Atmospheric Environment最新文献

{"title":"Elucidating the origins of ultrafine particles in a major city using long-term datasets: Evidence of a new midday process","authors":"Hosna Movahhedinia , Nathan Hilker , Cheol-Heon Jeong , Jonathan M. Wang , Greg J. Evans","doi":"10.1016/j.atmosenv.2024.121006","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.atmosenv.2024.121006","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Ultrafine particles (UFPs) are both directly emitted from human activities and produced through atmospheric processes. The origins of ultrafine particles were explored in an urban area by analyzing 6 to 520 nm particle size data collected from 2006 to 2021 near a busy roadway in downtown Toronto, Canada. Days were classified into five categories: Strong Nucleation, Midday Pollution, Traffic Pollution, Baseline, and Mixed. Strong Nucleation days, which comprised about 6% of the days, showed long nucleation events (¿ 3 hr) with an average particle number concentration of 3.1±0.1<span><math><mrow><mo>×</mo><mn>1</mn><msup><mrow><mn>0</mn></mrow><mrow><mn>4</mn></mrow></msup></mrow></math></span> #/<span><math><msup><mrow><mi>cm</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>3</mn></mrow></msup></math></span> around noon (10 am to 2 pm). Midday Pollution days also exhibited higher particle concentrations around noon with an average of 3.3±0.06<span><math><mrow><mo>×</mo><mn>1</mn><msup><mrow><mn>0</mn></mrow><mrow><mn>4</mn></mrow></msup></mrow></math></span> #/<span><math><msup><mrow><mi>cm</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>3</mn></mrow></msup></math></span>. The higher number concentrations on these days appeared to arise from locally emitted UFP and be associated with enhanced production of UFP within vehicle exhaust plumes. The Traffic Pollution days showed morning traffic emissions, with no midday rise. The average total UFP concentration around the morning rush hour (6 am to 9 am) on these days was 2.1±0.2<span><math><mrow><mo>×</mo><mn>1</mn><msup><mrow><mn>0</mn></mrow><mrow><mn>4</mn></mrow></msup></mrow></math></span> #/<span><math><msup><mrow><mi>cm</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>3</mn></mrow></msup></math></span>. About 27% of the days had lower particle number concentrations (daily average: 1.2±0.2<span><math><mrow><mo>×</mo><mn>1</mn><msup><mrow><mn>0</mn></mrow><mrow><mn>4</mn></mrow></msup></mrow></math></span> #/<span><math><msup><mrow><mi>cm</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>3</mn></mrow></msup></math></span>) throughout the day. The number concentrations were lower on these “Baseline days” and the influence of traffic emissions was also lower but still observable in the diurnal pattern. Lastly, Mixed days were the days that showed higher than Baseline concentrations of UFP around the morning rush hour (2.0±0.06<span><math><mrow><mo>×</mo><mn>1</mn><msup><mrow><mn>0</mn></mrow><mrow><mn>4</mn></mrow></msup></mrow></math></span> #/<span><math><msup><mrow><mi>cm</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>3</mn></mrow></msup></math></span>) or midday (2.3±0.1<span><math><mrow><mo>×</mo><mn>1</mn><msup><mrow><mn>0</mn></mrow><mrow><mn>4</mn></mrow></msup></mrow></math></span> #/<span><math><msup><mrow><mi>cm</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>3</mn></mrow></msup></math></span>); UFP on these days came from a mix of traffic pollution, nucleation event, or a midday process, with no one of these sources clearly dominant. These days could not be categorized into any of these categories with confidence. Analysis of the organic ","PeriodicalId":250,"journal":{"name":"Atmospheric Environment","volume":"343 ","pages":"Article 121006"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2024-12-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143153459","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Trajectory analyses for associations of long-term exposure to air pollution with incident cardiopulmonary diseases, and death: A cohort study of UK Biobank","authors":"Miao Liu ,&nbsp;Wenya Bai ,&nbsp;Yudan Zheng ,&nbsp;Xiaomin Zhang ,&nbsp;Weiqing Chen ,&nbsp;Yiqiang Zhan","doi":"10.1016/j.atmosenv.2024.121021","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.atmosenv.2024.121021","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Although air pollution has been reported to be related to cardiopulmonary diseases, the evidence available for the effects on multimorbidity progression across different stages was unclear. Based on 273,388 residents from the UK biobank, we carried out the multistate model to explore the relations of long-term exposure to air pollution with hazard ratios (HRs) of transitions among respiratory diseases, ischemic heart disease (IHD)and death, and mediation analyses to assess the role of intermediate diseases played in such associations. During