World Journal of Nuclear Medicine最新文献

{"title":"Initial Experience of 18 F-FET PET-MR Image Fusion for Evaluation of Recurrent Primary Brain Tumors","authors":"Habibollah Dadgar, M. S. Vafaee, Amirreza Khorasanchi, Parastoo Kordestani Moghadam, Reza Nemati, Hossein Shooli, Esmail Jafari, Majid Assadi","doi":"10.1055/s-0043-1771282","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0043-1771282","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Background  An accurate monitoring technique is crucial in brain tumors to choose the best treatment approach after surgery and/or chemoradiation. Radiological assessment of brain tumors is widely based on the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) modality in this regard; however, MRI criteria are unable to precisely differentiate tumoral tissue from treatment-related changes. This study was conducted to evaluate whether fused MRI and O-(2- 18 F-fluoroethyl)-L-tyrosine ( 18 F-FET) positron emission tomography (PET) can improve the diagnostic accuracy of the practitioners to discriminate treatment-related changes from true recurrence of brain tumor. Methods  We retrospectively analyzed 18 F-FET PET/computed tomography (CT) of 11 patients with histopathologically proven brain tumors that were suspicious for recurrence changes after 3 to 4 months of surgery. All the patients underwent MRI and 18 F-FET PET/CT. As a third assessment, fused 18 F-FET PET/MRI was also acquired. Finally, the diagnostic accuracy of the applied modalities was compared. Results  Eleven patients aged 27 to 73 years with a mean age of 47 ± 13 years were enrolled. According to the results, 9/11 cases (82%) showed positive MRI and 6 cases (55%) showed positive PET/CT and PET/MRI. Tumoral recurrence was observed in six patients (55%) in the follow-up period. Based on the follow-up results, accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), and negative predictive value (NPV) were 64, 85, 25, 67, and 50%, respectively, for MRI alone and 91, 85, 100, 100, and 80%, respectively, for both PET/CT and PET/MRI. Conclusion  This study found that 18 F-FET PET-MR image fusion in the management of brain tumors might improve recurrence detection; however, further well-designed studies are needed to verify these preliminary data.","PeriodicalId":23742,"journal":{"name":"World Journal of Nuclear Medicine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48191476","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Neurocognitive Profile and 18 F-Fluorodeoxyglucose Positron Emission Tomography Brain Imaging Correlation in Children with Electrical Status Epilepticus during Sleep","authors":"Madhur K. Srivastava, Afshan J. Shaik, Sireesha Yareeda, Kavitha Nallapareddy, L. Lingappa, Pallavi Moturi, Padmaja Gaddamonugu, R. M. Kandadai, R. Borgohain","doi":"10.1055/s-0042-1757284","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0042-1757284","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Objective  Electrical status epilepticus in sleep (ESES) is defined by near-continuous epileptiform discharges during sleep along with cognitive, behavioral, and/or imaging abnormalities. We studied the neurocognitive profile and their correlation with 18 F fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (FDG PET) brain abnormalities in children with ESES. Methods  Fourteen children with ESES with normal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) from March to December 2019 were included. The intelligence quotient (IQ) and child behavior checklist (CBCL) scores were estimated using validated scales, and FDG PET brain was done at the same point of time to look for cerebral metabolic defects which was compared with a control group. Results  Fourteen patients with a mean age of 8.2 ± 2.7 years were analyzed. The average duration of epilepsy was 6 ± 2.8 years. The mean IQ was 72.4 ± 18.2 and mean CBCL score was 37.3 ± 11.8. There was negative correlation between IQ and CBCL ( r  = −0.55, p  < 0.001). The duration of epilepsy also showed negative correlation with IQ ( r  = −4.75, p  < 0.001). FDG PET scan showed predominant thalamic hypometabolism in 12 of 14 patients (85.7%) on visual analysis with multiple other hypometabolic cortical and subcortical regions in the brain. The quantitative analysis showed significant difference in metabolism of basal ganglion when compared with control group. The total number of hypometabolic regions seen in the brain showed moderate positive correlation with CBCL score but no significant correlation with the IQ of cases. Conclusion  This study demonstrates functional impairment of cerebral cortical, basal ganglia, and thalamic hypometabolism in a cohort of ESES patients with normal structural MRI brain study. There was a moderate correlation of extent and pattern of cerebral hypometabolism with the neuropsychological status of the child and duration of epilepsy.","PeriodicalId":23742,"journal":{"name":"World Journal of Nuclear Medicine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2023-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43670682","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Screening for Clonal Hematopoiesis for Mitigating the Risk of Hematopoietic Neoplasms after PRRT.","authors":"Piyush Chandra,&nbsp;Kishore Kumar","doi":"10.1055/s-0043-1764308","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0043-1764308","url":null,"abstract":"Lu-DOTATATE, a peptide receptor-based radionuclide therapy (PRRT), is one of latest treatment options for patients with progressive