Journal of Forest History最新文献

{"title":"Harold L. Ickes and the National Park Service","authors":"B. Mackintosh","doi":"10.2307/4004916","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/4004916","url":null,"abstract":"In 1933, President-elect Franklin D. Roosevelt sought to balance his cabinet by nominating a Republican supporter to be secretary of the interior. Senators Hiram Johnson of California and Bronson Cutting of New Mexico both turned him down, preferring to remain in the Senate.' Roosevelt then turned to Harold LeClair Ickes, an \"independent Republican\" lawyer from Chicago. Ickes would serve as secretary of the interior from 1933 to 1945, longer than any man before or since. His responsibilities included the National Park Service, which-except for certain of its personnel -prospered under the leadership of this complex and colorful figure. Born in 1874, Ickes spent his first years in Pennsylvania but moved to the midwestern metropolis during his youth. As a reporter for the Chicago Record, he covered Republicans in the 1900 election and became a particular admirer of vice-presidential candidate Theodore Roosevelt. He worked actively in Roosevelt's 1912 Bull Moose campaign, reverted to Republican regularity on behalf of Charles Evans Hughes in 1916, but then supported every Democratic presidential candidate during the 1920s. At home in Chicago he battled Samuel Insull and the colorful Mayor William H. \"Big Bill\" Thompson. His tireless and uncompromising advocacy of reformist principles and his facility for verbal attack made him \"almost the incarnation of lonely, righteous, and inextinguishable pugnacity.\" When Ickes finally found himself on the winning side of a presidential campaign in 1932, he thought first of becoming commissioner of Indian affairs; then he resolved to shoot for the top position in the Interior Department. He was not from the western states that traditionally supplied secretaries of the interior, and he had no personal familiarity with his successful candidate. He made his interest known to FDR through mutual acquaintances, however, and eagerly accepted the post upon his call to Roosevelt's Hyde Park home.2 The new secretary of the interior was \"a remarkably complex and profoundly suspicious man who thrived on","PeriodicalId":246151,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Forest History","volume":"13 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1985-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114164174","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Evolution of Forest Economics: An Interview with Henry J. Vaux","authors":"","doi":"10.2307/4004914","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/4004914","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":246151,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Forest History","volume":"94 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1985-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133178790","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Conflict on the Pajarito: Frank Pinkley, the Forest Service, and the Bandelier Controversy, 1925–32","authors":"Hal K. Rothman","doi":"10.2307/4004915","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/4004915","url":null,"abstract":"T he Bandelier National Monument, established in 1916, was the focus of an important conflict between the National Park Service and the Forest Service. The conflict lasted from 1925 until President Hoover transferred the site from the Forest Service to the Park Service in 1932. Conservationist and preservationist values clashed over the tract, which included resources valuable to the constituencies of both. The 22,400 acres of national forest land in northcentral New Mexico that became the Bandelier monument included important archaeological ruins of interest to the Park Service. From the Forest Service's perspective, the Bandelier also contained large areas of valuable timberland that Park Service management would prevent area residents from using. Although the Park Service office in Washington worked to make a national park out of the Bandelier National Monument, Frank Pinkley, the Park Service superintendent of southwestern national monuments, prevented the conversion of the monument against the wishes of his immediate superiors in Washington. Pinkley strongly favored an identity for national monuments separate from that of the national parks. Pinkley's problem was compounded as the most spectacularly scenic national monuments were converted to national park status during the aggressive tenure of the Park Service's first director, Stephen T. Mather, and his chief advisor, Horace M. Albright. By law, archaeological sites were designated as national monuments. Pinkley fought to keep them in that category, an idea that contrasted with the Mather-Albright ideal: making the best example of any kind of site into a national park. He was even willing to go against the prevailing Park Service sentiment to ensure that the category of sites for which he was responsible would, in the long run, get its due. Yet Pinkley believed that all the reserved archaeological sites should be administered as national monuments by the Park Service, which had begun to focus on providing educational services in the parks under the Mather regime. He saw the monuments as the class of areas designated by law to preserve the nation's archaeological treasures. As the field officer in charge of archaeological sites in the Southwest, when he informed Washington that the Bandelier was not suited for a national park, he forced a temporary conciliation between the Park Service and the Forest Service. Pinkley and the National Monuments","PeriodicalId":246151,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Forest History","volume":"12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1985-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129517775","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Silviculture and Grazing in the New Forest: Rival Land Uses Over Nine Centuries","authors":"S. L. Stover","doi":"10.2307/4004970","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/4004970","url":null,"abstract":"he Crown's deer versus commoners' livestock. Commoners' livestock versus the Crown's trees. The Crown's trees versus commoners' livestock versus weekend campers. Over the centuries a spirited tug of war has persisted in England's New Forest. The basic, complex question continues: how is the land to be used? This study focuses