a median follow-up of 10.8 years, 11,774 participants had first respiratory diseases, of which 1,268 (10.77%) developed IHD, and 15,002 had first IHD, of which 1,336 (8.91%) developed respiratory diseases. PM_2.5, NO₂, and NO_X were consistently and significantly associated with the risk of transitions from baseline to respiratory diseases and IHD, from respiratory diseases to IHD and death, from IHD to respiratory diseases and death, particularly among overweight and obese adults. The strongest risk for IHD subsequently progressing respiratory diseases was observed with HRs (95% CI) of 1.160 (1.069, 1.259), 1.173 (1.073, 1.283), 1.123 (1.047, 1.205) whereby an interquartile range increased in PM_2.5, NO₂, and NO_X, respectively. Furthermore, intermediated diseases were partially involved in the association of air pollution with subsequent diseases and death. Accordingly, our findings provided evidence of positive and dose-responsive associations of air pollution and risk of multiple transitions among cardiopulmonary diseases, and death, particularly for IHD subsequently developed respiratory diseases, which suggesting more attention ought to pay for a far-profound influence of air pollution on respiratory and cardiovascular diseases.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":250,"journal":{"name":"Atmospheric Environment","volume":"344 ","pages":"Article 121021"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2024-12-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143308529","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Unveiling the potential gain in life expectancy by improving air quality for ambient ozone in eastern China","authors":"Jingjing Zhang ,&nbsp;Cheng Wang ,&nbsp;Yixiang Wang ,&nbsp;Minjin Peng ,&nbsp;Jiajun Shen ,&nbsp;Yalin Zhang ,&nbsp;Yuxi Tan ,&nbsp;Hao Zheng ,&nbsp;Yunquan Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.atmosenv.2024.121020","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.atmosenv.2024.121020","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Short-term ambient ozone (O₃) exposure is widely linked to heightened mortality risk, while its effects on life expectancy remain largely unstudied. This multi-city time-series study aims to assess the potential gain in life expectancy (PGLE) from reduced O₃ concentrations in eastern China. Generalized additive model was applied to quantify city-specific effects of short-term O₃ exposure on years of life lost (YLL), and associations at the provincial level were pooled through random-effects meta-analysis. By assuming that daily O₃ level met the World Health Organization air quality guideline 2021 (WHO AQG 2021) and interim target 2 (IT-2), we estimated PGLE and attributable fraction (AF) of YLL on the basis of counterfactual analysis. Approximately 1.9 million nonaccidental deaths were included in the analysis. We observed a pooled estimate of 0.44% (95% confidence interval: 0.36%, 0.52%) in excess risk and 0.56 (0.39, 0.72) years increase in YLL (per million population) for each 10-μg/m³ rise in 2-day moving average O₃. By reducing daily O₃ concentrations to WHO IT-2 and WHO AQG 2021, we estimated that 0.13 million (AF = 0.56%) and 0.22 million (AF = 0.97%) years of YLL could be avoided per million population, equivalent to the PGLE of 0.054 (0.038, 0.070) years and 0.094 (0.066, 0.121) years for each death, respectively. This study provided province-wide evidence for prolonged population life expectancy by achieving cleaner air quality for ambient O₃ in eastern China, underscoring the great public health significance through implementing more stringent standards.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":250,"journal":{"name":"Atmospheric Environment","volume":"344 ","pages":"Article 121020"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2024-12-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143308480","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Significant contributions of fresh and aged biomass burning organic aerosol from residential burning in a wintertime urban environment","authors":"Christos Kaltsonoudis ,&nbsp;Kalliopi Florou ,&nbsp;John K. Kodros ,&nbsp;Spiro D. Jorga ,&nbsp;Christina N. Vasilakopoulou ,&nbsp;Haroula D. Baliaka ,&nbsp;Angeliki Matrali ,&nbsp;Andreas Aktypis ,&nbsp;Maria P. Georgopoulou ,&nbsp;Athanasios Nenes ,&nbsp;Spyros N. Pandis","doi":"10.1016/j.atmosenv.2024.121018","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.atmosenv.2024.121018","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The biomass burning organic aerosol (BBOA) was quantified and characterized during a period of elevated emissions from residential heating at a Mediterranean urban area. Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) of the measurements from a high-resolution time-of-flight aerosol mass spectrometer (HR-ToF-AMS) indicated that biomass burning organic aerosol (BBOA) was the dominant organic aerosol (OA) component during this period accounting for 52% of the total OA with the rest of the sources being traffic (10%), cooking (13%) and oxygenated OA (OOA 24%). One fourth (25%) of the BBOA had undergone chemical aging and was identified as aged BBOA. Organonitrates correlated highly with this aged BBOA factor. Reactions of the biomass burning emissions with nitrate radicals during nighttime appeared to be the major source of aged BBOA. Our findings strongly suggest that the BBOA estimated from AMS factor analyses in urban environments during the winter is a lower limit of the biomass burning contribution to OA. A significant fraction of the OA from biomass burning is included in the OOA factor. The average PM_2.5 oxidative potential (DTT_m) measured during the campaign was 14 ± 4.5 pmol min⁻¹ μg⁻¹, elevated during periods when BBOA chemical aging was favorable.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":250,"journal":{"name":"Atmospheric Environment","volume":"343 ","pages":"Article 121018"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2024-12-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143154281","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Spatial and temporal distribution, species, and potential source analysis of atmospheric particulate mercury in the Yellow and Bohai seas","authors":"Bing Mo ,&nbsp;Yan Wang ,&nbsp;Xixi Chong ,&nbsp;Ruhai Liu ,&nbsp;Wen Zheng ,&nbsp;Xuyuan Zhou ,&nbsp;Dongting Li ,&nbsp;Xue Ding ,&nbsp;Xianxiang Luo ,&nbsp;Fengmin Li","doi":"10.1016/j.atmosenv.2024.121019","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.atmosenv.2024.121019","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The distribution characteristics of total particulate mercury (TPM), as well as the species of mercury in particulate matter in the winter and summer in the Yellow and Bohai Seas (YBS), were not well understood. Total suspended particulate matter (TSP) samples were collected to determine the concentration level, species characteristics, and potential sources of TPM in the YBS. The annual average TPM concentration in the YBS was 40.4 ± 30.1 pg/m³, and the seasonal variation of TPM followed the order of spring (63.3 ± 26.8 pg/m³), winter (49.6 ± 21.8 pg/m³) and summer (12.7 ± 11.3 pg/m³). The average TPM concentration of the Bohai Sea and the North Yellow Sea (NYS) was higher than that in the South Yellow Sea (SYS). The average concentrations of volatile particulate mercury (VPM) and reactive particulate mercury (RPM) were 0.07 pg/m³ and 0.40 pg/m³, respectively. RPM/TPM exhibited the highest levels in the SYS during the winter and summer seasons. Polluted air masses from northern China in winter, southern China (such as Jiangsu and Zhejiang regions) in spring, eastern coastal provinces of China, and parts of Japan and South Korea in summer were identified as significant sources of TPM in the YBS. Coal combustion accounted for 77.4% of the total TPM emissions, which was the main source of TPM in the YBS. Secondary aerosol played an important role in the transformation of particulate mercury species. The total annual dry deposition of TPM in the YBS was estimated to be 11.6 t/yr, highlighting the significant role of dry deposition as a source of mercury in the YBS.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":250,"journal":{"name":"Atmospheric Environment","volume":"343 ","pages":"Article 121019"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2024-12-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143154283","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Unveiling PM2.5 sources: Double and tracer conjugate PMF approaches for high-resolution organic, BC, and inorganic PM2.5 data","authors":"Mohd Faisal ,&nbsp;Umer Ali ,&nbsp;Ajit Kumar ,&nbsp;Mayank Kumar ,&nbsp;Vikram Singh","doi":"10.1016/j.atmosenv.2024.121011","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.atmosenv.2024.121011","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A number of recent source apportionment studies have explored high-time resolution organic particulate matter, elemental particulate matter (PM), and Black Carbon (BC) datasets and attributed them independently to specific sources. However, proper unmixing of the actual sources operational on the ground most of the time cannot be achieved based on such an independent source apportionment approach, especially owing to the presence of secondary aerosol factors. Therefore, a combined analysis of all major PM_2.5 species is needed to better recognize the actual physical sources. Accordingly, in this study, using a combined dataset consisting of non-refractory PM_2.5 organic factors/major <em>m/z</em> signals from organics, elements, and BC, we evaluated two disparate factor analytic methodologies – namely, double-PMF (D-PMF) and