gastro-entero-pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) and leads to significantly better disease-free survival.1 Although rare, an ominous adverse effect seen with PRRT is development of myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) or acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Recently, a global multicenter study done by Vigne et al using the World Health Organization pharmacovigilance database VigiBase including 1,674 cases, showed0.91 and0.31% incidence ofMDSandAML, respectively. These adverse events were associated with treatment discontinuation in all affected patients, andmore importantly approximatelyone-third of these cases eventually had fatal outcomes.2 Based on accumulated clinical data over the past decade and a half, incidence of PRRT-relatedmyeloid neoplasms (t-MN) has been reported in 0.2 to 5.4% of the patients.3–6 Long-term follow-up data from Erasmus Medical Centre, including 1,214 patients showed MDS incidence at 1.5% after a median followup of 28 months and acute leukemia at 0.7% after a median follow-up of 55 months after first therapy.7 The final results of theNETTER-1studygroupshowedt-MNriskat1.2%post5years of the last patient is randomized.8 A slightly higher percentage of patients experienced t-MN after PRRT in two other studies, both of which combined PRRT with prior or concomitant chemotherapy. Of note, a much higher rate of t-MN (20%) was reported by Brieau et al in a limited series of 20 nonresectable NETs treated with Lu-PPRT after heavy pretreatment with chemotherapy.9Another studydonebyGoncalves et al from the Peter MacCallum Cancer center including 521 patients over a 12-year period showed 4.8% incidence of t-MN.10 Twenty-five percent of these patients had receivedprior chemotherapywith carboplatin/etoposide and 88% received concomitant radiosensitizing chemotherapy such as 5FU or capecitabine. Themedian overall survival (OS) after diagnosis of t-MN was shown to be mere 13 months. Although the novel approach of PRRT with combined chemotherapy may potentially offer better tumor control, it may also slightly augment the risk of t-MN. The quest for identifying predictive biomarkers for post-tMN continues. Unlike nephrotoxicitywhich is considered dosedependent side effect of PRRT, occurrence of long-term hematological toxicity is difficult to predict based onmarrow dosimetryalone.11AstudydonebyBrieauetal showedtwoprognostic factors for the development of t-MN identified in this study: (1) early grade 3 to 4 hematological toxicity after PRRT and (2) higher number of chemotherapy cycles before PRRT. Similarly, post-PRRT thrombocytopenia was significantly related to the development of secondary MDS or AML in a previous study.5 Hence, close monitoring should be recommended in patients experiencing early hematological toxicity after PRRT. A novel strategy to mitigate the risk of t-MN appears to be pretreatment identificat","PeriodicalId":23742,"journal":{"name":"World Journal of Nuclear Medicine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2023-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10202583/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9888128","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Rare Isolated Cerebellar Metastases in Prostate Cancer: A Case Report with Review of Literature.","authors":"Nimmagadda Ajit,&nbsp;Gadepalli Tejonath,&nbsp;Bikkina Pratyusha,&nbsp;Abubacker Ali Zakir","doi":"10.1055/s-0043-1768449","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0043-1768449","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Prostate cancer is a common malignancy affecting elderly males. Generally, prostate cancer metastases to lymph nodes and skeletal lesions. Brain metastasis from prostate cancer is an uncommon phenomenon. When occurs, it affects the liver and lungs. Less than 1% of the cases show brain metastases, with isolated brain metastases being even more rare. We present the case of a 67-year-old male patient who was diagnosed to have prostate carcinoma and maintained on hormonal therapy. Later, the patient presented with raising serum-68 prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels. Gallium-68 prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) positron emission tomography (PET)/computed tomography (CT) scan revealed isolated cerebellar metastasis. He was later treated with whole brain radiotherapy.</p>","PeriodicalId":23742,"journal":{"name":"World Journal of Nuclear Medicine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2023-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10202584/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9569999","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sellar-Parasellar and Petrous Bone Metastasis from Differentiated Thyroid Carcinoma: Imaging Characteristics and Follow-Up Profile Post Radioiodine Therapy.","authors":"Sunita Nitin Sonavane,&nbsp;Trupti Upadhye,&nbsp;Sandip Basu","doi":"10.1055/s-0043-1768664","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0043-1768664","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Sella turcica and petrous bone metastasis from differentiated thyroid carcinoma are rare clinical entities, with only a few limited cases reported to date. Two cases, one of sella turcica metastasis and the other of petrous bone metastasis from carcinoma of the thyroid gland, are presented. The cases diagnosed to have arisen from poorly differentiated thyroid carcinoma and follicular carcinoma of thyroid, respectively, subsequently underwent total thyroidectomy, radioiodine (RAI) scans and RAI therapies with iodine-131, external radiotherapy, and levothyroxine suppression with follow-up. Their clinical symptoms gradually subsided, with reduction in serum thyroglobulin, and finally resulted in disease stabilization. With the multimodality therapeutic approach, both patients are alive to date, with 48- and 60-month survival post diagnosis, respectively.