primarily on the changing characteristics and purposes of silviculture and grazing. It also discusses the interaction and traditional friction between them, and a new friction with the growing demands of yet another form of land use, recreation. The study examines the ancient right of common of pasture as it impinges upon processes and requirements of silviculture in the New Forest and is in turn pressured by these silvicultural demands. Grazing of domestic animals has been a significant use of the New Forest throughout its history, and since the fifteenth century efforts to conserve and propagate timber have competed with it. By some standards the New Forest of England is neither new nor a forest. Its nine hundredth anniversary was observed in 1979, and hardly half of its 144 square miles is actually occupied by trees.' Nevertheless, the New Forest was indeed \"new\" relative to existing forests when it was established and named in or about A.D. 1079; and \"forest\" was then neither a botanical nor geographical but a legal term. It implied an area not covered by Common Law but subject instead to special Forest Law-an area where the deer were safeguarded for the king's hunting and as a reservoir for meat and hides.2 Typical of medieval forests, this New Forest was a mix of woods and thickets and open land. As today, so also then, \"divers men have land within it, and yet the same Territory itself doth lie open and not inclosed, although perhaps there","PeriodicalId":246151,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Forest History","volume":"25 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1985-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122382403","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Maturing of California State Forestry, 1943–47","authors":"T. Arvola","doi":"10.2307/4004969","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/4004969","url":null,"abstract":"Historians have paid less attention to forestry at the state level than at the federal level. Yet state government actions directly affect the use of the area of forestland in private ownership, much greater than that under federal jurisdiction. This detailed account of California state forestry in the mid-1940s teveals how one state govern­ ment was convinced that it should formulate an active forest policy of its own. California was slow in developing a full-fledged state forestry agency, as T. F. Arvola suggests. From the turn of the century until World War II, the government of Cali­ fornia assigned widely varying priorities to forest policy. California created its forestry board in 1885; dissolved the board in 1893; then revived it again in 1903, and appointed California's first state forester in 1905. For the next four decades, the state government saw its own responsibilities in the forests as limited mainly to fighting fires and rarely appropriated any significant sums for forest management or research. As Arvola recounts, the state of California greatly expanded the scope of its forestry program during the mid-1940s, largely in re­ sponse to the persuasive lobbying of forestry professor Emanuel Fritz. These events had origins and implications beyond Cali­ fornia as well. A number of state governments became more active in forestry in the 1920s and 1930s, often by acquiring tax-delinquent cutover lands for state forests. In California, however, the tax exemption granted to immature trees on cutover lands by a state constitutional amendment in 1926 diminished this possibility. The Lumber Code of the federal National Recovery Admini­ stration also provided some states with models for their own laws. Oregon, for example, passed its forest practice act in 1941. California's forest practice act was passed in 1945. The following account reveals the complex politics involved in preparing, passing, and enforcing such state legislation.","PeriodicalId":246151,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Forest History","volume":"2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1985-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121873490","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The People Versus the Government: The 1918 Cloquet Fire and the Struggle for Compensation","authors":"F. Carroll, F. Raiter","doi":"10.2307/4004968","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/4004968","url":null,"abstract":"T he 1918 Cloquet fire was perhaps the greatest disaster ever to befall any group of people in the state of Minnesota. Although not as well known as the 1894 Hinckley fire or as large as the 1931 Red Lake fire, it was clearly the most devastating. Known also as the Moose Lake fire or more generally as the northeastern Minnesota fire, this catastrophe was actually many fires, some of which joined together, causing extraordinary damage, death, and injury on Saturday, 12 October 1918. Stephen J. Pyne has pointed out in his book Fire in America that these sorts of autumn fires in the cutover regions of the upper midwest were fairly commonplace. In fact, fires of one kind or another were usual during the summer and autumn as a result of farmers clearing land, lumbermen disposing of slash, untended railroad fires, smoldering bogs and swamps, and fires started by lightning. The dynamic factor in converting this general condition into a dangerous conflagration was a precipitous change in the atmospheric conditions. Of course a dry season and high temperatures helped, but a dramatic fall in the humidity could almost overnight create fire conditions that were beyond the resources of fire-fighting facilities of the day. This is what happened in northern Minnesota on 12 October. Fires along railroad rights of way, some started as recently as 10 October, flared up out of control and joined with fires smoldering in bogs and in the bush, which then generated great heat that in turn strengthened the westerly winds driving the fire on to speeds measured in Duluth at seventy-six miles per hour.1 The main Cloquet fire began along the Great Northern Railway tracks west of Brookston on the south bank of the St. Louis River at mileposts 62 and 67. These fires burned east and south through Brookston, through the Fond du Lac Indian Reservation, and on into Cloquet. Most of the","PeriodicalId":246151,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Forest History","volume":"10 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1985-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132774624","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Federal