ACM DEV '13最新文献

{"title":"Identification of highly influential individuals in a rural social network","authors":"Nandini Bhardwaj, Yash Seth","doi":"10.1145/2442882.2442935","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2442882.2442935","url":null,"abstract":"The purpose of this paper is to gain insights to improve effectiveness of an intervention. This is achieved by visualizing the flow of information through a social network constructed in order to motivate behavior change. Early adopters in this social network are identified by computing an F-score[2] for individuals, which corresponds to their influence within their communities. This influence decays with distance across the network. Thus, highly influential individuals in communities are identified. This information can potentially be used to improve the efficiency of this intervention.","PeriodicalId":240004,"journal":{"name":"ACM DEV '13","volume":"25 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-01-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133739014","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Deployments made easy: essentials of managing a (rural) wireless mesh network","authors":"Vijay Gabale, Rupesh Mehta, J. Patani, K. Ramakrishnan, B. Raman","doi":"10.1145/2442882.2442896","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2442882.2442896","url":null,"abstract":"In this work, we present our experiences of managing the deployment of a wireless mesh network to support real-time voice services in a village near Mumbai, India. We focus on three essential aspects of our deployment: (1) in-network mechanisms for ease of network planning, (2) network management and data collection in an operational network, and (3) fault-tolerance mechanisms for long-term network sustenance. Especially for rural deployment, where the amount of resources on the field are limited and frequent physical visits are costly, the consideration of these three aspects drastically simplified our deployment and measurement activities. Our in-network mechanisms constantly provided the desired network feedback to meet operational challenges while on the field. We carefully designed and implemented a low over-head and non-intrusive network management module over our TDMA based wireless mesh network. During our deployment, this module successfully diagnosed several network faults in a live network and collected required network statistics without affecting the primary application. We also implemented a set of fault-tolerance mechanisms in our prototype, and during our deployment, our network proved itself to be robust to various network failures. The villagers used our network for more than a month and availed more than hundred voice calls comprising of local calls within the village and remote calls to the phones in outside world.","PeriodicalId":240004,"journal":{"name":"ACM DEV '13","volume":"17 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-01-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123418944","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"MoSen: a middleware for mobile sensor programming","authors":"Kshitiz Bakhshi, Nishant Jain, Pushpendra Singh, Arjun Ahuja","doi":"10.1145/2442882.2442919","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2442882.2442919","url":null,"abstract":"Variety of mobile phone applications now seek access to the sensors in-built into the phone. Such applications require access to sensors for either data collection or for responding to events generated by sensors. Different mobile operating system provide different sets of APIs for accessing the sensors thus requiring rewriting of code to make it portable.\u0000 In this work, we are presenting MoSen, a mobile sensing middleware that presents a common interface for accessing in-built sensors in different mobile OS's thus saving considerable effort in mobile sensor programming while not affecting the performance of the device.","PeriodicalId":240004,"journal":{"name":"ACM DEV '13","volume":"5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-01-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114495068","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A comparative study of voice and graphical user interfaces with respect to literacy levels","authors":"Priyanka Chandel, Devanuj, P. Doke","doi":"10.1145/2442882.2442921","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2442882.2442921","url":null,"abstract":"Visual and aural are two most important channels of information processing. While most of the interaction with computers have been designed around the visual channel, there are circumstances where voice based man-machine interaction becomes preferable, and in some cases, necessary, given that voice based interaction comes naturally to humans and can be used by illiterate people easily.\u0000 Voice User Interfaces (VUIs), however, are linear and non-persistent, thus have serious implications on the working memory load [10, 11]. Compared to a visual interface, VUIs (considering Interactive Voice Response system) is slow as access is sequential, rather than random. Moreover, however robust a Speech Recognition (SR) platform may be, it can never achieve 100% accuracy. This results in an error prone interaction. In addition, speech interaction may require higher user attention, and take a longer time to complete tasks, as compared to using Graphical User Interface (GUI).\u0000 The significant work has been done for improvement of IVR systems still the technology has not been exploited to its fullest. Most of the work proposes solution which is common to all [13, 14, 15]. However we know that every individual has a different knowledge, skill and literacy level. A human operator is still good at handling the people with different properties and is therefore usually preferred over IVR [12].\u0000 On other hand, GUIs require both mental as well as physical attention. The user would not be able to use the GUI when hands and/or visual channel are busy with other tasks.\u0000 In this paper, we focus upon the performance of two types of interfaces named VUI (SR based) and GUI, and relate the results with the user's level of literacy.