term health issues in both mother and child. To manage these consequences of GDM and to develop the latest strategies it is important to understand gestational diabetes from its roots [2-3].\u0000Public health researchers and clinicians are highly concerned about the alarming situation of the increased number of gestational diabetes all over the world. This condition is directly causing economic crisis as well as declining health conditions of the vast number of populations. Due to the lack of treatments for GDM, researchers often debate upon several interventions to treat gestational diabetes mellitus. The main concern for researching GDM is higher complications during pregnancies due to gestational diabetes. These complications include higher chances of C-sections, shoulder dystocia in case of vaginal delivery, and more chances that the infant is born with a hypoglycemic condition. Medical petitioners often recommended oral glycemic control medications, healthy weight management, and exercise to females diagnosed with GDM but, these strategies are not enough. It is mandatory to rule out more possible causes and indicators of gestational diabetes mellitus before it appears. It is a need of hours to upgrade strategies and interventions to protect future generations from the outcomes of GDM. It can only be possible with advanced research, experiments and surveys so we can play a potent role in developing emerging techniques for the best possible treatment of gestational diabetes mellitus for future generations [4].","PeriodicalId":253971,"journal":{"name":"DIET FACTOR (Journal of Nutritional & Food Sciences)","volume":"129 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122447805","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Gestational Diabetes Mellitus","authors":"S. Khalid","doi":"10.54393/df.v2i2.18","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54393/df.v2i2.18","url":null,"abstract":"Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) refers to chronic hyperglycemia during pregnancy in women with no diabetic history before pregnancy. As per the surveys it is estimated that gestational diabetes affects 16% of pregnancies worldwide. This percentage is increasing day by day. Most of the cases of GDM suffer from glucose intolerance because of impaired pancreatic β-cell during pregnancy. Although GDM vanishes after delivery but may cause fetal macrosomia, type-2 diabetes, and maternal CVD are some of the main outcomes of gestational diabetes. In the long-term effect of GDM, a child may suffer from obesity, type-2 diabetes as well as heart diseases at later ages [1].\u0000Several factors work as a root cause of GDM like pregnancy after 35 years of age, genetic history of diabetes, obesity, nutrients deficiency (especially micronutrients), and high consumption of western diet. Gestational diabetes opens ways for diabetes and obesity from generation to generation. At present time, under advanced medical technologies, we still have no instant procedure for treating gestational diabetes completely except modifying diet and physical activity to maintain GDM till delivery. Oral medications of gestational diabetes work well but can cause long-term health issues in both mother and child. To manage these consequences of GDM and to develop the latest strategies it is important to understand gestational diabetes from its roots [2-3].\u0000Public health researchers and clinicians are highly concerned about the alarming situation of the increased number of gestational diabetes all over the world. This condition is directly causing economic crisis as well as declining health conditions of the vast number of populations. Due to the lack of treatments for GDM, researchers often debate upon several interventions to treat gestational diabetes mellitus. The main concern for researching GDM is higher complications during pregnancies due to gestational diabetes. These complications include higher chances of C-sections, shoulder dystocia in case of vaginal delivery, and more chances that the infant is born with a hypoglycemic condition. Medical petitioners often recommended oral glycemic control medications, healthy weight management, and exercise to females diagnosed with GDM but, these strategies are not enough. It is mandatory to rule out more possible causes and indicators of gestational diabetes mellitus before it appears. It is a need of hours to upgrade strategies and interventions to protect future generations from the outcomes of GDM. It can only be possible with advanced research, experiments and surveys so we can play a potent role in developing emerging techniques for the best possible treatment of gestational diabetes mellitus for future generations [4].","PeriodicalId":253971,"journal":{"name":"DIET FACTOR (Journal of Nutritional & Food Sciences)","volume":"32 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122789449","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nutraceutical Properties of Water Chestnut","authors":"Hajra Mir Alam, Rubab Nadeem, Ghulam Rubab, Hania Bilal, Huria Arooj, Iqra Ashraf, Mashal Hassan, Laiba Nasir, B. Rizwan, Shehreen Shehzad, Rameesha Tariq","doi":"10.54393/df.v2i2.34","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54393/df.v2i2.34","url":null,"abstract":"Trapa natans or Water chestnut is a significant plant because of its unconditional benefits it has great importance in Indian Ayurvedic medication that is being used in the issues of the stomach, genitourinary framework, liver, kidney, and spleen. It could be severe, astringent, stomachic, diuretic, febrifuge, and disinfectant. Synthetic investigation of the fresh fruits and nuts having a significant amount of water content citrus extract and new organic product which validates its significance as dietary food additionally detailed low unrefined lipid, and significant mineral present with affirming great measure of minerals as an iron and manganese potassium were contained in the natural fruit. In this paper, the ongoing reports on dietary, phytochemical, and pharmacological parts of Trapa natans, as a neutraceutical and nourishing food, are reviewed.","PeriodicalId":253971,"journal":{"name":"DIET FACTOR (Journal of Nutritional & Food Sciences)","volume":"71 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121323922","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Protective and Therapeutic Potentials of Corn Silk: A Review","authors":"Ayesha Amjad, B. Rizwan, S. Jabeen, S. Bashir","doi":"10.54393/df.v2i02.19","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54393/df.v2i02.19","url":null,"abstract":"Corn Silk is a beneficial herb that possesses health-promoting nutrients, including flavonoids. It has been found safe for human consumption and used to treat many diseases like urinary tract infections, asthma, hypertension, dropsy, and pathological swelling. It has also been found advantageous against oxidative stress, hyperglycemia, urinary tract infections, edema, prostate disorders, cystitis, obesity, nephrotoxicity and renal dysfunction. The phytochemical in Corn Silk possesses antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. The bioactive compounds in Corn Silk that are beneficial for health include vitamins, carbohydrates, magnesium, proteins, calcium, sodium and magnesium salts, alkaloids, steroids, volatile salts, potassium, flavonoids, and many other phenolic compounds. Maysin is one of the flavonoids in Corn Silk. This review highlights the therapeutic effects of Corn Silk in healthcare.","PeriodicalId":253971,"journal":{"name":"DIET FACTOR (Journal of Nutritional & Food Sciences)","volume":"12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132082939","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}