{"title":"Base Station Deployment Optimization in Federated Networks with Multi-Hop Communication","authors":"Yudong Fang, David Brown","doi":"10.1109/MILCOM55135.2022.10017698","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/MILCOM55135.2022.10017698","url":null,"abstract":"This paper explores a wireless base station location optimization problem and introduces a set of new constraints of interest for next-generation networks; the general strategy is similar to facility location optimization, which can be solved by linear programming. We propose solutions that relax coverage requirements and use trusted multiple hops (or relays) to reach distant devices; we give the mathematical derivation and algorithms based on the standard linear optimization formulation. We develop an optimization application and use it to conduct simulations that determine optimal base station requirements under simple full coverage scenarios, partial coverage scenarios, multi-hop scenarios, and location-constrained scenarios, which are of interest in federated networks with geographical deployment limitations. The proposed solutions are also a good option for the new 5G base station coverage optimization by using the Integrated Access and Backhaul (IAB) feature from 3GPP Release 16 (R16).","PeriodicalId":239804,"journal":{"name":"MILCOM 2022 - 2022 IEEE Military Communications Conference (MILCOM)","volume":"65 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116907165","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Timothy Upthegrove, G. Noubir, B. Thapa, Dan Smith, C. Funai, S. Loos, G. Kuperman
{"title":"Rapid Interoperability with OverlAI Gateways","authors":"Timothy Upthegrove, G. Noubir, B. Thapa, Dan Smith, C. Funai, S. Loos, G. Kuperman","doi":"10.1109/MILCOM55135.2022.10017830","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/MILCOM55135.2022.10017830","url":null,"abstract":"Using traditional development methods, interoperability between heterogeneous network and communications platforms takes significant time to develop and deploy. It would be useful to have added flexibility over which networks can interoperate in the mission planning cycle, which might be on the order of days. We present OverlAI Gateways, an alternative solution to hand-coded gateways allowing for rapid development of interoperability support at the networking layer through a combination of machine learning, modern software engineering practices, and relaxing the need for perfect interoperability. Using the OverlAI Gateway approach, our team developed interoperability between three ad-hoc wireless protocols, and we compared our implementations to existing implementations of those protocols as a baseline. Relative to a baseline, OverlAI Gateway implementations typically achieved over 90% of the packet delivery performance relative to the baseline while only requiring 27% of the amount of network code to be developed.","PeriodicalId":239804,"journal":{"name":"MILCOM 2022 - 2022 IEEE Military Communications Conference (MILCOM)","volume":"15 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114996353","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Alvaro del Aguila, Jonathan Valdez Mendoza, S. Mandavilli, J. Mcnair
{"title":"Remote and Rural Connectivity via Multi-tier Systems through SDN-Managed Drone Networks","authors":"Alvaro del Aguila, Jonathan Valdez Mendoza, S. Mandavilli, J. Mcnair","doi":"10.1109/MILCOM55135.2022.10017513","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/MILCOM55135.2022.10017513","url":null,"abstract":"Rapid technological advancements in wireless networks have promised reliable and fast Internet connectivity across the globe. However, a challenging barrier to global connectivity is the lack of connections in rural, remote or damaged locations due to lack of cellular infrastructure. This paper proposes the use of drones, managed by software-defined network control, to provide wireless networking capabilities to such areas. Software-defined networks (SDN) can provide management of routing tables, protocols and algorithms for the purposes of path selection, energy preservation, quality of service, or security. We provide a selection of hardware that can be used to develop a suitable experimental communications-based drone network. Simulations were conducted using Mininet-WiFi and the ONOS controller to gauge the performance for a varying number of drones. Using our controller, we can achieve a less than 25% packet loss for WiFi connectivity delivered using 20 low cost, low power drones as access points.","PeriodicalId":239804,"journal":{"name":"MILCOM 2022 - 2022 IEEE Military Communications Conference (MILCOM)","volume":"51 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122603987","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
B. Ryu, R. Knopp, Melissa Elkadi, Deoksung Kim, Anh Le
{"title":"5G-EMANE: Scalable Open-Source Real-Time 5G New Radio Network Emulator with EMANE","authors":"B. Ryu, R. Knopp, Melissa Elkadi, Deoksung Kim, Anh Le","doi":"10.1109/MILCOM55135.2022.10017907","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/MILCOM55135.2022.10017907","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, we present a detailed design, prototype, and performance of a new, high-fidelity, scalable, Fifth Generation (5G)-New Radio (NR) Network Emulator built on EMANE: 5G-EMANE (5G Extendable Mobile Ad-hoc Network Emulator). The associated software modules are based on the Open-Air-Interface (OAI) open-source models (openairinterface.org). Thanks to EMANE's PHY layer abstraction methodology, the resulting 5G-EMANE offers powerful customization capability that can capture a wide range of scenario diversity with respect to network size, channel models, terrain effects, MIMO antennas, and mobility patterns. The 5G-EMANE also offers a full-stack LTE emulator as part of 5G's non-standalone (NSA) operational scenarios and a full-stack 5G emulator as part of 5G's standalone (SA) mode. A PHY-less version of the 5G-EMANE without PHY abstraction modeling capability, called 5GEM or 5G Layer 2 (L2) Proxy, is offered as open-source software, allowing the 5G research community to evaluate and deploy a full 5G ecosystem using a cost-effective set of commodity PC hardware units for a wide range of scenarios with realistic user-level modeling assumptions but without the complexity of PHY abstraction. Both 5G-EMANE and 5GEM are built on the Small Cell Forum's nFAPI (network functional application platform interface) which enables real-time operation of the entire LTE and 5G stack without the actual over-the-air LTE/5G PHY implementation for multi-user scenarios. 