\u0000 We conducted a 2X2 study, comprising of two goals, of two groups of participants---semi-literate (class 7th to class 11th pass) and literate (undergraduates to PhD students). First goal was to check seats availability in long distance train and second was to book ticket. Each user in both the groups was asked to perform a task that is of reserving a railway ticket using voice as well as visual interfaces. One was a dedicated GUI application on the mobile phone and the other was an IVR application utilizing speech recognition. Every user had to attempt task four times---twice for GUI and twice for VUI.\u0000 We appreciated that the nature of the two interfaces was different. However, we still wanted to compare the two for overall efficacy. Therefore, the performance was measured twice (we term them the first and second Iteration) for both modes of interaction so that improvement could be ascertained for each interface.\u0000 We designed and conducted the experiment with 18 people. All were males and from Mumbai. The ages had a mean of 26 years with SD of 5.05 years.\u0000 The equipment consisted of the following:\u0000 1. Mobile phone with ticketing application, for GUI\u0000 2. VUI was the combination of speech recognition system along with IVR. The VUI lacked true SR and ","PeriodicalId":240004,"journal":{"name":"ACM DEV '13","volume":"20 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-01-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114814081","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"2G/3G network measurements in rural areas of India","authors":"A. Chandele, Z. Koradia, V. Ribeiro, Aaditeshwar Seth, Sipat Triukose, S. Ardon, A. Mahanti","doi":"10.1145/2442882.2442938","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2442882.2442938","url":null,"abstract":"Recent years have seen rapid cellular expansion in urban and rural India [1], providing an avenue to bridge the digital divide. However there is little understanding of the performance of cellular data connectivity in different geographies. We take a first step towards this. We are planning to characterize the performance of cellular data networks available across different locations, rural and urban, in India through a large scale experimental setup consisting of more than 50 measurement points across the country. We hope our findings will reveal capacity provisioning and network design characteristics that telecom operators follow in deploying 2G/3G connectivity in different areas.","PeriodicalId":240004,"journal":{"name":"ACM DEV '13","volume":"99 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-01-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126780183","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A comprehensive data management framework for opportunistic communication on mobile phones","authors":"Sathyam Doraswamy, R. Subramaniam, Aaditeshwar Seth","doi":"10.1145/2442882.2442936","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2442882.2442936","url":null,"abstract":"Several of our non-profit partners working in rural areas complain about poor data connectivity from their mobile phones. To instrument this, we deployed a simple application on Android mobile phones of two field staff located in the state of Jharkhand in India to continuously probe 2G GPRS EDGE connectivity across several days. We found that the connectivity was quite flaky and underwent frequent disruptions as the staff moved around for their work. This motivated us to develop a comprehensive data management framework that can run on mobile devices and help application developers cope with several issues including communication on flaky connections, data synchronization, support for transactions, and consistency management. Most previous work in the area of supporting communication in poorly connected regions has focused on connection management and session persistence across disconnections, while we focus more on data management challenges that arise in these scenarios. We have built and deployed an application for media transfer using this framework, and are now using this experience to improve the framework.\u0000 Our connectivity-testing Android application logged signal strengths and HTTP ping latencies to www.google.com to check for connection availability, and uploaded the traces every few hours to our server for analysis. The application was deployed on Samsung Galaxy Fit phones provided by us to two staff working with our field partner. Figure 1 shows the HTTP ping latencies (~ 2RTTs) and availability plotted on the map of Ranchi, the main city in which the field staff are located. The points in red indicate no connectivity, green points indicate moderate latency and the blue ones indicate high latency values. As can be seen, the mobile devices often run into areas of poor availability, and we found the mean time between disconnections and the maximum disconnection period to be 83mins and 30mins respectively.","PeriodicalId":240004,"journal":{"name":"ACM DEV '13","volume":"171 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-01-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126131645","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Consequences of deploying culturally inclined earcons in speech technology design for oral users in South Africa","authors":"T. J. Ndwe, E. Barnard","doi":"10.1145/2442882.2442920","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2442882.2442920","url":null,"abstract":"We discuss the qualitative outcomes of utilizing an earcon in the design of an Interactive Voice Response (IVR) system. Earcons are short non-speech audio messages that are used in the computer/user interface (UI) to provide information to the user about some computer object, operation or interaction [3].The intended users speak nine out of the 11 official languages of South Africa and vary in terms of their educational levels, cultural and socio-economic backgrounds. A case study of the development of an IVR system called the Beautiful Game Results (BGR) system was used in order to explore the effects of using earcons during anticipated users' interaction with the system. The study involved the design of two prototypes, allowing users to access the results of recent soccer games by using either the telephone keypad or voice as input to the system. The observed participants' reaction and response to the qualitative survey during the experiments has shown that the use of a culturally accepted non-speech auditory cue in the system is an effective means of conveying information about the context of the