Waste management最新文献

{"title":"Black plastic identification by hyperspectral imaging in mid-wave infrared","authors":"Lukas Roming,&nbsp;Felix Kronenwett,&nbsp;Paul Bäcker,&nbsp;Jerardh Josekutty,&nbsp;Georg Maier,&nbsp;Thomas Längle","doi":"10.1016/j.wasman.2025.115175","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.wasman.2025.115175","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Sensor-based sorters operating in the Near-Infrared (NIR) range are commonly used to sort post-consumer plastics. However, this method fails, when the NIR light is fully absorbed by carbon black pigments, which are present in black plastics. Mid-Wave Infrared (MWIR) is less absorbed by carbon black and therefore provides a promising alternative wavelength range for analyzing black polymers. This study compares MWIR to NIR hyperspectral imaging for classifying black and colored plastic waste. We collected spectral data from five common polymers found in post-consumer packaging, namely High-Density Polyethylene (HDPE), Low-Density Polyethylene (LDPE), Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET), Polypropylene (PP), and Polystyrene (PS). We classified the spectra using several chemometric methods, including a convolutional neural network (CNN). The results quantitatively verify the superior performance of MWIR over NIR for classifying black plastics. MWIR achieved a balanced accuracy of <span><math><mrow><mn>83</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>4</mn><mspace></mspace><mstyle><mi>%</mi></mstyle></mrow></math></span> compared to <span><math><mrow><mn>47</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>5</mn><mspace></mspace><mstyle><mi>%</mi></mstyle></mrow></math></span> for NIR, when using a CNN, which outperformed other chemometric methods for all sensors and sample sets. On the other hand, NIR surpasses MWIR by 7 percentage points for colored plastics in balanced accuracy. These findings suggest that MWIR hyperspectral imaging is an effective alternative to NIR hyperspectral imaging for sorting post-consumer packaging waste, especially when the share of black plastics is high.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23969,"journal":{"name":"Waste management","volume":"209 ","pages":"Article 115175"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2025-10-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145236575","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fenton oxidation pretreatment enhanced the production efficiency of artificial humic acids from kitchen waste by hydrothermal process","authors":"Hu Xu ,&nbsp;Li Li ,&nbsp;Yangyang Li ,&nbsp;Ze Qin ,&nbsp;Zhiwei Zhao","doi":"10.1016/j.wasman.2025.115173","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.wasman.2025.115173","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The conversion of kitchen waste (KW) into artificial humic acids (AHAs) through hydrothermal processing represents a highly promising approach for sustainable resource recovery. Reducing hydrothermal duration while enhancing AHAs yield is of vital significance in most applications. This study for the first time employs Fenton oxidation as a pretreatment strategy for the hydrothermal humification of KW, effectively enhancing AHAs production efficiency. The pretreatment significantly reduces the hydrothermal processing time required to achieve the highest AHAs production from 6 h to 3 h at 180 °C, while simultaneously increasing AHAs yield from 14.37 ± 0.61 wt% to 18.43 ± 0.21 wt%. Comparative analysis of pretreatment-derived AHAs (FHA-3), non-pretreatment derived AHAs (HHA-6), and commercial humic acids (CHA) through various characterizations demonstrated structural similarity between FHA-3 and HHA-6, whereas both exhibited marked difference from CHA. Furthermore, the above characterization techniques provide critical insights into the mechanism of AHAs synthesis. Fenton oxidation treatment induces significant changes in the properties of raw materials, accelerating the formation of AHAs intermediates during hydrothermal humification and thereby enhancing AHAs production efficiency. This study provides a promising hydrothermal humification method for converting KW into AHAs and offers technical support for practical applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23969,"journal":{"name":"Waste management","volume":"208 ","pages":"Article 115173"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2025-10-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145253093","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"RTDRNet-lite: A lightweight real-time detection framework for robotic waste sorting","authors":"Md Jawadul Karim ,&nbsp;Sirajum Munir ,&nbsp;Amith Khandakar ,&nbsp;Mominul Ahsan ,&nbsp;Julfikar