World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology最新文献

{"title":"Current achievements, strategies, obstacles, and overcoming the challenges of the protein engineering in Pichia pastoris expression system","authors":"Azadeh Eskandari, Nima Ghahremani Nezhad, Thean Chor Leow, Mohd Basyaruddin Abdul Rahman, Siti Nurbaya Oslan","doi":"10.1007/s11274-023-03851-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11274-023-03851-6","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Yeasts serve as exceptional hosts in the manufacturing of functional protein engineering and possess industrial or medical utilities. Considerable focus has been directed towards yeast owing to its inherent benefits and recent advancements in this particular cellular host. The <i>Pichia pastoris</i> expression system is widely recognized as a prominent and widely accepted instrument in molecular biology for the purpose of generating recombinant proteins. The advantages of utilizing the <i>P. pastoris</i> system for protein production encompass the proper folding process occurring within the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), as well as the subsequent secretion mediated by Kex2 as a signal peptidase, ultimately leading to the release of recombinant proteins into the extracellular environment of the cell. In addition, within the <i>P. pastoris</i> expression system, the ease of purifying recombinant protein arises from its restricted synthesis of endogenous secretory proteins. Despite its achievements, scientists often encounter persistent challenges when attempting to utilize yeast for the production of recombinant proteins. This review is dedicated to discussing the current achievements in the usage of <i>P. pastoris</i> as an expression host. Furthermore, it sheds light on the strategies employed in the expression system and the optimization and development of the fermentative process of this yeast. Finally, the impediments (such as identifying high expression strains, improving secretion efficiency, and decreasing hyperglycosylation) and successful resolution of certain difficulties are put forth and deliberated upon in order to assist and promote the expression of complex proteins in this prevalent recombinant host.</p>","PeriodicalId":23744,"journal":{"name":"World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology","volume":"11 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138556850","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prevalence and distribution pattern of AmpC β-lactamases in ESBL producing clinical isolates of Klebsiella spp. in parts of Assam, India","authors":"Indrani Gogoi, Shyamalima Saikia, Mohan Sharma, Amos Oloo Onyango, Minakshi Puzari, Pankaj Chetia","doi":"10.1007/s11274-023-03846-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11274-023-03846-3","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The production of extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs) and AmpC β-lactamases is the most common explanation of multidrug resistance in clinical isolates of <i>Klebsiella</i> spp. In the present study, a total of 160 isolates of <i>Klebsiella</i> spp. were procured from the DBT-NER project with ethical clearance no. DU/Dib/ECBHR(Human)/2021-22/02). These were collected from various health settings of Assam and identified as drug-resistant. The isolates were screened for antibiotic susceptibility and phenotypic tests were performed on multidrug resistant isolates to confirm ESBL and AmpC β-lactamases production. The distribution pattern of ESBL and AmpC β-lactamase genotype was investigated by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The results showed that among 107 multidrug-resistant (MDR) isolates of <i>Klebsiella</i> spp., 67.28% of isolates were ESBL producers and 56.07% were potential AmpC producers. The PCR results revealed that <i>bla</i>_CTX−M was the most prevalent ESBL genotype. Among the ESBL producers, 11.11% of isolates showed co-occurrence with plasmid-mediated AmpC β lactamases genotype which indicated the high prevalence of ESBL and AmpC co-producers in <i>K. pneumoniae</i> and <i>K. oxytoca</i>, suggesting the possibility of serious public health concerns. Therefore, it is crucial to regularly monitor the spread of multidrug resistance among clinical isolates.