Water最新文献

{"title":"A Comprehensive Evaluation of Water Resource Carrying Capacity Based on the Optimized Projection Pursuit Regression Model: A Case Study from China","authors":"Yuelong Su, Xiangdong Xu, Meng Dai, Yan Hu, Qianna Li, Shumiao Shu","doi":"10.3390/w16182650","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/w16182650","url":null,"abstract":"The Han River Ecological Economic Belt (HREEB) has a substantial amount of water resources; however, its distribution is uneven, and issues such as seasonal and engineering water shortages are prevalent. This necessitates a thorough assessment of the current water resource situation and trends in water resource carrying capacity (WRCC) to provide scientific support for the rational allocation of water resources. This study employed the RAGA-PP model to establish a WRCC evaluation index system composed of four subsystems: water resources, economy, society, and the ecological environment. The WRCC of the 17 major cities in the HREEB was evaluated from 2008 to 2022. The differentiation method was introduced to compare the reliability of the RAGA-PP model with three evaluation methods: the entropy weight TOPSIS method, the rank sum ratio method, and the principal component analysis method. In addition, an obstacle degree model was introduced to analyze the factors influencing WRCC enhancement. The results indicated the following. (1) In the differentiation test of the four models, the RAGA-PP model was found to have the highest differentiation value, and the results showed that it was more reliable in the WRCC evaluation of HREEB. (2) WRCC in the HREEB underwent significant changes between 2008 and 2022. (3) The WRCC in Shiyan and Wuhan, which are located in the eastern part of the HREEB, were high in Hubei, low in four cities in Henan, and satisfactory in three cities in Shaanxi. (4) The carrying capacity of the subsystems of the cities in the HREEB exhibited fluctuating changes with obvious internal variations. (5) The problems in the WRCC guideline layer were consistent across all cities in the HREEB, with limited per capita water resources being the primary issue in the indicator layer. Assessing WRCC is essential for achieving sustainable water resource use and high-quality regional development.","PeriodicalId":23788,"journal":{"name":"Water","volume":"15 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2024-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142254617","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Characterization of Wastewater in an Activated Sludge Treatment Plant of the Food Sector","authors":"Oscar Yáñez-Hernández, Armando Javier Ríos-Lira, Yaquelin Verenice Pantoja-Pacheco, Edgar Augusto Ruelas-Santoyo, Martha Laura Asato-España, Esveidi Montserrat Valdovinos-García","doi":"10.3390/w16182647","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/w16182647","url":null,"abstract":"Recently, water has become a resource that generates controversy due to shortage alarms and high consumption by production companies. Making good use of water has become the main objective of government institutions. The food industry generates a large amount of wastewater, concentrating the largest number of contaminants originated in its processes. Wastewater from the food industry is characterized by having a large amount of organic matter, especially fats and oils, as well as suspended solids. The objective of this research is to carry out a characterization of effluents generated in a wastewater treatment plant in the food sector based on Mexican and international regulations to determine whether it is reusable. This article addresses Mexico’s lag in the reuse of treated wastewater in the face of the water crisis, highlighting the urgency of adopting these practices to mitigate water scarcity. For the development of this investigation, samples were collected at the discharge point produced by the company’s effluents, followed by an evaluation of their physical, chemical, and biological parameters, and finally, it was determined that the effluent follows the regulatory standards for discharge into the city sewer but outside the range for reuse in productive processes or irrigation of green areas.","PeriodicalId":23788,"journal":{"name":"Water","volume":"26 6 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2024-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142254614","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Application of Hydrogeophysical Techniques in Delineating Aquifers to Enhancing Recharge Potential Areas in Groundwater-Dependent Systems, Northern Cape, South Africa","authors":"Lucky Baloyi, Thokozani Kanyerere, Innocent Muchingami, Harrison Pienaar","doi":"10.3390/w16182652","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/w16182652","url":null,"abstract":"The application of hydrogeophysical techniques to delineating aquifers was conducted in De Aar, the eastern part of the Karoo region, Northern, South Africa. Previously, recharge estimations in this region assumed a uniform aquifer type, overlooking the presence of diverse aquifer systems. This study identified both unconfined and confined aquifers to improve recharge potential assessments. Vertical electrical resistivity sounding (VES) and ground telluric methods were applied. Six VES stations and eleven profiles were measured using a 1D Wenner array configuration. The VES data, processed with IPI2win software, generated a 2D subsurface model. In contrast, the telluric data were analyzed using an automated algorithm to create a 2D profile. The electric potential difference curve was interpreted in comparison with lithological cross-sections. The VES results revealed three to four distinct layers of low-resistivity (0.9–8.1 Ωm), moderate-resistivity (22.4–125 Ωm), and high-resistivity (68–177 