{"title":"Multiple faces tracking using local statistics","authors":"S. Harasse, L. Bonnaud, M. Desvignes","doi":"10.1109/ISPA.2005.195377","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ISPA.2005.195377","url":null,"abstract":"Our project is to design algorithms to count people in vehicles such as buses from surveillance cameras' video streams. This article presents a method of detection and tracking of multiple faces in a video by using a model of first and second order local moments. The three essential steps of our system are the skin color modeling, the probabilistic shape model and Bayesian decision, and the tracking. An iterative process estimates the position and shape of multiple faces in images, and tracks them. Tracking updates an object history including all spatial and temporal information about this object. Location and size of this tracking object are predicted by constant speed motion analysis and learned trajectories. Results on office and buses video are promising.","PeriodicalId":238993,"journal":{"name":"ISPA 2005. Proceedings of the 4th International Symposium on Image and Signal Processing and Analysis, 2005.","volume":"3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-10-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125215296","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
D. Vandermeulen, Peter Claes, R. Suetens, S. D. Greef, Guy Willems
{"title":"Volumetric deformable face models for cranio-facial reconstruction","authors":"D. Vandermeulen, Peter Claes, R. Suetens, S. D. Greef, Guy Willems","doi":"10.1109/ISPA.2005.195437","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ISPA.2005.195437","url":null,"abstract":"In forensic cranio-facial reconstruction, facial features of an unknown individual are estimated from an unidentified skull, based on a mixture of experimentally obtained guidelines on the relationship between soft tissues and the underlying skeleton. In this paper, we investigate the possibility of using full 3-D cross-sectional CT images for establishing a reference database of densely sampled distances between the external surfaces of the skull and skin for automated cranio-facial reconstruction. For each CT image in the reference database, the hard tissue (skull) and extra-cranial soft tissue (skin) volumes are segmented and transformed into signed distance transform (sDT) maps. A simplified procedure for cranio-facial reconstruction was implemented, by warping all reference skull sDT maps to the target skull sDT. These warps are subsequently applied to the reference skin sDT maps and the zero level set of their arithmetic average is defined as the reconstructed target skin surface. Initial results are shown to proof the validity of the concept, but further refinement of the procedures involved and a qualitative validation are required.","PeriodicalId":238993,"journal":{"name":"ISPA 2005. Proceedings of the 4th International Symposium on Image and Signal Processing and Analysis, 2005.","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-10-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129956430","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Statistics in face recognition: analyzing probability distributions of PCA, ICA and LDA performance results","authors":"K. Delac, M. Grgic, S. Grgic","doi":"10.1109/ISPA.2005.195425","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ISPA.2005.195425","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper we address the issue of evaluating face recognition algorithms using descriptive statistical tools. By using permutation methodology in a Monte Carlo sampling procedure, we investigate recognition rate results probability distributions of some well-known algorithms (namely, PCA, ICA and LDA). With a lot of contradictory literature on comparisons of those algorithms, we believe that this kind of independent study is important and serves to better understanding of each algorithm. We show how simplistic approach to comparing these algorithms can be misleading and propose a full statistical methodology to be used in future reports. By reporting detailed descriptive statistical results, this paper is the only available detailed report on PCA, ICA and LDA comparative performance currently available in literature. Our experiments show that the exact choice of images to be in a gallery or in a probe set has great effect on recognition results and this fact further emphasizes the importance of reporting detailed results. We hope that this study helps to advance the state of experiment design in computer vision.","PeriodicalId":238993,"journal":{"name":"ISPA 2005. Proceedings of the 4th International Symposium on Image and Signal Processing and Analysis, 2005.","volume":"123 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-10-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117326114","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A 2D+3D face authentication system robust under pose and illumination variations","authors":"F. Tsalakanidou, S. Malassiotis, M. Strintzis","doi":"10.1109/ISPA.2005.195410","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ISPA.2005.195410","url":null,"abstract":"A complete face authentication system integrating 2D color and 3D depth images is described in this paper. Depth