Haider","doi":"10.1016/j.wasman.2025.115164","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.wasman.2025.115164","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In the age of global urbanization, waste recycling remains a critical challenge, impacting the environment and societies from small communities to entire nations. This research aims to address these gaps by proposing a comprehensive and fully automated waste management framework that integrates advanced AI-based detection with robotic hardware to enable intelligent, real-time waste sorting. The fundamental framework of this work is the RTDRNet-lite model, a modified lightweight version of the high-performing object detection variant RT-DETR, which achieved an impressive mAP@50 of 97%. Developed with real-time applicability in mind, the model uses lightweight C2F modules within its head architecture, reducing the computational complexity without any dramatic change in accuracy. A unique approach to training the model was employed, leveraging both real-world waste image data and highly detailed synthetic images generated using the Stable Diffusion model, the Realistic Vision v5.1. This hybrid approach enriches visual diversity and improves the model’s generalizability, especially in handling complex object boundaries. The model is trained on four high-frequency waste categories, paper, plastic, glass, and metal, using over 12,929 annotated instances. Additional qualitative evaluations, including IoU-based visual analysis, external validation, and heatmap visualization, confirm the model’s robustness, spatial accuracy, and resilience in complex scenes. To demonstrate real-world applicability, a custom 4-degree-of-freedom (DoF) robotic arm was developed and integrated with the model, successfully validating its performance in live sorting tasks. The results confirm both the numerical performance and the practical deployment potential of the proposed system for large industrial-scale waste management facilities and environments.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23969,"journal":{"name":"Waste management","volume":"208 ","pages":"Article 115164"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2025-10-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145245630","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Plasma gasification as a potential solution for waste minimization and clean energy production: A critical review on techno-economic-environmental assessment and modelling approaches","authors":"Roni Mallick ,&nbsp;Prabu Vairakannu","doi":"10.1016/j.wasman.2025.115158","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.wasman.2025.115158","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The review paper emphasizes the utilization of plasma in gasification technology for energy recovery through the thermal decomposition of a wide range of wastes. In recent years, waste as a fuel in plasma gasification has attracted more interest due to its ability to generate a significant amount of clean energy without any pollution. Hence, a comprehensive study of the available literature on thermal plasma gasification is set forth, including the factors influencing syngas composition, yield and heating value. Techno-economic-environmental and life cycle analyses of plasma gasifier and integrated other conventional/advanced technologies are carried out to identify the effectiveness, feasibility of the systems with respect to the feed type, energy efficiency, cost and ecology. These can act as a benchmark for readers intending to work on plasma gasification. The economic and environmental performance in relation to end-use application is provided to emphasize plasma gasification as a practical and low pollutant technology. Besides, the modelling approaches undertaken on plasma gasification are also shown with more focus on the thermodynamic equilibrium and data-driven model. Finally, some of real-scale pilot/industrial application of plasma gasification is provided. The initial investment cost is still one area of concern, but the adoption of administrative and social policies is expected to increase its market in the future.