</p>","PeriodicalId":23742,"journal":{"name":"World Journal of Nuclear Medicine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2023-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10202566/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9871528","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact of Region-of-Interest Delineation on Stability and Reproducibility of Liver SNR Measurements in ⁶⁸ Ga-PSMA PET/CT.","authors":"Masoomeh Fooladi,&nbsp;Sahar Rezaei,&nbsp;Farahnaz Aghahosseini,&nbsp;Yalda Salehi,&nbsp;Nima Kasraie,&nbsp;Peyman Sheikhzadeh","doi":"10.1055/s-0043-1768446","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0043-1768446","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Objective</b>  This study aims to assess the impact of various regions of interest (ROIs) and volumes of interest (VOIs) delineations on the reproducibility of liver signal-to-noise-ratio (SNRliver) measurements, as well as to find the most reproducible way to estimate it in gallium-68 positron emission tomography ( ⁶⁸ Ga-PET) imaging. We also investigated the SNRliver-weight relationship for these ROIs and VOIs delineations. <b>Methods</b>  A cohort of 40 patients (40 males; mean weight: 76.5 kg [58-115 kg]) with prostate cancer were included. ⁶⁸ Ga-PET/CT imaging (mean injected activity: 91.4 MBq [51.2 MBq to 134.1 MBq] was performed on a 5-ring bismuth germanium oxide-based Discovery IQ PET/CT using ordered subset expectation maximization image reconstruction algorithm. Afterward, circular ROIs and spherical VOIs with two different diameters of 30 and 40 mm were drawn on the right lobe of the livers. The performance of the various defined regions was evaluated by the average standardized uptake value (SUV _mean ), standard deviation (SD) of the SUV (SUV _SD ), SNR _liver , and SD of the SNR _liver metrics. <b>Results</b>  There were no significant differences in SUV _mean among the various ROIs and VOIs ( <i>p</i>  > 0.05). On the other hand, the lower SUV _SD was obtained by spherical VOI with diameter of 30 mm. The largest SNR _liver was obtained by ROI (30 mm). The SD of SNR _liver with ROI (30 mm) was also the largest, while the lowest SD of SNR _liver was observed for VOI (40 mm). There is a higher correlation coefficient between the patient-dependent parameter of weight and the image quality parameter of SNRliver for both VOI (30 mm) and VOI (40 mm) compared to the ROIs. <b>Conclusion</b>  Our results indicate that SNR _liver measurements are affected by the size and shape of the respective ROIs and VOIs. The spherical VOI with a 40 mm diameter leads to more stable and reproducible SNR measurement in the liver.</p>","PeriodicalId":23742,"journal":{"name":"World Journal of Nuclear Medicine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2023-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10202577/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9888126","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Lesion Analysis in PERCIST 1.0: Clinical Ease versus Research Requisite-Where Does the Balance Exist?","authors":"Amit Bhoil","doi":"10.1055/s-0042-1750406","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0042-1750406","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background</b>  Semiqualitative parameter SUVmax has been the most frequently used semiquantitative positron emission tomography (PET) parameter for response evaluation, but only metabolic activity of a single (most metabolic) lesion is predicted. Newer response parameters such as tumor lesion glycolysis (TLG) incorporating lesions' metabolic volume or whole-body metabolic tumor burden (MTBwb) are being explored for response evaluation. Evaluation and comparison of response with different semiquantitative PET parameters such as SUVmax and TLG in most metabolic lesion, multiple lesions (max of five), and MTBwb in advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients were made. The different PET parameters were analyzed for response evaluation, overall survival (OS), and progression-free survival (PFS). <b>Methods</b>   ¹⁸ F-FDG-PET/CT (18-fluorine-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography) imaging was performed in 23 patients (M = 14, F = 9, mean age = 57.6 years) with stage IIIB-IV advanced NSCLC before initiation of therapy with oral estimated glomerular filtration rate-tyrosine kinase inhibitor for early and late response evaluation. The quantitative PET parameters such as SUVmax and TLG were measured in single (most metabolic) lesion, multiple lesions, and MTBwb. The parameters SUVmax, TLG, and MTBwb were compared for early and late response evaluation and analyzed for OS and PFS <b>Results</b>  No significant difference in change in response evaluation was seen in patients evaluated with most metabolic lesion, multiple lesions, or MTBwb. Difference in early (DC 22, NDC 1) and late (DC 20, NDC 3) response evaluation was seen that remained unchanged when lesions were measured in terms of number of lesions or the MTBwb. The early imaging was seen to be statistically significant to the OS compared with late imaging. <b>Conclusions</b>  Single (most metabolic) lesion shows similar disease response and OS to multiple lesions and MTBwb. Response evaluation by late imaging offered no significant advantage compared with early imaging. Thus, early response evaluation with SUVmax parameter offers a good balance between clinical ease and research requisition.