information, acquired by a novel low-cost 3D and color sensor based on the structured light approach, is used for robust face detection, localization and 3D pose estimation. To cope with illumination and pose variations, 3D information is used for the normalization of the input images. Illumination compensation exploits depth data to recover the illumination of the scene and relight the image under frontal lighting. The performance of the proposed system is tested on a face database of more than 3,000 images, in conditions similar to those encountered in real-world applications. Experimental results show that when normalized images, depicting upright orientation and frontal lighting, are used for authentication, significantly lower error rates are achieved. Moreover, the combination of color and depth data results in increased authentication accuracy, compared to the use of each modality alone.","PeriodicalId":238993,"journal":{"name":"ISPA 2005. Proceedings of the 4th International Symposium on Image and Signal Processing and Analysis, 2005.","volume":"136 3","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-10-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"120901963","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
P. Claes, D. Vandermeulen, S. D. Greef, G. Willems, P. Suetens
{"title":"Statistically deformable face models for cranio-facial reconstruction","authors":"P. Claes, D. Vandermeulen, S. D. Greef, G. Willems, P. Suetens","doi":"10.2498/cit.2006.01.03","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2498/cit.2006.01.03","url":null,"abstract":"Forensic facial reconstruction aims at estimating the facial outlook associated to an unknown skull specimen. Estimation is based on tabulated average values of soft tissue thicknesses measured at a sparse set of landmarks on the skull. Traditional 'plastic' methods apply modeling clay or plasticine on a cast of the skull approximating the estimated tissue depths at the landmarks and interpolating in between. Current computerized techniques mimic this landmark interpolation procedure using a single facial surface template. However, the resulting reconstruction is biased by the specific choice of the template. We reduce this bias by using a flexible statistical model of a dense set of facial surface points combined with an associated sparse set of skull landmarks. The reconstruction is obtained by fitting the model skull landmarks to the corresponding landmarks indicated on a digital copy of the skull to be reconstructed. The fitting process alternates between changing the face-specific statistical model parameters and interpolating the remaining landmark fit error using a minimal bending thin-plate spline (TPS) based deformation. This iterative process is shown by experiment to converge to a realistic reconstruction of the face, independent of the initial template.","PeriodicalId":238993,"journal":{"name":"ISPA 2005. Proceedings of the 4th International Symposium on Image and Signal Processing and Analysis, 2005.","volume":"328 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-10-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132672346","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Robust recognition of 3-D faces based on analytic forms and spectral analysis","authors":"E. Paquet, M. Rioux","doi":"10.1109/ISPA.2005.195405","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ISPA.2005.195405","url":null,"abstract":"One of the main objectives of face recognition is to determine whether an acquired face belongs to a reference database and to subsequently identify the corresponding individual. Face recognition has application in, for instance, forensic science and security. A face recognition algorithm, to be useful in real applications, must discriminate in between individuals, process data in real-time and be robust against occlusion, facial expression and noise. A new method for robust recognition of three-dimensional faces is presented. The method is based on harmonic coding, Hilbert transform and spectral analysis of 3-D depth distributions. Experimental results with three-dimensional faces, which were scanned with a laser scanner, are presented The proposed method recognises a face with various facial expressions in the presence of occlusion, has a good discrimination, is able to compare a face against a large database of faces in real-time and is robust against shot noise and additive noise.","PeriodicalId":238993,"journal":{"name":"ISPA 2005. Proceedings of the 4th International Symposium on Image and Signal Processing and Analysis, 2005.","volume":"2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-10-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128722746","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Subašić, S. Lončarić, T. Petkovic, H. Bogunović, V. Krivec