</p>","PeriodicalId":23744,"journal":{"name":"World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology","volume":"9 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138556790","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cytotoxicity and anti-biofilm activities of biogenic cadmium nanoparticles and cadmium nitrate: a preliminary study.","authors":"Mahboubeh Adeli-Sardou, Mojtaba Shakibaie, Hamid Forootanfar, Fereshteh Jabari-Morouei, Soudabe Riahi-Madvar, Sima-Sadat Ghafari-Shahrbabaki, Mitra Mehrabani","doi":"10.1007/s11274-022-03418-x","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11274-022-03418-x","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Wild-type microorganisms have become tolerant to higher antibiotic and antimicrobial agent concentrations due to the global increase in antibiotic consumption. Green-synthesized nanoparticles (NPs) have been proposed as potential antimicrobial agents to overcome the problem. This research prepared cadmium nanoparticles (Cd NPs) using Artemisia persica extract. To clarify the biological behavior of Cd NPs and Cd (NO₃)₂, cytotoxicity, antibacterial, anti-biofilm, and biocompatible experiments were performed. Since Cd toxicity is associated with liver, kidney damage, and other deficits, HepG2 and HUVEC cell lines were employed as the in vitro cytotoxicity models. Cd NPs had a lower cytotoxic effect than Cd (NO₃)₂ against both HepG2 and HUVEC cells. The Cd NPs exhibited no hemolysis activity. The antibacterial and anti-biofilm studies were conducted using gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus and gram-negative Proteus mirabilis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa with the ability to form severe adherent biofilms. The antibacterial activity of Cd NPs against clinically isolated S. aureus, P. mirabilis, and P. aeruginosa was above 2560 µg mL^- 1. The Cd NPs (640 µg mL^- 1) decreased the biofilm formation of S. aureus, P. mirabilis, and P. aeruginosa by 24.6%, 31.6%, and 26.4%, respectively.Moreover, adding Cd NPs (100 µg/disc) to antibiotic discs increased the antibacterial activity of vancomycin, gentamicin, tetracycline, streptomycin, meropenem, and kanamycin against Methicillin-resistant S. aureus, significantly. Due to the emergence of resistant microorganisms, Cd NPs can be used as an exciting material to counterattack global health problems. Further research is needed to clarify the molecular mechanisms underlying Cd NPs' pharmacological and toxicological effects.</p>","PeriodicalId":23744,"journal":{"name":"World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology","volume":"1 1","pages":"246"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74982035","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cacti as low-cost substrates to produce L-asparaginase by endophytic fungi.","authors":"Leticia Francisca da Silva, Ana Patrícia Sousa Lopes de Pádua, Layanne de Oliveira Ferro, Gualberto Segundo Agamez-Montalvo, Jadson Diogo Pereira Bezerra, Keila Aparecida Moreira, Cristina Maria de Souza-Motta","doi":"10.1007/s11274-022-03420-3","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11274-022-03420-3","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study aimed to select endophytic fungi to produce L-asparaginase and partially optimising the production of the enzyme using cacti as substrate. Seventeen endophytes were assessed for intracellular enzymatic potential in modified Czapek Dox's medium using L-proline as an inducer. The best producer was evaluated for intracellular and extracellular enzymatic activity in modified Czapek Dox's medium using flours of Opuntia ficus-indica and Nopalea cochenillifera as substrate. The biomass and L-asparaginase production profile was analysed and the best conditions for enzyme production were verified using factorial design. Penicillium decaturense URM 7966, Diaporthe ueckerae URM 8321, and Colletotrichum annellatum URM 8538 produced 0.76 U g^- 1, 0.87 U g^- 1, and 0.74 U g^- 1 L-asparaginase, respectively. Diaporthe ueckerae URM 8321 produced only intracellular L-asparaginase, using flours of N. cochenillifera (0.72 U g^- 1) and O. ficus-indica (0.90 U g^- 1) and the last was selected for the next steps. The ideal time for biomass and L-asparaginase production was 120 h. The best conditions for enzyme production (1.67 U g^- 1) were initial pH 4.0, inoculum concentration 1% and cacti flour concentration 0.2%; where was observed an increase of 46.11% in compared to the initial production. Opuntia ficus-indica flour is indicated as an alternative low-cost substrate for the production of L-asparaginase by the endophytic fungus D. ueckerae URM 8321.