application.","PeriodicalId":240004,"journal":{"name":"ACM DEV '13","volume":"49 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-01-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134097523","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nutrient management decision support system for livelihood security of farmers","authors":"V. S. Aditya, K. Sasikumar","doi":"10.1145/2442882.2442932","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2442882.2442932","url":null,"abstract":"Submissions of demonstrations for DEV 2013\u0000 Poor Soil health is leading to reduction in farm yield to farmers due to nutrient mining and imbalanced application of fertilisers and growth promoters. Generalized approach and change in associated knowledge systems leads to nutrient application, while ignoring individual farm diversity, uniqueness and management history, hence lower crop yield. Site-specific nutrient management (SSNM) practices not only help in maintaining the soil productivity and hence better crop, the mobile phone based Soil+ service helps the farmers receive information about nutrient management at timed intervals through personal cell phones as per the crop cycle and variety, hence helping increased farm yield.\u0000 As part of building its services portfolio in agriculture ekgaon undertook a project \"Nutrient Management Decision Support System for Livelihood Security of Farmers\" in October 2009 with the aim of providing a reliable and customised last mile, site-specific information on managing soil nutrients to farmers individually in realtime. The service offered 'Soil+', is provided on mobile phone of the farmer through an automated system in local language in text and/or voice modes as per exercised choice. The system includes a centralized server running the application with standardized algorithm for each crop, based on nutrient removed from the soil by previous crop & targeted yield for the new crop, customised based on the farmers data collected earlier.\u0000 The Soil+ service is now part of a portfolio of services branded as 'OneFarm', the service helps the farmers receive information about nutrient management at timed intervals through personal cell phones as per the crop cycle and variety. The system includes a centralized server running a application (for system architecture please see the figure) with standardized algorithm for each crop, based on nutrient removed from the soil by previous crop & targeted yield for the crop to be cultivated, customised based on the farmers data collected earlier.\u0000 The process involved to access the service has been made simple, using interactive voice response to capture the uniqueness of each farm, based on that server provides the best possible unique nutrient management solution for that farm by processing the unique information received from that farm in realtime.\u0000 This system takes the advantage of the availability of cell phones in the village and among farmers for last mile delivery of information services. Farmer could also access a more detailed advisory through the website by visiting any community information centre also in local language. A set of call-menu are also available for \"anytime\" information access by farmer through IVRS, provided in a small handbook.\u0000 The project was implemented in Tamilnadu, India with farmers groups constituting 500 farmers (including 10 women farmers). The initial impacts after first crop cycle are\u0000 1. 80% farmers followed complete advisory, 15% farm","PeriodicalId":240004,"journal":{"name":"ACM DEV '13","volume":"35 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-01-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134505730","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The design and implementation of the PartoPen maternal health monitoring system","authors":"Heather Underwood, S. Sterling, J. Bennett","doi":"10.1145/2442882.2442893","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2442882.2442893","url":null,"abstract":"The World Health Organization advocates the paper partograph as the single most effective tool for monitoring labor and reducing labor complications in developing countries. Used correctly, the partograph can serve as a tool for early detection of serious maternal and fetal complications during labor, allowing sufficient time for an appropriate response. However, in order to be effective, the partograph must be used correctly. Recent studies in Kenya reported that less than one fourth of partographs were completed in accordance with WHO guidelines. In developing countries, lack of training and continuing education, exacerbated by limited resources, represents a serious barrier to effective partograph use. The goal of the PartoPen project is to increase the effectiveness of the partograph using an interactive digital pen with custom software, together with partograph forms printed with a background dot pattern that is recognized by the pen. This paper describes the design and implementation of the PartoPen system, and the technical evolution of the PartoPen system during studies that evaluated the PartoPen in use in Nairobi, Kenya from June 2012 -- August 2012.","PeriodicalId":240004,"journal":{"name":"ACM DEV '13","volume":"220 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-01-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116362428","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Towards an information ecosystem for animal disease surveillance using voice services","authors":"A. S. Grover, G. V. Huyssteen, Karen Calteaux","doi":"10.1145/2442882.2442929","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2442882.2442929","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper we introduce a solution for disease surveillance and monitoring in the primary animal health care (PAHC) domain that uses inbound voice-based services and voice- and text-based outbound services for connecting rural veterinarians and livestock owners with a PAHC service provider. We describe our findings from the ongoing pilots, where we found that it is crucial to close the loop between data collection and information dissemination.","PeriodicalId":240004,"journal":{"name":"ACM DEV '13","volume":"93 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-01-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128672930","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}