World Journal of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy最新文献

{"title":"Diverse phenotypic manifestations of small intestinal mucosa in non-infectious common variable immunodeficiency bowel disease: A case report.","authors":"Tian He, Min-Min Fan, Peng-Qiong Zhang, Wen Zhang, Dong Fan, Liu-Suo Du, Ming Tang, Ping Wan, Zheng-Ji Song","doi":"10.4253/wjge.v17.i5.101618","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4253/wjge.v17.i5.101618","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) is a primary antibody immunodeficiency disorder characterized by diminished IgG levels. Despite ongoing research, the precise pathogenesis of CVID remains unclear. Genetic factors account for only 10%-20% of cases, with an estimated incidence of 1 in 10000 to 1 in 100000, affecting individuals across all age groups.</p><p><strong>Case summary: </strong>We report the case of a 32-year-old man with CVID who presented with a chief complaint of \"recurrent diarrhea and significant weight loss over the past 2 years\". Laboratory tests on admission showed fat droplets in stool, while other parameters were within normal ranges. Gastroscopy revealed a smooth gastric mucosa without bile retention or signs of <i>Helicobacter pylori</i> infection; however, the mucosa of the descending segment of the duodenum appeared rough. Further evaluation of the small intestine using computed tomography indicated no abnormalities. Finally, the whole-small bowel double-balloon enteroscopy (DBE) was performed, which revealed various phenotypic changes in the small intestinal mucosa. The patient was diagnosed with CVID, which improved after immunoglobulin therapy, with favorable follow-up outcomes.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Non-infectious enteropathy in CVID is rare. Therefore, DBE is essential for diagnosing small intestinal involvement in such cases.</p>","PeriodicalId":23953,"journal":{"name":"World Journal of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy","volume":"17 5","pages":"101618"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-05-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12110145/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144175328","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Colon capsule endoscopy is an effective filter test for colonic polyp surveillance.","authors":"Serhiy Semenov, Mohd Syafiq Ismail, Sandeep Sihag, Thilagaraj Manoharan, Phyllis Reilly, Gerard Boran, Barbara Ryan, Niall Breslin, Anthony O'Connor, Sarah O'Donnell, Deirdre McNamara","doi":"10.4253/wjge.v17.i5.101322","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4253/wjge.v17.i5.101322","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Surveillance colonoscopies are predominantly normal, identifying patients for potential polypectomy is advantageous.</p><p><strong>Aim: </strong>To assess colon capsule endoscopy (CCE) and/or faecal immunochemical test (FIT) as filters in surveillance.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Patients aged ≥ 18 due for polyp surveillance were invited for CCE and FIT. Identifying polyps or colorectal cancer resulted in a positive CCE. Significant lesions (≥ 3 polyps or ≥ 6 mm polyps), incomplete studies and positive FITs (≥ 225 ng/mL) were referred for endoscopy. CCE and endoscopy results, FIT accuracy and patient preference were assessed.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>From a total of 126 CCEs [mean age 64 (31-80), 67 (53.2%) males), 70.6% (89/126) were excreted, 86.5% (109/126) had adequate image quality. CCE positivity was 70.6% (89/126), 42.9% (54/126) having significant polyps with 63.5% (80/126) referred for endoscopy (19 sigmoidoscopies, 61 colonoscopies). CCE reduced endoscopy need by 36.5% (46/126) and 51.6% (65/126) were spared a colonoscopy. CCE positive predictive value was 88.2% (45/51). Significant extracolonic findings were reported in 3.2% (4/126). Patients with positive CCEs were older > 65 [odds ratio (OR) = 2.5, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.1517-5.5787, <i>P</i> = 0.0159], with personal history of polyps (OR = 2.3, 95%CI: 0.9734-5.4066, <i>P</i> = 0.045), with high/intermediate polyp surveillance risk (OR = 5.4, 95%CI: 1.1979-24.3824, <i>P</i> = 0.0156). Overall, 5/114 (4.4%) FITs were positive (range: 0-1394 ng/mL, mean: 54 ng/mL). Sensitivity (9.6%) and negative predictive values (20.3%) were inadequate. Receiver operating curve analysis gave a sensitivity and specificity of 26.9% and 91.7%, for FIT of 43 ng/mL. Patients preferred CCE 63.3% (76/120), with less impact on daily activities (21.7% <i>vs</i> 93.2%) and time off work (average days 0.9 <i>vs</i> 1.2, <i>P</i> = 0.0201).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>CCE appears effective in low-risk polyp surveillance. FIT does not appear to be of benefit in surveillance.</p>","PeriodicalId":23953,"journal":{"name":"World Journal of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy","volume":"17 5","pages":"101322"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-05-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12110150/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144175326","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Diagnostic and therapeutic review of a rare gastric inflammatory fibroid polyps case with distinctive features: A case report.","authors":"Hong-Chao Yang, Wei Qu","doi":"10.4253/wjge.v17.i5.106074","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4253/wjge.v17.i5.106074","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Inflammatory fibroid polyps (IFPs) are generally considered as benign and relatively rare mesenchymal gastrointestinal tract tumors. IFPs can occur in any part of the gastrointestinal tract but are most prevalent in the stomach, particularly in the gastric antrum. With a low incidence in clinical practice and a lack of distinct endoscopic features, the preoperative diagnosis rate of IFP is disappointingly low, often leading to missed diagnoses or misdiagnoses.