</p>","PeriodicalId":23744,"journal":{"name":"World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology","volume":"39 1","pages":"247"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80954608","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A comparative study on chemical characterization and properties of surface active compounds from Gram-positive Bacillus and Gram-negative Ochrobactrum strains utilizing pure hydrocarbons and waste mineral lubricating oils.","authors":"Ishika Saha, Sriparna Datta, Dipa Biswas, Dipanjan Sengupta","doi":"10.1007/s11274-022-03321-5","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11274-022-03321-5","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Mineral lubricating oils are widely used in various industrial sectors for their applications in maintenance and functioning of machineries. However, indiscriminate dumping of these used oils have resulted in polluting the natural reservoirs which subsequently destroys ecological balance. Bacteria can emulsify or lower surface tension between phases of immiscible substrates and can acquire them as their carbon and energy sources. Such a phenomenon is mediated by production of extracellular polymers which can function as eminent surface active compounds based on their surfactant or emulsifying nature. The comparison between bacterial strains (Gram-positive Bacillus stratosphericus A15 and Gram-negative Ochrobactrum pseudintermedium C1) on utilization of pure straight chain hydrocarbons, waste mineral lubricating oils as sole carbon source and chemical characterization of the synthesized surface active compounds were studied. Characterization analysis by Ultraviolet Visible spectrophotometry, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, Nuclear Magnetic Resonance spectroscopy, Carbon-Hydrogen-Nitrogen analysis has given detailed structural elucidation of surface active compounds. The contrasting nature of bacterial strains in utilization of different hydrocarbons of waste mineral lubricating oils was observed in Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectroscopy analysis. The variation between both strains in utilization of hydrocarbons can be manifested in chemical structural differences and properties of the produced surface active compounds. Scanning Electron Microscopy has given detailed insight into the microstructural difference of the compounds. The utilization of lubricating oils can address waste disposal problem and offer an economical feasible approach for bacterial production of surface active compounds. Our results suggest that these surface active compounds can maneuver applications in environmental bioremediation and agriculture, pharmaceuticals and food as functional biomaterials.</p>","PeriodicalId":23744,"journal":{"name":"World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology","volume":"150 1","pages":"141"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77405881","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Interference of bio-control Trichoderma to enhance physical and physiological strength of sugarcane during Pokkah boeng infection.","authors":"Raghvendra Tiwari, Kajal Chandra, S K Shukla, V P Jaiswal, Natarajan Amaresan, Abhay Kumar Srivastava, Asha Gaur, Divya Sahni, Rajesh Kumar Tiwari","doi":"10.1007/s11274-022-03319-z","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11274-022-03319-z","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Tremendous benefits have been derived from the use of fungicides but excessive use of chemical fungicides not only posing threat to human and animal life but also contaminates the prevailing environment. Damage by pathogenic fungi alone causes significant damage to crops like maize, rice, wheat, soybeans, and potatoes. Therefore, it becomes imperative that these diseases are checked and controlled, for which chemical pesticides are being sprayed on plants extensively. Considering the devastating damage and toxicity, the global focus has taken a drift from synthetic chemicals to nature-friendly biological control agents. The present study focuses on the use of biological control agents particularly Trichoderma in sugarcane during Pokkah boeng infection. In the present experiment, twenty promising Trichoderma strains were evaluated for plant growth promotion, lytic enzymes, and physiological and biocontrol activity. Out of the twenty, four potential Trichoderma strains were assessed in the pot experiment viz. T. harzianum strain T28, T41 and T49 and T. aureoviride strain T38. The T. harzianum (T28) showed efficient plant growth-promoting traits as it produced IAA (20.67 µg/ml), phosphorus solubilization (18.57 µg/ml), and cell wall degrading enzymes such as chitinase (24.98 µg/ml) and β-glucanase (29.98 µg/ml). The interference of biocontrol agent T. harzianum (T28) controlled the disease by 73.55%. Apart from this, the inoculation of Trichoderma (T28) enhanced growth attributes including germination percentage (26.61%), mean tiller number (8.28 tiller/pot), individual cane length (241.5 cm), single cane weight (1.13 kg) and the number of milleable canes (6.00 cane/pot). Improvements in physiological activities at different growth stages of the sugarcane crop were observed based on the photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) on the leaf surface, transpiration rate, stomatal conductance, and photosynthetic rate. Further, improvement in juice quality parameters was also observed as it recorded the highest ⁰brix, sucrose, and commercial cane sugar by 21.26%, 19.28%, and 13.50%, respectively, by applying T. harzianum strain T28. Thus, results proved that T. harzianum strain T28 may be an effective eco-friendly biocontrol tool for managing Pokkah boeng disease in sugarcane. This is the first report of the biocontrol potential of Trichoderma spp. against Fusarium proliferatum causing Pokkah boeng disease in sugarcane.