5G-EMANE affords the military community to rapidly conduct research and experimentation while utilizing and integrating LTE/5G with other tactical communications and networking protocols available in EMANE. More importantly, it enables rapid development of new 5G features needed for military usage such as sidelink (SL) without costly and time-consuming over-the-air testbed prototypes.","PeriodicalId":239804,"journal":{"name":"MILCOM 2022 - 2022 IEEE Military Communications Conference (MILCOM)","volume":"28 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124982700","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Reduced Complexity Adaptive Demodulation in Impulse Noise Channels","authors":"Kristoffer Hägglund, E. Axell, P. Eliardsson","doi":"10.1109/MILCOM55135.2022.10017785","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/MILCOM55135.2022.10017785","url":null,"abstract":"Modern vehicles, military and civilian, often contain several closely located electronic systems that create electromagnetic interference. Such interference is often highly non-Gaussian and a more suitable statistical model than the Gaussian model is necessary to derive well-functioning receiver algorithms and to analyse the communication performance. In this work, we consider the more general Symmetric α-Stable (SαS) distribution. Demodulation is performed by computation of a log-likelihood ratio, which for the for SáS model boils down to computationally burdensome numerical solutions. Therefore, we propose to reduce the overall computational power of an interference adaptive demodulator by determination of when the noise characteristics are such that using the SαS model would provide a significant gain and when the standard Gaussian model performs well enough. The proposed algorithm is based on estimation of the SαS parameter α and $E_{b}/N_{o}$ which are compared to predetermined thresholds for the desired BEP to determine which demodulator to use. Numerical results show that the gain of the proposed algorithm, in terms of the $E_{b}/N_{o}$ required to meet a desired BEP, is in the order of 20 dB compared to using the standard Gaussian demodulator. Moreover, the performance is similar to using the optimal SαS demodulator but with significantly reduced computational power on the average.","PeriodicalId":239804,"journal":{"name":"MILCOM 2022 - 2022 IEEE Military Communications Conference (MILCOM)","volume":"32 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125009889","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Rate Control with Autoregressive Forecasting for High Frequency Communication","authors":"A. Ko, Thomas Stahlbuhk, B. Shrader","doi":"10.1109/MILCOM55135.2022.10017499","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/MILCOM55135.2022.10017499","url":null,"abstract":"This work introduces a data-driven framework for rate control and applies it to high frequency (HF) communication systems that propagate via the Earth's ionosphere. The rate control approach uses statistical techniques to forecast channel state with an autoregressive (AR) model, which has previously been applied to different forms of wireless fading, including “medium” timescale fading at HF. The objective of rate control is to maximize the data rate while constraining the rate of packets decoded in error. We show that under ideal assumptions, the rate controller selects the rate by backing off from the forecast average signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) by a factor of $sigma Q^{-1}(beta)$, where $sigma^{2}$ correlates with fading variance, $beta$ denotes a constraint on decoder errors, and $Q(cdot)$ is the complementary cumulative distribution function of the Gaussian distribution. Simulation results on an HF channel model show that compared with naive schemes, AR forecasting provides a good balance between achieving high rate and ensuring reliability.","PeriodicalId":239804,"journal":{"name":"MILCOM 2022 - 2022 IEEE Military Communications Conference (MILCOM)","volume":"109 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125268369","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Quang Minh Nguyen, M. Rahman, Xinzhe Fu, S. Kompella, J. Macker, E. Modiano
{"title":"An Optimal Network Control Framework for Wireless SDN: From Theory to Implementation","authors":"Quang Minh Nguyen, M. Rahman, Xinzhe Fu, S. Kompella, J. Macker, E. Modiano","doi":"10.1109/MILCOM55135.2022.10017713","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/MILCOM55135.2022.10017713","url":null,"abstract":"Software Defined Network (SDN) has emerged as a new programmable network paradigm that facilitates flexibility in robust control and management. Current routing protocols deployed in SDNs are based on quasi-static shortest path algorithms and operate much below the throughput capacity of the network. Though throughput-optimal and well-established in the literature, the Back-Pressure (BP) algorithm is not compatible with wireless SDN architecture. In contrast, the recently developed Universal Max-Weight (UMW) policy also achieves throughput-optimality, yet permits algorithmic structure more congruent with SDN's requirements. Unlike BP, UMW pre-computes a fixed route per-packet upon a packet arrival, which can be integrated with the flow installation phase of SDN, and uses novel easy-to-track virtual queues in place of physical queues (of backlogged packets), whose operations are not supported