Tracer-conjugate PMF (TC-PMF), to apportion PM_2.5 sources in Delhi winter (from December 15, 2020 to February 28, 2021) through real-time instrumentation (ACSM, Xact, and Aethalometer(AXA)). During the study period, the average PM_2.5 concentration was 182 μg/m³ (C-PM_2.5 = sum of NR-PM_2.5 (Organics, NO₃⁻, SO₄⁻², NH₄⁺), BC, and elements). For D-PMF, organic aerosols (OA) were initially deconvolved with positive matrix factorization (PMF) into hydrocarbon-like OA (HOA), biomass burning OA (BBOA), low volatile oxidized OA (LVOOA 1 and 2) and semi-volatile oxidized organic aerosols (SVOOA) before being coupled with elemental species and BC for a second PMF. The TC-PMF combined the major <em>m/z</em> signals from organics with the elemental species and BC. Both D-PMF and TC-PMF identified biomass burning, industrial, waste incineration, dust-related, traffic, secondary chloride, Pb-rich, power plant, and LVOOA dominated as the sources. Both solutions (D-PMF, TC-PMF) were found to be dominated by biomass burning (33.3% and 26.5%), followed by the power plant (27.4% and 18.4%) and the LVOOA dominant (14.2% and 18.6%) factors. The D-PMF and TC-PMF improved the interpretation of organic factor sources, such as apportioning considerable contributions of LVOOA2 (85%) to the power plant factor, which is often linked with regionally carried aged OA in the Organics PMF (O-PMF). Lastly, the D-PMF results significantly agreed with TC-PMF, indicating that either of the two techniques could be used to unmix the complex variety of PM_2.5 sources in the Delhi-NCR (National Capital Region) region and, arguably, the larger Indo-Gangetic Plains.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":250,"journal":{"name":"Atmospheric Environment","volume":"343 ","pages":"Article 121011"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2024-12-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143154326","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mechanisms of synoptic circulation patterns influencing winter/spring PM2.5 concentrations in South Korea","authors":"Jung-Eun Esther Kim ,&nbsp;Changhyun Yoo","doi":"10.1016/j.atmosenv.2024.121016","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.atmosenv.2024.121016","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study comprehensively analyzes the spatiotemporal distribution of the meteorological variables and large-scale atmospheric patterns that produce high concentrations of particulate matter with aerodynamic diameters below 2.5 μm (PM_2.5) in South Korea. Through self-organizing map (SOM) analysis of upper-level geopotential height fields and aerosol optical depth (AOD), the recurring coupled patterns of the large-scale circulation and the AOD are classified into three clusters associated with high pollution episodes that frequently occur in spring and winter. In addition, the long-range transport is investigated for each SOM type using the Hybrid Single-Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory model, which provides a comprehensive understanding of the factors influencing PM_2.5 levels. An analysis of frequency shows an increasing trend in one of the three spring patterns. Results from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 indicate a continued increase in frequency for the aforementioned pattern with rising surface temperatures. Our findings underscore the importance of understanding synoptic-scale effects on PM_2.5 variability to inform mitigation strategies in the context of climate change.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":250,"journal":{"name":"Atmospheric Environment","volume":"343 ","pages":"Article 121016"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2024-12-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143154282","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluating air pollution and BTEX exposure effects on DNA damage: A human biomonitoring study in Zagreb, Croatia","authors":"Katarina Matković ,&nbsp;Andreja Jurič ,&nbsp;Ivana Jakovljević ,&nbsp;Luka Kazensky ,&nbsp;Mirta Milić ,&nbsp;Vilena Kašuba ,&nbsp;Silvije Davila ,&nbsp;Gordana Pehnec ,&nbsp;Irena Brčić Karačonji ,&nbsp;Ante Cvitković ,&nbsp;Pascal Wild ,&nbsp;Irina Guseva Canu ,&nbsp;Nancy B. Hopf ,&nbsp;Goran Gajski ,&nbsp;Marko Gerić","doi":"10.1016/j.atmosenv.2024.121004","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.atmosenv.2024.121004","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Air pollution, a major global issue, comprises various solid and gaseous pollutants in urban environments, including particulate matter (PM) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and isomeric xylenes (BTEX) constitute about 80% of VOC emissions, primarily from vehicle exhaust, tobacco smoke, petrol, paints, adhesives, and solvents, posing significant health risks including carcinogenic effects. Here we