Ωm) values, indicating three lithological formations. The telluric data suggested that shallow groundwater boreholes were located in areas with groundwater levels above 50 m. These findings, which matched the lithological data, pointed to a double-layer aquifer system, suggesting that recharge estimates should be carried out to different aquifer layers. The study demonstrated how hydrogeophysical methods can effectively delineate aquifer systems and enhance the identification of recharge areas.","PeriodicalId":23788,"journal":{"name":"Water","volume":"11 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2024-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142254619","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Life-Cycle Analysis of Natural Treatment Systems for Wastewater (NTSW) Applied to Municipal Effluents","authors":"Nicolau Chirinza, Federico A. Leon Zerpa, Paulino Muguirrima, Tania del Pino García, Gilberto Martel Rodriguez, Camila Gutierrez, Carlos A. Mendieta Pino","doi":"10.3390/w16182653","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/w16182653","url":null,"abstract":"The objective of the described activity is to develop technologies or proposals that can be implemented within the cycle to enhance the relationship between climate change, water, energy, and food. The focus is on analyzing natural treatment systems for wastewater (NTSW) within the context of Macaronesia, considering factors such as life-cycle assessment (LCA), carbon footprint, impacts, and mitigation capacity. The analysis of real case data from the Canary Islands and Cape Verde will inform the development of appropriate technologies tailored to different areas and scales within Macaronesia. This work includes a comprehensive life-cycle analysis of the Santa Catarina (Cape Verde) NTSW. This analysis encompasses: (a) Inventory analysis of the construction phase: This involves the assessment of inputs and outputs associated with the construction of the NTSW, including materials, energy consumption, transportation, and waste generation. The maintenance and operation phases are then evaluated, with a focus on the ongoing maintenance and operation activities required for the NTSW, including energy consumption, water usage, chemical inputs (if any), labor, and equipment maintenance. (b) Finally, the impacts of the NTSW are evaluated. The environmental, social, and economic impacts generated by the NTSW are assessed. This includes an analysis of factors such as carbon emissions, water usage, land use, ecosystem impacts, human health effects, and economic costs. By conducting a comprehensive analysis of the Santa Catarina NTSW, the document aims to provide insights into the environmental performance and sustainability of the system. This information can then be used as a tool and experience of educational innovation for final-year undergraduate students to identify areas for improvement, develop mitigation strategies in the water sector, and inform decision-making processes regarding wastewater treatment technologies in Macaronesia. Furthermore, lessons learned from real case studies in the Canary Islands and Cape Verde can be applied to similar regions within the Macaronesia archipelago (IDIWATER project).","PeriodicalId":23788,"journal":{"name":"Water","volume":"201 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2024-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142254620","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Drought Quantification in Africa Using Remote Sensing, Gaussian Kernel, and Machine Learning","authors":"Fred Sseguya, Kyung-Soo Jun","doi":"10.3390/w16182656","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/w16182656","url":null,"abstract":"Effective drought management requires precise measurement, but this is challenging due to the variety of drought indices and indicators, each with unique methods and specific uses, and limited ground data availability. This study utilizes remote sensing data from 2001 to 2020 to compute drought indices categorized as meteorological, agricultural, and hydrological. A Gaussian kernel convolves these indices into a denoised, multi-band composite image. Further refinement with a Gaussian kernel enhances a single drought index from each category: Reconnaissance Drought Index (RDI), Soil Moisture Agricultural Drought Index (SMADI), and Streamflow Drought Index (SDI). The enhanced index, encompassing all bands, serves as a predictor for classification and regression tree (CART), support vector machine (SVM), and random forest (RF) machine learning models, further improving the three indices. CART demonstrated the highest accuracy and error minimization across all drought categories, with root mean square error (RMSE) and mean absolute error (MAE) values between 0 and 0.4. RF ranked second, while SVM, though less reliable, achieved values below 0.7. The results show persistent drought in the Sahel, North Africa, and southwestern Africa, with meteorological drought affecting 30% of Africa, agricultural drought affecting 22%, and hydrological drought affecting 21%.","PeriodicalId":23788,"journal":{"name":"Water","volume":"99 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2024-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142254624","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ensuring the Safety of an Extraction Well from an Upgradient Point Source of Pollution in a Computationally Constrained Setting","authors":"Christopher Nenninger, James R. Mihelcic, Jeffrey A. Cunningham","doi":"10.3390/w16182645","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/w16182645","url":null,"abstract":"Shallow groundwater is an important resource, especially in low- and middle-income countries; however, shallow groundwater is particularly vulnerable to point sources of pollution such as latrines or