by SDN switches. In this paper, we propose a UMW-based routing framework for wireless SDN that achieves the full network capacity and supports an arbitrary mix of multi-type traffic. In order to improve robustness in dynamic wireless environments, we modify the UMW algorithm to enable re-routing around failed links. Finally, we develop a Mininet-based implementation of our framework to validate and evaluate its performance. Our simulation results demonstrate that, compared against the conventional SDN shortest path routing, UMW improves throughput by over 100% and significantly reduces average per-packet delay in high-throughput regime. In the presence of dynamic link failures, our results show only marginal loss in throughput, further validating UMW's effectiveness in dynamic wireless environments.","PeriodicalId":239804,"journal":{"name":"MILCOM 2022 - 2022 IEEE Military Communications Conference (MILCOM)","volume":"8 7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127518238","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Performance Variation of Gray Codes for Cropped Gaussian 16PAM Constellations","authors":"Brett Wiens, Daniel C. Lee","doi":"10.1109/MILCOM55135.2022.10017929","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/MILCOM55135.2022.10017929","url":null,"abstract":"There are many ways to label symbols in a constellation. We investigate the performance impact of the Gray code choice both in the case of uniformly-spaced symbol constellations and cropped Gaussian constellations, with the BICM (bit-interleaved coded modulation) mutual information as a performance measure. We exhaustively search and find all 131 Gray codes, including cyclic and acyclic Gray codes, each representing a class of codes resulting in the same performance, that can be used with a symmetric 16PAM. Our results show that Gray codes having a bit position with only a single transition tend to outper-form codes where all bit positions have multiple transitions. The ranking of Gray code performance was similar when using both square PAM and optimized cropped Gaussian PAM, with only minor differences in the rankings of Gray codes. This indicates that joint selection of the cropped Gaussian constellation and the Gray code is not significantly important in designing a system. These results in the present paper can be applied to 256-symbol QAM constellations with in-phase/quadrature symmetry.","PeriodicalId":239804,"journal":{"name":"MILCOM 2022 - 2022 IEEE Military Communications Conference (MILCOM)","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130176275","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Opportunistic Power Control for Low Probability of Detection Communication","authors":"Kennedy A. Lee, J. Barry","doi":"10.1109/MILCOM55135.2022.10017493","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/MILCOM55135.2022.10017493","url":null,"abstract":"Power control strategies are widely used in wireless networks to minimize transmit power and manage interference. On fading channels that vary with time, however, power control can occasionally lead to high transmit powers that make the transmitter easy to detect by an adversary. In this paper, we propose opportunistic power control, a new transmission strategy for covert communication with low probability of detection. Opportunistic power control, similar to truncated power control, can be thought of as conventional power control with an on-off switch that turns off the transmitter when the channel gain falls below a threshold. The combination of the threshold value and the alphabet size are tuned to ensure that a target spectral efficiency is achieved. We show that, for certain spectral efficiencies, increasing the alphabet size leads to improved LPD performance, at the expense of an increase in the end-to-end delay. We present numerical results that quantify the LPD-delay tradeoff.","PeriodicalId":239804,"journal":{"name":"MILCOM 2022 - 2022 IEEE Military Communications Conference (MILCOM)","volume":"43 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121184137","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Van Hau Le, T. Nguyen, K. Nguyen, Satinderbir Singh
{"title":"Joint Energy and Correlation Based Anti-Intercepts for Ground Combat Vehicles","authors":"Van Hau Le, T. Nguyen, K. Nguyen, Satinderbir Singh","doi":"10.1109/MILCOM55135.2022.10017791","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/MILCOM55135.2022.10017791","url":null,"abstract":"Today, ground combat vehicles (GCVs) in Warfighter Information Network-Tactical (WIN-T) systems are highly interconnected and autonomous. However, protecting a large number of wireless communication links against the interception of enemy in a dynamic environment is challenging. Because of GCV mobility, the Low Probability of Intercept (LPI) capacity is easily violated, in particular when multiple interception techniques are used simultaneously. In this paper, we investigate the problem of preserving LPI capability under traditional optimization and Deep Reinforcement Learning (DRL) approaches. Unlike prior work, we propose an anti-interception strategy against both energy-based and correlation-based interceptors techniques. Our strategy jointly optimizes power allocation (PA) and spreading factor assignment (SA) of the WIN-T to avoid these interceptors. The problem is mathematically formulated as a non-convex optimization model, and therefore we solve it by advanced techniques such as decomposition and difference of convex functions (DC). To obtain the optimized solution in near real-time, we design a Multi-Agent Deep Reinforcement Learning (MADRL) strategy. Our numerical results show the performance of the proposed MADRL strategy is close to the optimal solution, making it applicable for the practical systems.","PeriodicalId":239804,"journal":{"name":"MILCOM 2022 - 2022 IEEE Military Communications Conference (MILCOM)","volume":"2014 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121331501","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}