explore the impact of exposure to various measured air pollutants (NO₂, O₃, PM₁₀, PM_2.5, PAHs, and BTEX) on DNA damage among residents (N = 60) of Zagreb, Croatia during the colder part of the year due to anticipated higher pollutant levels. This was done by evaluating primary DNA damage using the comet assay and associating it to measured air pollutants and to blood values of BTEX as a biomarker of exposure. Measured DNA damage was also associated with additional lifestyle factors and sociodemographic data. Statistically significant positive correlations between % tail DNA and air pollutants were observed only for daily average for pyrene, measured one day prior to blood sampling. Passive smokers showed significantly higher DNA damage levels compared to non-smokers. The study emphasizes the importance of evaluating cumulative environmental exposures and their health effects, consistent with the exposome concept. Despite improvements in air quality across Europe, urban pollution levels remain hazardous, necessitating robust public health interventions to mitigate long-term health risks.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":250,"journal":{"name":"Atmospheric Environment","volume":"343 ","pages":"Article 121004"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2024-12-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143153891","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Corrigendum to “Dry deposition of ammonia in a coastal dune area: Measurements and modeling” [Atmos. Environ. (298) (2023) 119596]","authors":"K.J.A. Vendel ,&nbsp;R.J. Wichink Kruit ,&nbsp;M. Blom ,&nbsp;P. van den Bulk ,&nbsp;B. van Egmond ,&nbsp;A. Frumau ,&nbsp;S. Rutledge-Jonker ,&nbsp;A. Hensen ,&nbsp;M.C. van Zanten","doi":"10.1016/j.atmosenv.2024.121009","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.atmosenv.2024.121009","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":250,"journal":{"name":"Atmospheric Environment","volume":"343 ","pages":"Article 121009"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2024-12-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143153458","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"COVID lockdowns significantly affect statewide atmospheric fine aerosols in India after excluding long-term pollution patterns and time-lag effect","authors":"Tunde O. Etchie ,&nbsp;Ayotunde T. Etchie ,&nbsp;Rachel T. Pinker ,&nbsp;Prashant Kumar ,&nbsp;Nedunchezhian Swaminathan","doi":"10.1016/j.atmosenv.2024.121013","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.atmosenv.2024.121013","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Atmospheric fine particulate matter (PM_2.5, near-surface concentrations when size is ≤ 2.5 μm) affects global climate and human health. India alone accounts for a quarter of the global PM_2.5-related health burden. Studies in India, mostly in urban areas, have reported significant declines in PM_2.5 concentrations because of COVID-19 lockdown. These studies did not consider the long-term PM_2.5 patterns and time-lag effect (inter-yearly variations in PM_2.5 concentrations carried forward from one period to another due to interannual shifts in meteorological conditions). Since the studies focused primarily on urban areas, not covering rural/remote areas where pollution may rise during lockdown, it is still unclear what impact lockdown had on statewide pollution levels in India. Here, we examine whether significant changes in fine-mode aerosol optical depth (AOD_f: columnar PM_2.5) occurred statewide across India because of lockdown after excluding the confounding variables. We found a substantial decrease in AOD_f in a few (28%) states/territories. The declines were significant (ANCOVA; α = 0.05) in some Northeastern states/territories: Sikkim (29%), Arunachal Pradesh (24%), Nagaland (5%), Mizoram (4%) and Uttarakhand (3%). However, in most states/territories, AOD_f increased significantly because of lockdown. The lockdown-associated hardship caused more people to rely on polluting cooking fuels, thereby increasing residential emissions, particularly in rural areas. At city-level, we found significant reductions in near-surface PM_2.5 concentrations due to lockdown. These declines were comparable or greater than previously reported. Also, there were significant reductions in AOD_f (PM_2.5 concentrations) at state (city) levels resulting from previous environmental intervention measures. If not accounted, previous environmental intervention measures can significantly bias lockdown effect estimates in India.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":250,"journal":{"name":"Atmospheric Environment","volume":"343 ","pages":"Article 121013"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2024-12-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143153909","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}