{"title":"Face image validation system","authors":"M. Subašić, S. Lončarić, T. Petkovic, H. Bogunović, V. Krivec","doi":"10.1109/ISPA.2005.195379","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ISPA.2005.195379","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, we present a novel face image validation system. The purpose of the system is to evaluate quality of face images for identification documents and to detect face images that do not satisfy the image quality requirements. To determine image quality the system first performs face detection in order to find facial features and determine image background. The system consists of seventeen separate tests. Each test checks one quality aspect of the face or of the whole image and compares it to the requirements of International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) proposals for machine readable travel documents. The requirements are designed to ensure good conditions for automatic face recognition. The tests are organized in a hierarchical way so the low-level tests are executed first and the high-level tests are executed last. The result of a test is a fuzzy value representing a measure of the image quality. Each test has a set of parameters that can be tuned to produce desired performance of the test. Initial testing of the system has been performed on the set of 190 face images and has demonstrated the feasibility of the method.","PeriodicalId":238993,"journal":{"name":"ISPA 2005. Proceedings of the 4th International Symposium on Image and Signal Processing and Analysis, 2005.","volume":"25 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-10-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121557152","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A connexionist approach for robust and precise facial feature detection in complex scenes","authors":"S. Duffner, Christophe Garcia","doi":"10.1109/ISPA.2005.195430","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ISPA.2005.195430","url":null,"abstract":"We present a technique for robustly and automatically detect a set of user-selected facial features in images, like the eye pupils, the tip of the nose, the mouth centre, etc. Based on a specific architecture of heterogeneous neural layers, the proposed system automatically synthesises simple problem-specific feature extractors and classifiers from a training set of faces with annotated facial features. After training, the facial feature detection system acts like a pipeline of simple filters that treats the raw input face image as a whole and builds global facial feature maps, where facial feature positions can easily be retrieved by a simple search for global maxima. We experimentally show that our method is very robust to lighting and pose variations as well as noise and partial occlusions.","PeriodicalId":238993,"journal":{"name":"ISPA 2005. Proceedings of the 4th International Symposium on Image and Signal Processing and Analysis, 2005.","volume":"65 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-10-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114648192","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Metric and non-metric distances on Z/sup n/ by generalized neighbourhood sequences","authors":"B. Nagy","doi":"10.1109/ISPA.2005.195412","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ISPA.2005.195412","url":null,"abstract":"The neighbourhood sequences have got a very important role in the digital image processing. In this paper we give some new results from this area. Using neighbourhood sequences on the n dimensional digital spaces, we give a formula to compute distances of any pairs of points. By practical reasons we underline the special cases of 2 and 3 dimensional digital spaces. It is known that there are non-metrical distances defined by neighbourhood sequences. Furthermore, in this paper we are answering the question what the necessary and sufficient condition is to have metrical distances.","PeriodicalId":238993,"journal":{"name":"ISPA 2005. Proceedings of the 4th International Symposium on Image and Signal Processing and Analysis, 2005.","volume":"37 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-10-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117279737","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Ledesma-Carbayo, C. Montejo, N. Malpica, L. J. Jiménez-Borreguero, A. Santos
{"title":"Quantification of blood flow in great vessels from cardiac magnetic resonance imaging","authors":"M. Ledesma-Carbayo, C. Montejo, N. Malpica, L. J. Jiménez-Borreguero, A. Santos","doi":"10.1109/ISPA.2005.195397","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ISPA.2005.195397","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents a new fool developed to quantify and characterize blood flow in great vessels. The aim is to quantify the flow during the cardiac cycle from sequences of magnetic resonance images of the vessel cross-section. The proposed method tracks the vessel contour to automatically quantify the maximum velocity and flow through the cardiac cycle and finally obtains the instantaneous stroke volume. The techniques proposed are based on active contours coupled with a motion estimation method. Results in ten different sequences from patients and healthy subjects have been obtained, showing values similar to other flow measurement techniques. A repeatability study was done to assess the robustness of the proposed tool.","PeriodicalId":238993,"journal":{"name":"ISPA 2005. Proceedings of the 4th International Symposium on Image and Signal Processing and Analysis, 2005.","volume":"19 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-10-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125341614","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}