</p><p><strong>Case summary: </strong>A 43-year-old man, hospitalized with abdominal pain and distension, underwent his first gastroscopy in 2020, which revealed chronic superficial erosive gastritis. From 2021 to 2022, his condition progressed from antral ulcers to a 2.0 cm gastric antrum bulge of an unclear nature. After proton pump inhibitor treatment, the lesion shrank but did not heal completely. Following a thorough assessment using magnifying endoscopy with narrow-band imaging, gastric-enhanced computed tomography, and endoscopic ultrasonography, endoscopic submucosal dissection was performed on the identified lesion. A subsequent postoperative pathological examination conclusively diagnosed the lesion as an IFP. At 6 months follow-up, no recurrence or metastasis was observed, with good mucosal scar healing.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Through using multiple diagnostic and therapeutic test results, an IFP with an unusual morphology could be identified.</p>","PeriodicalId":23953,"journal":{"name":"World Journal of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy","volume":"17 5","pages":"106074"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-05-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12110156/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144175327","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Towards precision care: Fluctuations in albumin and fibrinogen as noninvasive predictors of endoscopic outcomes in Crohn's disease.","authors":"Ana-Maria Singeap, Horia Minea, Remus Stafie, Carol Stanciu, Anca Trifan","doi":"10.4253/wjge.v17.i5.105365","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4253/wjge.v17.i5.105365","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In this article, we comment paper by Wang <i>et al</i> published recently. The study represents a notable step in the pursuit of precision medicine for inflammatory bowel diseases, offering valuable insights into the potential of noninvasive biomarkers for Crohn's disease (CD) management. This article highlights the significance of the findings, particularly the identification of albumin and fibrinogen amplitude changes as effective, noninvasive biomarkers for predicting endoscopic improvement in CD. The authors introduce a reliable nomogram model, constructed through careful logistic regression analyses, that demonstrates high predictive accuracy across training, internal validation, and external validation cohorts. With further validation through calibration and decision curve analyses, this model shows its clinical relevance and applicability. By incorporating albumin and fibrinogen fluctuations into clinical decision-making, this model addresses a critical gap in noninvasive monitoring tools for CD, offering a practical, patient-centered alternative to guide therapeutic strategies. These findings not only validate the utility of the model but also pave the way for broader integration of biomarker-driven decision-making in the management of CD. This article discusses the broader implications of these advancements, emphasizing their potential to refine patient care and improve outcomes in CD management.</p>","PeriodicalId":23953,"journal":{"name":"World Journal of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy","volume":"17 5","pages":"105365"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-05-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12110151/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144174999","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Efficacy and safety of endoscopic gastroplasty for treatment of obesity: An overview of comparative meta-analyses.","authors":"Maheeba Abdulla, Nafeesa Mohammed, Jehad AlQamish, Román Turró Arau","doi":"10.4253/wjge.v17.i5.105158","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4253/wjge.v17.i5.105158","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>There is a scarcity of evidence and systematic reviews on endoscopic gastroplasty (EG) compared to other management options for the treatment of obesity.</p><p><strong>Aim: </strong>To assess the published meta-analyses through a systematic review approach and provide further insight into the current status of available evidence through a critical appraisal.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, Embase and Cochrane Library were searched from inception to November 2022. The meta-analyses that compared the efficacy and safety of EG to other interventions were considered for this overview. The outcomes of interest were total body weight loss (TBWL), excessive weight loss, and average weight loss along with occurrence of adverse effects. Methodological quality, heterogeneity, and limitations were also reviewed.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of six meta-analyses out of 364 records were considered for this review with a major contribution from the United States. Overall methodological quality of included studies were moderate to good. EG treatments were significantly better in terms of TBWL, excessive weight loss, and average weight loss. However, there was no significant difference between endoscopic transoral outlet reduction and full-thickness suturing plus argon plasma mucosal coagulation. Lack of comparative studies and randomized trials, lack of long-term follow-up, reporting bias, selection bias, lack of control groups, and considerable level of heterogeneity were the major limitations in the available evidence.