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23969,"journal":{"name":"Waste management","volume":"208 ","pages":"Article 115158"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2025-10-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145222283","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Simultaneous Extraction and Separation of Phosphorus and Heavy Metals from Freshwater Sediments using Electrodialysis – Influence by Sediment Characteristics","authors":"Aishwarya S. Paradkar ,&nbsp;Pernille E. Jensen ,&nbsp;Kasper Reitzel ,&nbsp;Anna-Marie Klamt ,&nbsp;Lisbeth M. Ottosen","doi":"10.1016/j.wasman.2025.115167","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.wasman.2025.115167","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This paper explores the use of 3-compartment and 2-compartment electrodialytic (ED) cells for the simultaneous extraction and separation of P and heavy metals from freshwater sediments, to recover a P-product without heavy metals and sediments fit for recycling. Eutrophic sediments from two different freshwater sources, one less contaminated and one highly contaminated with heavy metals, were used. The extraction of heavy metals (Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn) was higher from the highly contaminated sediment than from the less contaminated one. The ED treatment (3-compartment and 2-compartment) of both sediments obtained the highest extraction for Zn (about 85 %) and the lowest for Cr (2 – 11%), whereas the extraction of P was between 35 and 50 %. The separation and extraction of P and heavy metals was better with the 3-compartment ED cell than the 2-compartment ED cell, potentially allowing the utilization of the P-extracted solution. Sequential extraction was performed to assess the operationally defined pools of P and heavy metals that could be extracted during the ED treatment. HCl-soluble P was fully extracted during ED treatment. Heavy metals associated with the exchangeable and reducible fractions were extracted significantly, and those with the oxidizable fraction were only partially extracted. After the ED treatment, the less contaminated sediment was suitable for recycling, for eg. as a soil improver, but not the highly contaminated sediment. Optimization of ED treatment is suggested to enhance the extraction of P and heavy metals, especially from the dominant and difficult-to-mobilize oxidizable fraction.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23969,"journal":{"name":"Waste management","volume":"208 ","pages":"Article 115167"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2025-10-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145222152","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Combining fermentation and vermicomposting for sustainable pet food waste management: Effects of waste profile and inoculum source","authors":"Romain Tuffou ,&nbsp;Laurent Windal ,&nbsp;Sébastien Delmotte ,&nbsp;Gilbert Skorski ,&nbsp;Isabelle Metton ,&nbsp;Sebastien N. Voisin ,&nbsp;Anais Surribas ,&nbsp;Sercan Beytur ,&nbsp;Marion Leborgne ,&nbsp;Hélène Blanquart ,&nbsp;Xavier Salducci ,&nbsp;Alexandre Feugier","doi":"10.1016/j.wasman.2025.115176","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.wasman.2025.115176","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Ingredient production is the main driver of pet-food GHGs and land use. Indeed, the pet food industry uses nearly 495,000 km² of land annually. Yet, waste streams from production and declassified products remain underexplored as resources to produce high quality soil amendment. This study proposes an integrated approach to valorise such organic wastes through microbial fermentation prior to vermicomposting.</div><div>Two experiments were conducted. (1) the effects of kibble incorporation ratio (15 % vs. 30 %), fibre source (spruce flakes, SF vs. beech sawdust, BS), and container size (50 L vs. 500 L) on fermentation dynamics, worm preference, and vermicompost properties were assessed. (2) the functional equivalence of commercial inoculum (EM®) and locally sourced indigenous microorganisms (IMO) was evaluated.</div><div>Results showed that fibre type significantly influenced fermentation outcomes at low kibble incorporation, with BS lowering pH (from 9 in SF30% to 5.2 in BS15%, <em>P</em> &lt; 0.001) and increasing redox potential (+213 %, <em>P</em> &lt; 0.001). Electroconductivity was strongly affected by both kibble ratio (+110 %, <em>P</em> &lt; 0.001) and fibre source (+130 %, <em>P</em> &lt; 0.001). Worms displayed strong preference for BS-based substrates (+493 % density in 7 days, <em>P</em> &lt; 0.001). Vermicompost derived from SF exhibited slower nitrogen and carbon mineralisation than BS. Container size had no effect on fermentation. EM® and IMO performed equivalently in fermentation efficiency, worm attraction, and functional microbial activity (metagenomic/metaproteomic analyses).</div><div>This work demonstrates that combining microbial pre-digestion with vermicomposting can upcycle pet food waste into valuable soil amendments, while supporting local circular bioeconomy and sustainable waste management.