</p>","PeriodicalId":23742,"journal":{"name":"World Journal of Nuclear Medicine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2023-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10202569/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9570002","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Post-Topotecan Mixed Response and 'Redifferentiation-akin' Phenomenon on Dual Tracer PET-CT in Multiple Treatment-Resistant Metastatic Neuroendocrine Neoplasm.","authors":"Sarvesh Loharkar,&nbsp;Sandip Basu","doi":"10.1055/s-0043-1760761","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0043-1760761","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>A 50-year-old female patient of heavily pre-treated (chemotherapy and multiple treatment-resistant) and progressive intermediate-grade metastatic neuroendocrine neoplasm is presented, wherein the lesions showed mixed response following topotecan treatment and multiple hepatic metastasis showed increase in the SSTR expression and decrease in FDG concentration on dual-tracer PET/CT ( ⁶⁸ Ga-DOTATATE and ¹⁸ F-FDG PET/CT). Such observation allowed ¹⁷⁷ Lu-DOTATATE PRRT to be considered for an advanced, symptomatic, and multiple treatment-resistant patient with limited palliative treatment options left.</p>","PeriodicalId":23742,"journal":{"name":"World Journal of Nuclear Medicine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2023-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10202582/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9518982","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessment of Pulmonary Metastasis in Differentiated Thyroid Carcinoma: Value of HRCT Correlation with Functional Imaging.","authors":"Ashwini Kalshetty,&nbsp;Sandip Basu","doi":"10.1055/s-0043-1764307","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0043-1764307","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Pulmonary metastases in thyroid carcinoma demonstrates varying imaging characteristics and disease biology and the outcome. The valuable complimentary role of high-resolution CT (HRCT) in conjunction with functional imaging such as radioiodine scan has been discussed and illustrated in this review along with the varied clinical and imaging presentations of lung metastases from differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC). A multi-modality patient-specific diagnostic approach and awareness about the atypical presentations helps in early identification as well as effective management of these patients, and especially in certain situations that could need multi-disciplinary management. While HRCT of the lungs as an added tool provides detailed visualization of the lung parenchyma, in the era of hybrid imaging, the routine adoption of SPECT-CT in patients with pulmonary metastases (in diagnostic or post-treatment settings) could provide equivalent or even incremental information from further management viewpoint.</p>","PeriodicalId":23742,"journal":{"name":"World Journal of Nuclear Medicine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2023-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10278235/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9764043","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nuclear Medicine Training: Skills and Competencies Required for Practice in the 21st Century.","authors":"Ismaheel O Lawal","doi":"10.1055/s-0043-1769588","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0043-1769588","url":null,"abstract":"Nuclear medicine (NM) utilizes unsealed radiation sources to diagnose and treat diseases. In the NM team, the NM physician works in collaboration with many other NM professionals who play critical roles in care delivery to patients. The NM team, therefore, consists of the NM physicians, the radiochemists, the medical physicists, and NM technologists, and others. Each of these groups in the NM team has made signi fi cant contributions to the fi eld of NM, resulting in amazing growth over thelast two decades or so. 1 Thisgrowth with implications for a promising feature for NM has been in the form of improvement in instrumentation, advances in radiopharmaceutical synthesis, the introduction of novel diagnostic and therapeutic radiopharmaceuticals, optimiza-tion of dosimetry methods, and, consequently, broadening of the applications of NM techniques in the clinics. While this growth occurring in all aspects of the fi eld has made the future of the profession exciting, it has also come with a need for residency training to evolve to produce NM physicians with the requisite skill sets and competencies that make them suitable to deliver ef fi cient care in the 21st century. In this editorial, I will focus on the emerging skill sets and competencies that NM trainees need to acquire in their residency training to render fi t-for-purpose diagnostic and therapeutic NM care in the 21st century.","PeriodicalId":23742,"journal":{"name":"World Journal of Nuclear Medicine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2023-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10202562/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9871529","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}