unlined waste disposal ponds. The objective of this paper is to derive a quantitative criterion for siting an extraction well and an upgradient point source of pollution to ensure that they are hydraulically disconnected, i.e., that no water flows from the point source to the well. To achieve this objective, we modeled the flow of shallow groundwater considering uniform regional flow, a single point source of pollution, and a single extraction well. For any set of flow rates and upgradient point source distance, we sought the minimum “off-center distance” ymin (i.e., the distance in the direction perpendicular to regional flow) that ensures the well and the point source are hydraulically disconnected. For constituencies with access to computing resources and coding expertise, we used a computer-based method for determining ymin that is exact to within the accuracy of a root-finding algorithm; this approach is recommended when computer access is available. For constituencies lacking these resources, we determined a simple, closed-form, approximate solution for ymin that has an average error of less than 3% for the conditions we tested. For a subset of scenarios in which the point source is sufficiently far upgradient of the well (n = 77), the root mean square relative error of the approximate solution is only 0.52%. We found that ymin depends on a length parameter (Qw + Qps)/QR, where Qw is the extraction rate of the well, Qps is the injection rate of the point source, and QR is the regional groundwater flow rate per unit of perpendicular length. Either the exact solution or the closed-form approximation can help to site wells near point sources of pollution, or to site point sources near wells, in a manner that protects the health of the well user. The approximate solution is valuable because many constituencies that rely on shallow wells for water supply and latrines for sanitation also lack access to the computer resources necessary to apply the exact solution.","PeriodicalId":23788,"journal":{"name":"Water","volume":"70 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2024-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142254566","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"What Is Relatively Permanent? Flow Regimes of Arizona Streams within the Context of the 2023 Conforming Rule on the Revised Definition of “Waters of the United States”","authors":"Jason P. Julian, Courtney Stuhldreher, Madeline T. Wade","doi":"10.3390/w16182641","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/w16182641","url":null,"abstract":"The classification of stream flow regimes has been a subject of study for over a half century in the fields of hydrology, geomorphology, ecology, and water resources management. But with the most recent Supreme Court decision on jurisdictional Waters of the United States (WOTUS) and the 2023 Conforming Rule, the answer to the question of which waters are relatively permanent has increased in importance and urgency. One state where this question is salient is Arizona, where approximately 95% of its streams are nonperennial. In this study, we use long-term (> 30 years) daily discharge records from Arizona to assess semi-natural flow regimes of arid streams within the context of the 2023 Conforming Rule. Using flow percentile distributions, we distinguished flow permanency—ephemeral vs. intermittent vs. perennial—for 70 stream reaches distributed throughout the state. Ephemeral streams had a median flow of 0 cms and a 75th percentile flow permanence less than 25% (i.e., less than 3 months of flow for every 7.5 out of 10 years). On the other end of the spectrum, perennial streams had a 90th percentile flow permanence of 100%. In the middle, intermittent streams had a 75th percentile flow permanence greater than 25% and a 90th percentile flow permanence less than 100%. We also assessed the effect of the recent megadrought (since 1994) on flow permanency. As a result of the megadrought, four perennial streams transitioned to intermittent, four intermittent streams transitioned to ephemeral, and one perennial stream became ephemeral. The flow classification we present here is specific to Arizona streams but could be useful to other arid regions seeking to answer the question of which streams are relatively permanent in a typical year.","PeriodicalId":23788,"journal":{"name":"Water","volume":"16 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2024-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142254659","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Winter Season Outdoor Cultivation of an Autochthonous Chlorella-Strain in a Pilot-Scale Prototype for Urban Wastewater Treatment","authors":"Elisa Benà, Pierluigi Giacò, Sara Demaria, Roberta Marchesini, Michele Melis, Giulia Zanotti, Costanza Baldisserotto, Simonetta Pancaldi","doi":"10.3390/w16182635","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/w16182635","url":null,"abstract":"The global population increase during the last century has significantly amplified freshwater demand, leading to higher wastewater (WW) production. European regulations necessitate treating WW before environmental. Microalgae have gained attention for wastewater treatment (WWT) due to their efficiency in remediating nutrients and pollutants, alongside producing valuable biomass. This study investigates the phycoremediation potential of a Chlorella-like strain isolated from urban WW in a 600L-scale system under winter conditions. Experiments in December 2021 and February 2022 tested the strain’s adaptability to varying environmental conditions, particularly temperatures (min-max temperature range: from −3.69 to 10.61 °C in December and −3.96 to 17.61 °C in February), and its ability to meet legal discharge limits. In December, low temperatures algal growth. Nitrates showed an RE of