妊娠期糖尿病

S. Khalid
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摘要

妊娠期糖尿病(Gestational diabetes mellitus, GDM)是指妊娠前无糖尿病病史的妇女在妊娠期间发生的慢性高血糖症。根据调查,估计妊娠糖尿病影响全世界16%的孕妇。这一比例正在与日俱增。妊娠期胰腺β细胞受损,导致GDM患者出现葡萄糖耐受不良。虽然妊娠糖尿病在分娩后消失,但可能导致胎儿巨大儿,2型糖尿病和母体心血管疾病是妊娠糖尿病的一些主要结局。在GDM的长期影响中,儿童可能在晚年出现肥胖、2型糖尿病以及心脏疾病[1]。有几个因素是GDM的根本原因,如35岁以后怀孕、糖尿病的遗传史、肥胖、营养缺乏(尤其是微量营养素)和大量食用西方饮食。妊娠期糖尿病为一代又一代的糖尿病和肥胖症开辟了道路。目前,在先进的医疗技术下,除了通过改变饮食和运动来维持妊娠期糖尿病直至分娩,我们还没有完全治疗妊娠期糖尿病的即时方法。口服药物治疗妊娠期糖尿病效果很好,但可能会对母亲和孩子造成长期的健康问题。为了管理妊娠糖尿病的这些后果并制定最新的策略,从根源上了解妊娠糖尿病是很重要的[2-3]。全球妊娠期糖尿病患者数量不断增加,这一令人担忧的状况引起了公共卫生研究者和临床医生的高度关注。这种情况直接导致经济危机以及广大人口的健康状况下降。由于缺乏对妊娠糖尿病的治疗方法,研究人员经常争论几种干预措施来治疗妊娠糖尿病。研究妊娠糖尿病的主要问题是妊娠期间由于妊娠糖尿病引起的并发症。这些并发症包括剖腹产的几率更高,阴道分娩时肩难产,婴儿出生时低血糖的几率更高。医学请愿者经常建议口服血糖控制药物,健康体重管理和运动,女性诊断为GDM,但这些策略是不够的。在妊娠期糖尿病出现之前,必须排除更多可能的病因和指标。需要几个小时来升级战略和干预措施,以保护后代免受GDM的影响。只有通过先进的研究、实验和调查,我们才能在开发新兴技术中发挥重要作用,为后代提供最好的妊娠期糖尿病治疗方法[4]。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
Gestational Diabetes Mellitus
Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) refers to chronic hyperglycemia during pregnancy in women with no diabetic history before pregnancy. As per the surveys it is estimated that gestational diabetes affects 16% of pregnancies worldwide. This percentage is increasing day by day. Most of the cases of GDM suffer from glucose intolerance because of impaired pancreatic β-cell during pregnancy. Although GDM vanishes after delivery but may cause fetal macrosomia, type-2 diabetes, and maternal CVD are some of the main outcomes of gestational diabetes. In the long-term effect of GDM, a child may suffer from obesity, type-2 diabetes as well as heart diseases at later ages [1]. Several factors work as a root cause of GDM like pregnancy after 35 years of age, genetic history of diabetes, obesity, nutrients deficiency (especially micronutrients), and high consumption of western diet. Gestational diabetes opens ways for diabetes and obesity from generation to generation. At present time, under advanced medical technologies, we still have no instant procedure for treating gestational diabetes completely except modifying diet and physical activity to maintain GDM till delivery. Oral medications of gestational diabetes work well but can cause long-term health issues in both mother and child. To manage these consequences of GDM and to develop the latest strategies it is important to understand gestational diabetes from its roots [2-3]. Public health researchers and clinicians are highly concerned about the alarming situation of the increased number of gestational diabetes all over the world. This condition is directly causing economic crisis as well as declining health conditions of the vast number of populations. Due to the lack of treatments for GDM, researchers often debate upon several interventions to treat gestational diabetes mellitus. The main concern for researching GDM is higher complications during pregnancies due to gestational diabetes. These complications include higher chances of C-sections, shoulder dystocia in case of vaginal delivery, and more chances that the infant is born with a hypoglycemic condition. Medical petitioners often recommended oral glycemic control medications, healthy weight management, and exercise to females diagnosed with GDM but, these strategies are not enough. It is mandatory to rule out more possible causes and indicators of gestational diabetes mellitus before it appears. It is a need of hours to upgrade strategies and interventions to protect future generations from the outcomes of GDM. It can only be possible with advanced research, experiments and surveys so we can play a potent role in developing emerging techniques for the best possible treatment of gestational diabetes mellitus for future generations [4].
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