</p>","PeriodicalId":23744,"journal":{"name":"World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology","volume":"8 1","pages":"139"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84722323","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Genomic characterization of denitrifying methylotrophic Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain AAK/M5 isolated from municipal solid waste landfill soil.","authors":"Ashish Kumar Singh, Rakesh Kumar Gupta, Hemant J Purohit, Anshuman Arun Khardenavis","doi":"10.1007/s11274-022-03311-7","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11274-022-03311-7","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Municipal landfills are known for methane production and a source of nitrate pollution leading to various environmental issues. Therefore, this niche was selected for the isolation of one-carbon (C1) utilizing bacteria with denitrifying capacities using anaerobic enrichment on nitrate mineral salt medium supplemented with methanol as carbon source. Eight axenic cultures were isolated of which, isolate AAK/M5 demonstrated the highest methanol removal (73.28%) in terms of soluble chemical oxygen demand and methane removal (41.27%) at the expense of total nitrate removal of 100% and 33% respectively. The whole genome characterization with phylogenomic approach suggested that the strain AAK/M5 could be assigned to Pseudomonas aeruginosa with close neighbours as type strains DVT779, AES1M, W60856, and LES400. The circular genome annotation showed the presence of complete set of genes essential for methanol utilization and complete denitrification process. The study demonstrates the potential of P. aeruginosa strain AAK/M5 in catalysing methane oxidation thus serving as a methane sink vis-à-vis utilization of nitrate. Considering the existence of such bacteria at landfill site, the study highlights the need to develop strategies for their enrichment and designing of efficient catabolic activity for such environments.</p>","PeriodicalId":23744,"journal":{"name":"World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology","volume":"1 1","pages":"140"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84355927","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"In vitro compatibility of Brassicaceae extracts with nematophagous fungi and their effects against Nacobbus celatus.","authors":"Ana Laura Sosa, Natalia Soledad Girardi, Laura Cristina Rosso, Miriam Graciela Etcheverry, María Alejandra Passone","doi":"10.1007/s11274-022-03318-0","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11274-022-03318-0","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Nacobbus celatus sp. n. is one of the main root-knot nematodes in the field destined for horticultural production of the central region of Argentine due to its ability to infect several host plants. The lack of new and safe active ingredients against this nematode has restricted control alternatives for growers. Egg-parasitic fungi and biofumigation with brassicaceae have been considered as potential candidates for the development of bionematicides. Nematicidal effects of Brassica oleracea var. italica (broccoli) and Brassica oleracea var. capitata (cabbage) aqueous extracts (AEs) against second-stage juveniles (J2) of N. celatus were evaluated in vitro. Fisher LSD tests evidenced significant nematicidal (α = 0.05) effects of the two AEs tested, with LD₁₀₀ of 250 and 500 μL mL^-1 for broccoli and cabbage, respectively. Compatibility assays between AEs and five nematophagous fungi were performed on soil extract medium conditioned at 0.99 water activity and incubated at 30, 25 and 20 °C. Purpureocillium lilacinum SR14 was the fungal strain that showed compatibility at levels of spore viability, growth rate and conidia productions at LD₅₀ (125 μL mL^-1) and LD₂₅ (60 μL mL^-1) of broccoli aqueous extract (BAE) and enhanced the nematophagous effect. Moreover, phytotoxic studies revealed that 125 μL mL^-1 of BAE applied at the transplantation time could be safely used without affecting tomato culture. In conclusion, the integrated application of BAE with P. lilacinum SR14, which combines two action mechanisms, represents a promising integrated strategy to management phytoparasitic nematodes.