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Though EG was significantly effective for treatment of obesity, there is limited comparative evidence on this topic. High-quality well-controlled evidence is required to strengthen the current evidence base on EG treatment for obesity.</p>","PeriodicalId":23953,"journal":{"name":"World Journal of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy","volume":"17 5","pages":"105158"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-05-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12110147/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144175329","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Endoscopic management of upper non-variceal and lower gastrointestinal bleeding: Where do we stand?","authors":"Grigorios Christodoulidis, Kyriaki Tsagkidou, Dimitra Bartzi, Ioana Alexandra Prisacariu, Eirini Sara Agko","doi":"10.4253/wjge.v17.i5.105580","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4253/wjge.v17.i5.105580","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Non-variceal upper gastrointestinal bleeding (GIB) remains a significant clinical challenge with a 30-day mortality of up to 11%. Peptic ulcers are the most common cause, followed by other conditions like Mallory-Weiss syndrome, Dieulafoy's lesions, and gastric neoplasms. Treatment strategies include acid-suppressive therapy, endoscopic interventions, and surgical or radiological procedures. Endoscopic techniques such as over-the-scope clips, coagulation graspers, and endoscopic ultrasound-guided treatments have significantly improved outcomes, reducing rebleeding rates and the need for surgery. Injectable therapies, mechanical hemostasis <i>via</i> clips, and thermal modalities (<i>e.g.</i>, electrocoagulation, argon plasma coagulation) remain standard approaches for active bleeding. Newer hemostatic powders, such as TC-325, offer promising non-contact treatments, particularly in cases of refractory bleeding or malignancy. Doppler endoscopic probes aid in risk stratification by detecting residual arterial blood flow, improving the efficacy of endoscopic therapy and reducing rebleeding risks. For small bowel bleeding, endoscopic management with enteroscopy and thermal therapies remains key, though medical therapies are evolving. Lower GIB, which often involves conditions like diverticular disease and angioectasia, requires a comprehensive approach combining endoscopic, radiologic, and surgical interventions. Pharmacologic management focuses on balancing antithrombotic therapy with bleeding risks, with reversal agents playing a crucial role in life-threatening bleeding episodes. This review highlights advances in diagnostic tools and endoscopic therapies that have enhanced management outcomes for GIB across various etiologies.</p>","PeriodicalId":23953,"journal":{"name":"World Journal of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy","volume":"17 5","pages":"105580"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-05-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12110148/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144174043","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Reassessing cholecystectomy timing in gallstone-related acute cholangitis.","authors":"Daniel Paramythiotis, Dimitrios Tsavdaris, Eleni Karlafti","doi":"10.4253/wjge.v17.i5.106473","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4253/wjge.v17.i5.106473","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In this article, we discussed the article by Sohail <i>et al</i>, published in a recent issue of the <i>World Journal of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy</i>. This study highlights the benefits of performing cholecystectomy (CCY) during the same hospitalization for patients with acute cholangitis (AC) associated with gallstones. Specifically, same-admission CCY is associated with significantly lower 30-day readmission rates compared with interval CCY. Furthermore, it has been associated with reduced mortality rates and reduced recurrence of biliary symptoms. Despite these advantages, the procedure is chosen in only a minority of eligible patients. This gap between evidence and practice highlights the need for updated clinical guidelines and further research to optimize the timing of CCY in the management of AC.</p>","PeriodicalId":23953,"journal":{"name":"World Journal of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy","volume":"17 5","pages":"106473"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-05-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12110146/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144174992","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fentanyl may not be necessary for adequate endoscopic moderate sedation.","authors":"Greg S Cohen, Kwang-Youn A Kim","doi":"10.4253/wjge.v17.i5.105031","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4253/wjge.v17.i5.105031","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Although the majority of gastrointestinal (GI) endoscopies in the United States are now performed with propofol sedation, a substantial minority are performed with midazolam and fentanyl sedation. Despite the ubiquity of conscious sedation with midazolam and fentanyl in the United States, there is scant evidence specifically supporting the superiority of midazolam plus fentanyl over single agent midazolam sedation in GI endoscopy. We hypothesize that single agent sedation with midazolam is noninferior to sedation with midazolam plus fentanyl in GI endoscopy.