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23969,"journal":{"name":"Waste management","volume":"208 ","pages":"Article 115176"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2025-10-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145222342","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mixed method analysis of household recycling challenges and the development of a sustainable recycling indicator","authors":"Saeed Oluwadipe ,&nbsp;Diane Purchase ,&nbsp;Hemda Garelick ,&nbsp;Simon McCarthy ,&nbsp;Huw Jones","doi":"10.1016/j.wasman.2025.115170","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.wasman.2025.115170","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Westminster City Council in London, like many local authorities in the UK, has faced challenges in meeting national recycling targets of 50 % by 2020. The current target is now set at 65 % by 2035. This research examined closely the issues contributing to the low recycling rate, aiming to guide the formulation and implementation of an effective waste management policy. Employing a mixed-method approach, data were gathered through online surveys from 417 residents, 12 telephone interviews with residents, and virtual interviews with 3 staff members in the council recycling team between 2019 and 2022. Data indicate that individuals aged 22–38 and 39–45 years (65 % and 72 %, respectively) strongly advocate for clearer labels to enhance recycling participation. Interestingly, only 31 % of secondary school leavers find bin labelling clear, in contrast to 50 % of participants with post-graduate qualifications. The research identified the key barriers to achieving a high recycling rate (greater than 65 %) in the City of Westminster, including communication and public engagement, service constraints, policy constraints, and physical factors. In response, a sustainable recycling indicator (SRI) was proposed as a functional tool to inform decisions and actions aimed at boosting council recycling rate. The indicator categorises enabling factors to achieve high recycling outputs, with potential applications beyond Westminster to improve the recycling rate in other urban areas in the UK and internationally.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23969,"journal":{"name":"Waste management","volume":"208 ","pages":"Article 115170"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2025-10-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145222219","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Microplastic residue in recycled food co-products from mechanical depacking systems: a simulation study for animal food","authors":"Faranak Beigmohammadi ,&nbsp;Mark Early ,&nbsp;Katie Updegraff ,&nbsp;Tien Pham ,&nbsp;Greg Curtzwiler ,&nbsp;Ian Edhlund ,&nbsp;Keith Vorst","doi":"10.1016/j.wasman.2025.115166","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.wasman.2025.115166","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study is the first to determine the potential generation and transfer of microplastic (MP) into depacked food co-products from various food packaging using a commercial depacking system. Barium sulfate (BaSO₄, 564 ± 108 nm) was dispersed into four polymer types, including low-density polyethylene (LDPE), high-density polyethylene (HDPE), polypropylene (PP), and polystyrene (PS). Polymers containing BaSO₄ were converted into food packaging matching their traditional packaging. A depacker separated packaging from food co-products. Inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) was applied to quantify BaSO₄ as a MP indicator. Depacked foods were digested using an enzymatic approach to maintain the morphology of MPs then characterized using a 3D surface profiler. BaSO₄ concentration in recovered food from HDPE, LDPE, and PP was below method limit of detection (≤290.65 ng BaSO₄/g depacked food or ≤ 22.13 µg microplastic/g depacked food). The concentration in depacked food from PS was measured at 1278.65 ± 17.7 µg/g corresponding to low recovery of PS from the depacker. MPs were detected using 3D surface profiling in depacked food from PS after enzymatic digestion. Packaging waste mass recovery from depacking was significantly greater (p &lt; 0.05) for film packaging materials than more rigid/brittle materials suggesting mechanical properties of packaging materials, such as rigid versus flexible containers, can influence MP generation and packaging recovery during depacking. This study also developed a novel method using barium-doped plastic to analyze the release of MPs from food co-products using ICP-OES.