</p>","PeriodicalId":23744,"journal":{"name":"World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology","volume":"26 6 1","pages":"138"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82835136","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparative study on inhibitory effects of ferulic acid and p-coumaric acid on Salmonella Enteritidis biofilm formation.","authors":"Jing-Guo Xu, Hui-Xue Hu, Jing-Yu Chen, Yan-Song Xue, Bekhzod Kodirkhonov, Bei-Zhong Han","doi":"10.1007/s11274-022-03317-1","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11274-022-03317-1","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Biofilm cells exhibit higher resistance than their planktonic counterparts to commonly used disinfectants in food industry. Phenolic acids are promising substitute offering less selective pressure than traditional antibiotics. This study aims to evaluate the inhibitory effects of ferulic acid (FA) and p-coumaric acid (p-CA) on Salmonella Enteritidis biofilm formation and explore the underlying inhibitory mechanisms. The minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of FA and p-CA were 1.0 and 0.5 mg/ml, respectively. The sub-inhibitory concentration (1/8 MIC) significantly decreased biofilm formation without growth inhibitory effects. The biomass and extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) of S. Enteritidis biofilm as well as the bacterial swimming and chemotaxis abilities were significantly decreased when exposed to sub-MIC concentrations of FA and p-CA. These two phenolic acids showed high affinity to proteins involved in flagella motility and repressed the S. Enteritidis biofilm formation-related gene expressions. Furthermore, these two phenolic acids maintained high antibiofilm efficiency in simulated food processing conditions. This study provided valuable information of multiple phenotypic and molecular responses of S. Enteritidis to these two phenolic acids.</p>","PeriodicalId":23744,"journal":{"name":"World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology","volume":"41 1","pages":"136"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86884351","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Characteristics of the microbiota and metabolic profile of high-temperature Daqu with different grades.","authors":"Yuandi Zhang, Fang Ding, Yi Shen, Wei Cheng, Yansong Xue, Bei-Zhong Han, Xiaoxue Chen","doi":"10.1007/s11274-022-03303-7","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11274-022-03303-7","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The superior grade Daqu (S_Daqu) and normal grade Daqu (N_Daqu) have obvious differences in flavor, fracture surface, appearance, etc., which can be accurately grouped by well-trained panel based on their sensory properties. However, the differences in microbial community diversity and metabolites between the S_Daqu and N_Daqu were still unclear. The culture-dependent method, the third generation Pacific Biosciences (PacBio) single-molecule, real-time (SMRT) sequencing technology, and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) were combined to show the characteristics in microorganisms and metabolites. Results showed that the fungal counts were higher in N_Daqu while the richness of bacterial communities was higher in S_Daqu (P < 0.05). Lentibacillus, Burkholderia, Saccharopolyspora, Thermoascus, and Rasamsonia were the dominant genera of S_Daqu while Staphylococcus, Scopulibacillus, and Chromocleista were the dominant genera in N_Daqu. The content of differential acids, amino acids, and alcohols including fumarate, glucuronate, glycine, 4-carboxyglutamate, and myo-inositol in S_Daqu was higher than that in N_Daqu by ¹H NMR coupled with multivariate statistical analysis. The network analysis regarding microbes and metabolites suggested that Saccharopolyspora showed a strong positive correlation with 4-carboxyglutamate while Thermoascus and Chromocleista were highly negatively correlated with alanine and isobutyrate, respectively. Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA) Effect Size (LEfSe) revealed that Macrococcus and Caulobacter were regarded as bacterial biomarkers in the S_Daqu while Chromocleista was the key fungal genera in N_Daqu. Functionality prediction indicated that the bacteria in S_Daqu were largely involved in more metabolic activities including biosynthesis, degradation, detoxification, and generation of precursor metabolite and energy.</p>","PeriodicalId":23744,"journal":{"name":"World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology","volume":"76 1","pages":"137"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77283214","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}