about 92%, while ammonia slightly decreased (RE, about 32%), and phosphorous remained unchanged. In February, mild temperatures increased algal density (33.3 × 106 cell mL−1) and, at the end of experiment, all nutrients were below legal limits with very high RE % (NH4+, 91.43; PO43− 97.32). Both trials showed an E. coli RE, % = 99%. The study highlights the potential of microalgae for WWT and the importance of considering seasonal variations when implementing these systems.","PeriodicalId":23788,"journal":{"name":"Water","volume":"62 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2024-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142254653","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Urban Flood Risk Assessment and Mapping Using GIS-DEMATEL Method: Case of the Serafa River Watershed, Poland","authors":"Wiktoria Natkaniec, Izabela Godyń","doi":"10.3390/w16182636","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/w16182636","url":null,"abstract":"This paper develops a method integrating Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and the Decision-Making Trials and Evaluation Laboratory (DEMATEL) for the analysis of factors influencing urban flood risk and the identification of flood-prone areas. The method is based on nine selected factors: land use/land cover (LULC: the ratio of built-up areas, the ratio of greenery areas), elevation, slope, population density, distance from the river, soil, Topographic Wetness Index (TWI), and Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI). The DEMATEL method is used to determine the cause–effect relationship between selected factors, allowing for key criteria and their weights to be determined. LULC and population density were identified as the most important risk factors for urban floods. The method was applied to a case study—the Serafa River watershed (Poland), an urbanized catchment covering housing estates of cities of Kraków and Wieliczka frequently affected by flooding. GIS analysis based on publicly available data using QGIS with weights obtained from DEMATEL identified the vulnerable areas. 45% of the total catchment area was classified as areas with a very high or high level of flood risk. The results match the actual data on inundation incidents that occurred in recent years in this area. The study shows the potential and possibility of using the DEMATEL-GIS method to determine the significance of factors and to designate flood-prone areas.","PeriodicalId":23788,"journal":{"name":"Water","volume":"42 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2024-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142254655","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Using a Triple Sensor Collocation Approach to Evaluate Small-Holder Irrigation Scheme Performances in Northern Ethiopia","authors":"Amina Abdelkadir Mohammedshum, Ben H. P. Maathuis, Chris M. Mannaerts, Daniel Teka","doi":"10.3390/w16182638","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/w16182638","url":null,"abstract":"This study uses a triple-sensor collocation approach to evaluate the performance of small-holder irrigation schemes in the Zamra catchment of Northern Ethiopia. Crop water productivity (CWP), as an integrator of biomass production and water use, was used to compare the overall efficiencies of three types of irrigation systems: traditional and modern diversions, and dam-based irrigation water supply. Farmer-reported data often rely on observations, which can introduce human estimation and measurement errors. As a result, the evaluation of irrigation scheme performance has frequently been insufficient to fully explain crop water productivity. To overcome the challenges of using one single estimation method, we used a triple-sensor collocation approach to evaluate the efficiency of three small-scale irrigation schemes, using water productivity as an indicator. It employed three independent methods: remotely sensed data, a model-based approach, and farmer in-situ estimates to assess crop yields and water consumption. To implement the triple collocation appraisal, we first applied three independent evaluation methods, i.e., remotely sensed, model-based, and farmer in-situ estimates of crop yields and water consumption, to assess the crop water productivities of the systems. Triple-sensor collocation allows for the appraisal and comparison of estimation errors of measurement sensor systems, and enables the ranking of the estimators by their quality to represent the de-facto unknown true value, in our case: crop yields, water use, and its ratio CWP, in small-holder irrigated agriculture. The study entailed four main components: (1) collecting in-situ information and data from small-holder farmers on crop yields and water use; (2) derivation of remote sensing-based CWP from the FAO WaPOR open database and time series; (3) evaluation of biomass, crop yields and water use (evapotranspiration) using the AquaCrop model, integrating climate, soil data, and irrigation management practices; (4) performing and analysis of a categorical triple collocation analysis of the independent estimator data and performance ranking of the three sensing and small-holder irrigation systems. Maize and vegetables were used as main crops during three consecutive irrigation seasons (2017/18, 2018/19, 2019/20). Civil war prevented further field surveying, in-situ research, and data collection. The results indicate that remote sensing products are performed best in the modern and dam irrigation schemes for maize. For vegetables, AquaCrop performed best in the dam irrigation scheme.","PeriodicalId":23788,"journal":{"name":"Water","volume":"69 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2024-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142254656","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}