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23969,"journal":{"name":"Waste management","volume":"208 ","pages":"Article 115166"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2025-10-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145222284","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A tailored nitrogen-rich polymer for highly efficient and selective capture of gold from waste printed circuit boards","authors":"Li Zhao ,&nbsp;Wenwen Qu ,&nbsp;Xianzhi Hu ,&nbsp;Futing Zi","doi":"10.1016/j.wasman.2025.115174","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.wasman.2025.115174","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Achieving efficient and selective gold recovery from electronic waste is a desirable approach for the sustainable utilization of existing rare metal resources. In this study, an ingenious positively charged trap based on azole-functionalized polymer (CMCPS-IMZ) was strategically designed and synthesized <em>via</em> solvothermal method for the precise capture of gold complex ions. By incorporating nitrogen-containing heterocyclic groups onto the CMCPS surface, the porous structure and large surface area promoted the formation of gold-binding sites, thereby enhancing adsorption efficiency. Specifically, CMCPS-IMZ exhibited exceptional Au(III) adsorption performance, with a maximum loading capacity of 323.08 mg/g, following pseudo-first-order kinetics and Freundlich isotherm models. Theoretical calculations and experimental analysis suggested that the electrostatic interactions between the RNH⁺ group on CMCPS-IMZ and AuCl₄^- served as the primary driving force to realize the highly efficient gold recovery, as well as involved in weak intermolecular interactions. Furthermore, CMCPS-IMZ demonstrated remarkable stability over multiple adsorption–desorption cycles using 0.5 M SC(NH₂)₂ as the ideal eluent, underscoring its potential as a robust and sustainable platform for precious metals recovery. Notably, CMCPS-IMZ microspheres achieved a gold extraction efficiency exceeding 93.33 % even in the presence of high concentrations of interfering ions in actual e-waste leachate. This work provides valuable insights into the nature of ion affinity and selectivity, offering guidance for the rational design of advanced adsorbents with tailored binding sites for targeted ion capture.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23969,"journal":{"name":"Waste management","volume":"208 ","pages":"Article 115174"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2025-10-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145222218","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Recycling of NMC black mass from spent lithium-ion battery using supercritical fluid extraction","authors":"Mahla Mahmoudi ,&nbsp;Maziar E. Sauber ,&nbsp;Gisele Azimi","doi":"10.1016/j.wasman.2025.115169","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.wasman.2025.115169","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The growing demand for lithium-ion battery recycling has intensified interest in selective and sustainable metal recovery techniques. In this study, we apply supercritical fluid extraction (SCFE) to<!--> <!-->real industrial black mass, containing mixed-metal oxides along with typical impurities such as conductive carbon, binder residues, and metallic fragments. Unlike previous SCFE research focused on pure cathode powders, this work demonstrates the feasibility and selectivity of the process under practical impurity conditions. Using<!--> <!-->supercritical CO₂ <!-->in combination with a<!--> <!-->tributyl phosphate–nitric acid adduct<!--> <!-->and<!--> <!-->hydrogen peroxide<!--> <!-->as a reducing agent, the process was optimized via<!--> <!-->full factorial design and response surface methodology. Under optimal conditions (65 °C, 20.7  MPa, 5  mL/g adduct-to-solid ratio in units of mL adduct per gram of black mass, 8  mL (per 8 g of feed) hydrogen peroxide), extraction efficiencies exceeded<!--> <!-->90 % for Ni, Co, and Mn, while<!--> <!-->Li recovery reached 73 %. Characterization by<!--> <!-->XRD, SEM-EDX, Raman spectroscopy, and TC/TOC analysis<!--> <!-->confirmed metal removal and the structural persistence of carbonaceous material in the residue. Parametric tests highlighted the critical roles of the adduct and reducing agent in enabling efficient complexation and solubilization of transition metals. This work demonstrates that SCFE is a promising low-impact, chemically selective approach for lithium-ion battery recycling, capable of operating under mild conditions with reduced reagent consumption. It advances the feasibility of scalable, environmentally responsible recovery of critical materials from post-consumer batteries and sets the foundation for future integration with downstream purification or hybrid recycling technologies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23969,"journal":{"name":"Waste management","volume":"208 ","pages":"Article 115169"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2025-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145222341","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}