{"title":"Działania Organizacji Narodów Zjednoczonych na rzecz dekolonizacji i pokoju w Saharze Zachodniej","authors":"Maciej Skuczyński","doi":"10.14746/R.2016.1.10","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14746/R.2016.1.10","url":null,"abstract":"The author examines the role of the United Nations in process of decolonisation of the Western Sahara. The article describes a modern history of Western Sahara focusing on the UN’s policies and activities related to this basing on resolutions, reports and other documents of the organization.The aim of the article is to present UN’s decolonisation and conflict resolution activities in Western Sahara. The text shows that the UN has remarkable achievements concerning the people of Sahara, although the main aim – self-determination of Sahrawi people by referendum – currently is unattainable because of idleness of great powers and firm stance of occupying state – the Kingdom of Morocco.","PeriodicalId":239502,"journal":{"name":"Refleksje. Pismo naukowe studentów i doktorantów WNPiD UAM","volume":"14 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121642749","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Siła przemocy","authors":"Natlia Kusa","doi":"10.14746/r.2016.1.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14746/r.2016.1.1","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":239502,"journal":{"name":"Refleksje. Pismo naukowe studentów i doktorantów WNPiD UAM","volume":"133 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122438415","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Wpływ indywidualnych cech wyborców na ich aktywność polityczną – wyniki badań sondażowych przeprowadzonych na terenie Gniezna przed wyborami samorządowymi w 2014 roku","authors":"K. Szkudlarek","doi":"10.14746/R.2015.17","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14746/R.2015.17","url":null,"abstract":"Studies on electoral behavior systematically confirm the influence of individual characteristics and the characteristics of the citizens on the level of political activity. For the variables most commonly examined include: level of education, professional status, age, gender and place of residence. Studies conducted just before the local elections in Gniezno, in 2014, allow us to analyze the impact of these characteristics on the political activity of voters. The objective of the article reflection will attempt to determine whether and to what extent, those characteristics determine political attitudes of Gniezno electorate.","PeriodicalId":239502,"journal":{"name":"Refleksje. Pismo naukowe studentów i doktorantów WNPiD UAM","volume":"17 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"120955526","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Jaka tożsamość kulturowa dla dzisiejszej Europy?","authors":"K. Skrzypczak","doi":"10.14746/R.2010.1.13","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14746/R.2010.1.13","url":null,"abstract":"The present article addresses the question of cultural identity of today’s Europe and the shape it should take. Such issues as relation between European identity and national identities in the context of the continent’s cultural diversity are considered from interdisciplinary perspective. Two paradigms presented in the article: the essentialist and constructivist approach to identity serve as a starting point for reflection on the basis of the European identity as well as on its future form.","PeriodicalId":239502,"journal":{"name":"Refleksje. Pismo naukowe studentów i doktorantów WNPiD UAM","volume":"49 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128806759","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Lider polityczny w totalitarnym i demokratycznym systemie politycznym. Pozorna opozycja?","authors":"Łukasz Scheffs","doi":"10.14746/r.2010.2.11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14746/r.2010.2.11","url":null,"abstract":"In traditional authority, the legitimacy of the authority comes from tradition, in charismatic authority from the personality and individual’s leadership qualities, and in rational-legal authority from powers that are bureaucraticly and legally attached to certain positions. Totalitarianism is a system of government. The leader has power without being restricted. Moreover, the leader is responsible for the monopolization of all human activities like artistic manifestations, political and communication systems. In democracy personalization exists. The personalization hypothesis states the individual has become more prominent at the expense of parties and collective identities. The question is: Are charismatic authority in totalitarianism and personalization in democracy identical?","PeriodicalId":239502,"journal":{"name":"Refleksje. Pismo naukowe studentów i doktorantów WNPiD UAM","volume":"21 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117254646","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Opozycja antysystemowa we współczesnych państwach totalitarnych - rzeczywistość czy abstrakcja?","authors":"Angelika Kontowska","doi":"10.14746/r.2010.2.10","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14746/r.2010.2.10","url":null,"abstract":"This article analyses the problem of anti-systemic opposition’s existence in a totalitarian state. Different concepts concerning the genesis of totalitarianism as well as the features of this system were presented in the paper. Then, the idea of the opposition in a totalitarian state was defined. At the same time, it was emphasized that defining the oppositional quality in a democratic and totalitarian state is completely disparate. Next, an analysis of anti-systemic opposition’s occurrence in the states such as the Republic of Cuba and the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea was made. This analysis helped to answer the question concerning the conditions which must exist in a totalitarian state so that the anti-systemic opposition could appear.","PeriodicalId":239502,"journal":{"name":"Refleksje. Pismo naukowe studentów i doktorantów WNPiD UAM","volume":"219 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131719211","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"O węgierskiej krwi w wodzie, czyli konflikt Węgry – ZSRR a Letnie Igrzyska Olimpijskie w 1956 roku","authors":"Mateusz Rozmiarek, Adam Szabelski","doi":"10.14746/R.2016.1.9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14746/R.2016.1.9","url":null,"abstract":"In 1956, the Games of the XVI Olympiad in Melbourne coincided with the Hungarian Revolution, an attempt of the Hungarians to free themselves from the Soviet domination, eventually suppressed by an armed intervention of the Soviet Army. During the semi-final water polo match between USSR and Hungary the players came to blows. The Hungarian Ervin Zádor was punched by a Soviet team player and his blood coloured the water in the pool red. The match ultimately ended in a victory for Hungary. The main goal of the article is to describe the conflict between Hungary and the USSR which had its tragic final in a sport match at the Melbourne Olympic Games. The 1956 Olympic Games showed to what extent political conflicts are mirrored in sport. Hungarians wanted to show they were a free nation and that they would never accept the political sway of Moscow over their country.","PeriodicalId":239502,"journal":{"name":"Refleksje. Pismo naukowe studentów i doktorantów WNPiD UAM","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131911225","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Recenzja książki: Inna Rzeczpospolita jest możliwa. Widma przeszłości, wizje przyszłości","authors":"Paweł Łokić","doi":"10.14746/R.2015.9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14746/R.2015.9","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":239502,"journal":{"name":"Refleksje. Pismo naukowe studentów i doktorantów WNPiD UAM","volume":"35 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133337261","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Kosowo - koniec Europy?","authors":"Marta Zobeniak","doi":"10.14746/R.2010.1.8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14746/R.2010.1.8","url":null,"abstract":"Russian Foreign Minister, Sergei Lavrov, once said that Kosovo’s independence could be the beginning of the end for Europe, and that official recognition of its sovereignty would threaten global security. It was feared that Kosovo’s unilateral declaration of independence, and its recognition by European countries in particular, would open up a Pandora’s Box. In fact, as it is claimed in this article, Kosovo may be treated a precedent by other separatist republics and autonomous regions, which might one day demand similar recognition and the same rights that the Kosovars can now possibly enjoy","PeriodicalId":239502,"journal":{"name":"Refleksje. Pismo naukowe studentów i doktorantów WNPiD UAM","volume":"49 1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132312129","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Nowe media w komunikacji marketingowej","authors":"F. Biały","doi":"10.14746/R.2010.2.05","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14746/R.2010.2.05","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":239502,"journal":{"name":"Refleksje. Pismo naukowe studentów i doktorantów WNPiD UAM","volume":"58 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128978038","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}