</p><p><strong>Aim: </strong>To investigate whether sedation with midazolam alone is noninferior to sedation with midazolam plus fentanyl in GI endoscopy.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We conducted a randomized, single-blind study to compare the safety and effectiveness of single agent midazolam vs. standard fentanyl/midazolam moderate sedation in 300 outpatients presenting for upper endoscopy and/or colonoscopy at a tertiary care hospital. Primary outcomes were patient satisfaction as measured by the previously validated Procedural Sedation Assessment Survey. Secondary outcomes were procedure quality measures and adverse events. Statistical analysis was performed by a biomedical statistician using the <i>χ</i> ² test, Fisher's exact test, and Welch's 2-sample <i>t</i>-test.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>There was no difference in patient satisfaction between sedation groups, as measured by a less than 1 point difference between groups in Procedural Sedation Assessment Survey scores for discomfort during the procedure, and for preference for level of sedation with future procedures. There were no differences in adverse events or procedure quality measures. Cecal intubation time was 1 minute longer in the single agent midazolam group, and an average of 2.7 mg more midazolam was administered when fentanyl was not included in the sedation regimen. The recruitment goal of 772 patients was not reached.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>It may be possible to minimize or avoid using fentanyl in endoscopist administered moderate sedation for GI endoscopy. We hope these findings spur further work in this under-researched area.</p>","PeriodicalId":23953,"journal":{"name":"World Journal of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy","volume":"17 5","pages":"105031"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-05-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12110154/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144174900","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Advancement of haemostatic self-assembling peptides in the treatment of gastrointestinal bleeding: What role for PuraStat^®?","authors":"Raffaele Pellegrino, Antonietta Gerarda Gravina","doi":"10.4253/wjge.v17.i5.107183","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4253/wjge.v17.i5.107183","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>PuraStat^® is a novel self-assembling peptide (SAP) used as a haemostatic agent in endoscopy, with widespread application in surgical settings. While the current evidence, though deserving further expansion, demonstrates a good haemostatic performance profile for this substance, there remains significant heterogeneity among studies, and an analysis of this SAP as monotherapy is not always available. The recent study by Bellester <i>et al</i> in the <i>World Journal of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy</i> provided an optimal effectiveness profile of this SAP in 45 patients treated for gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding, particularly highlighting data on its use as monotherapy in upper GI bleeding. This invited article outlines the current evidence on PuraStat^® and offers a commentary on the recently published study.</p>","PeriodicalId":23953,"journal":{"name":"World Journal of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy","volume":"17 5","pages":"107183"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-05-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12110149/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144175323","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Advances in gastrointestinal endoscopy: A comprehensive review of innovations in cancer diagnosis and management.","authors":"Mohammed Abusuliman, Taher Jamali, Tobias E Zuchelli","doi":"10.4253/wjge.v17.i5.105468","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4253/wjge.v17.i5.105468","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The field of gastroenterology has experienced revolutionary advances over the past years, as flexible endoscopes have become widely accessible. In addition to enabling faster, less invasive, and more affordable treatment, flexible endoscopes have greatly improved the detection and endoscopic screening of malignancies and prevented many cancer-related deaths. The development and clinical application of new diagnostic endoscopic technologies, such as magnification endoscopy, narrow-band imaging, endoscopic ultrasound with biopsy, and more recently, artificial intelligence enhanced technologies, have made the recognition and detection of various neoplasms and sub-epithelial tumors more possible. This review demonstrates the latest advancements in endoscopic procedures, techniques, and devices applied in the diagnosis and management of gastrointestinal cancer.</p>","PeriodicalId":23953,"journal":{"name":"World Journal of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy","volume":"17 5","pages":"105468"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-05-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12110152/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144175324","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}