Forestry Cooperation: The Fernow-Pinchot Years","authors":"W. Robbins","doi":"10.2307/4004806","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/4004806","url":null,"abstract":"S ince the late nineteenth century the United States government has forged a wide variety of technicaland financial-assistance programs to aid timberland owners and forest-dependent industries. From the relatively simple tree-planting arrangements under the direction of Bernhard Fernow in the 1890s, federal forestry assistance has evolved into a complex and broad range of programs that have influenced virtually every phase of private forestry activity. This extensive effortconducted through state, county, and municipal governments and through special compacts with corporations-expanded under the cooperative firecontrol programs of the early twentieth century and today embraces everything from fire prevention to a wide array of incentive programs to aid woodland owners. Although responsibility for managing the national forests and conducting research is fairly well defined in Forest Service policy, the programs, agreements, and interdepartmental exchanges that fall under the rubric of cooperation are less distinct and have received little attention in historical literature. These activities involved significant social, economic, and political issues for the American public and were vital to the forest products industry. The cooperative-assistance programs and arrangements reflected the material requirements of one of the nation's great natural resource industries. There were important reasons for the emergence of the federal government's cooperative forestry programs. Most of the forestland in the United States was in private ownership, and these holders, especially some of the larger ones, were interested in using the emerging science of forestry to enhance the value of their properties. The Forest Service and its predecessor agencies in the Department of Agriculture, therefore, provided an industrial service to lumbermen and timberland owners that garnered increasing federal appropriations as the twentieth century progressed. The direction of that service was largely influenced by the material needs of an industry that sought to secure its property from fire and, more generally, to adopt a rational approach to managing, harvesting, and processing its timber resource.","PeriodicalId":246151,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Forest History","volume":"25 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1984-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126520161","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Books in Brief","authors":"Ronald J. Fahl","doi":"10.2307/forhis/28.4.210","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/forhis/28.4.210","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":246151,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Forest History","volume":"17 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1984-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131090161","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Jackson's Folly: The Suwanee Canal Company in the Okefenokee Swamp","authors":"C. Trowell, R. Izlar","doi":"10.2307/4004808","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/4004808","url":null,"abstract":"T he .okefenokee Swamp of southeastern Georgia and northeastern Florida has world renown as a land of beauty, serenity, and mystery. It is recognized as one of the great natural areas of the world-a premier. wildlife refuge and wilderness area. Today, writers often comment on its landscapes of pristine beauty. However, the swamp has not always been valued as scenery and sanctuary. Between 1890 and 1942 it was a valued economic area, crisscrossed by canals and railroads and filled with the sounds and equipment that accompanied logging activity in swamps across the southeastern United States. During this time, practically all of the cypress and pine and some of the hardwood timber was harvested. Many companies were involved in this effort. Some found profit in their attempts, others failed. Our paper examines one of the failures-the first company to try industrial timberharvesting methods in the Okefenokee. It was one of the first such efforts in the nation.","PeriodicalId":246151,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Forest History","volume":"13 9","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1984-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131437830","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Robe of the Ancestors: Forests in the History of Madagascar","authors":"S. Olson","doi":"10.2307/4004807","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/4004807","url":null,"abstract":"T he history of Madagascar's forests-what the Malagasy refer to as the \"robe of the ancestors\"is an example of forestry problems now widespread in Africa, Latin America, and Asia. But the history is compressed in time: people have occupied the island for less than two thousand years and yet have reduced the robe to tatters. They have devised a wide variety of life-styles, which are adapted to the great diversity of climates. Each of these ways of life gnaws at the remnants of forest. Reforestation policies have emerged, little by little, applied by a small and embattled forest service, under successive governments: the Merina highland kingdom of the nineteenth century, the French military and colonial government since 1896, and the Malagasy Republic, formally independent since 1960 and socialist since a troubled change of regime, 19721975. So far, planting has not kept pace with clearing. A brief history of the experiments and emerging strategies will show how the forest problem is dominated by two features-a fast-growing population and the struggle between central and local authority. Madagascar differs radically from North America by its forest way of life, which is Indonesian or Malay in origin, and by the absence of commercial markets and private appropriation of forestland. Yet the underlying continuity in the forest history of Madagascar illustrates a curiously familiar problem of structuring incentives for sustained forest management.","PeriodicalId":246151,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Forest History","volume":"356 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1984-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116241785","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}