World Journal of Plastic Surgery最新文献

{"title":"Surgical Outcomes of Retrorectal Tumors: A Retrospective Study of 12 Years' Experience.","authors":"Mohamad Hosein Dashti, Adel Zeinalpour, Mohammad Reza Nikshoar, Mohammad Reza Hashempour, Alireza Ariapour, Mohammad Pishgahi, Amir Sadeghi, Fakhry Alsadat Anaraki Firooz","doi":"10.61186/wjps.14.2.56","DOIUrl":"10.61186/wjps.14.2.56","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Retrorectal tumors are rare, heterogeneous neoplasms in the pararectal space that have low incidence, nonspecific symptoms, and variable presentations; they are often challenging to diagnose and manage, necessitating high clinical suspicion. We evaluated the clinical characteristics, diagnostic challenges, surgical outcomes, and postoperative follow-up of patients with retrorectal tumors treated over 12 years.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A retrospective case series was conducted on 34 patients who underwent surgery for retrorectal tumors at Taleghani Hospital, Tehran, Iran, from 2011 to 2023. Clinical presentations, imaging findings, surgical interventions, histopathological diagnoses, and postoperative outcomes were analyzed.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Thirty-four patients with 37 lesions were included, with a mean age of 40.21 ± 11.57 years. The majority of patients were female (88.2%). Pelvic pain was the most common symptom (44.1%), followed by rectal pain (38.2%). The retrorectal space was the most frequently affected location (67.6%). Most tumors were cystic (51.4%), with congenital tumors being the most common histopathological subtype (37.8%). Malignancy was identified in 29.7% of cases. The most frequent surgical approach was total resection via the posterior approach (55.9%), followed by the anterior approach (26.5%). Postoperative recurrence requiring secondary surgery was observed in 5.9% of patients.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Due to their rarity and diverse presentations, retrorectal tumors pose significant diagnostic and surgical challenges. Preoperative imaging plays a critical role in diagnosis and surgical planning. Complete surgical excision remains the mainstay of treatment, and recurrence is rare. Multidisciplinary collaboration is essential for optimizing patient outcomes.</p>","PeriodicalId":23736,"journal":{"name":"World Journal of Plastic Surgery","volume":"14 2","pages":"56-62"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12476241/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145186503","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"COVID-19 Influence on Mandibular Dry Socket Occurrence.","authors":"Navid Kazemian, Mozhgan Khorami, Ricardo Grillo, Haleh Hashemzadeh, Erfan Bardideh, Khashayar Family, Alireza Ebrahimpour, Sahand Samieirad","doi":"10.61186/wjps.14.2.72","DOIUrl":"10.61186/wjps.14.2.72","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Alveolar osteitis (AO), commonly known as dry socket, is a recognized complication following tooth extraction, particularly prevalent after mandibular third molar extractions. Given the global pandemic of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) and its implications for endothelial and hematologic changes, investigating its potential impact on dry socket risk in patients undergoing mandibular third molar extraction is crucial.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We reviewed patient records from individuals undergoing mandibular third molar extraction at Mashhad Dental School, Mashhad, Iran in 2022. Data included demographics, medical history, smoking status, and COVID-19 details such as history, hospitalization, and vaccination status.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Clinical examinations diagnosed alveolar osteitis, assessing for blood clot presence and local lymphadenitis. Out of 119 patients (82 females, 37 males), 49.6% developed dry socket post-extraction, with 94.1% having a history of COVID-19 and 32.7% requiring hospitalization due to the disease. 97.5% of patients were vaccinated against COVID-19. Additionally, 44.5% had systemic disease history, and 45.4% used related medications, with no observed associations with dry socket.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This study underscores the increased risk of dry socket following mandibular third molar extraction associated with corticosteroid use, oral contraceptive use, smoking, and COVID-19 hospitalization. Females exhibited a significantly higher risk compared to males. While no significant COVID-19 infection-dry socket link was found, the study highlights the need for further research, given the significant number of dry socket cases among COVID-19 patients and those hospitalized due to COVID-19.</p>","PeriodicalId":23736,"journal":{"name":"World Journal of Plastic Surgery","volume":"14 2","pages":"72-78"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12476248/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145186887","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of Tendon Wrapping with Amniotic Membrane on Zone 6 Extensor Tendon Repair Outcomes.","authors":"Seyed Esmail Hassanpour, Masoud Yavari, Seyed Mehdi Moosavizadeh, Khalil Rostami, Hojjat Layegh","doi":"10.61186/wjps.14.1.72","DOIUrl":"10.61186/wjps.14.1.72","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Extensor tendon repair is prone to adhesion that affects the outcomes of tendon repair surgery and tendon function regain. Prevention of these complications should be considered in tendon rupture treatment. We aimed to evaluate the effect of tendon wrapping with amniotic membrane on the outcomes of extensor tendon repair in zone 6.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This randomized controlled clinical trial was conducted on 30 patients with an extensor tendon injury in zone 6 following penetrating trauma to extensor digitorum communis of the third and fourth digits referred to 15 Khordad Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran . Patients were randomly assigned into two matched groups based on age and gender. Both groups underwent tendon repair using the modified Kessler method. In the intervention group (n=15), the repair site was wrapped with an amniotic membrane, while the control group underwent the traditional procedure without wrapping. Both groups underwent a similar rehabilitation process. Patients were followed up for 6 months. The QuickDash score, range of motion (ROM), complications, and recovery duration were recorded for patients in both groups.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The patients in the intervention group had a lower QuickDash score (P<0.001), ROM (P<0.001), and shorter recovery duration (P<0.001) compared to the control group. The only complication was a wound infection that was seen in one patient in the control group. There was no evidence of tendon re-rupture and amniotic membrane hypersensitivity among patients.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Amniotic, wrapping is an effective method in extensor tendon repair and is associated with better outcomes and faster recovery, suggesting less peritendinous fibrosis.</p>","PeriodicalId":23736,"journal":{"name":"World Journal of Plastic Surgery","volume":"14 1","pages":"72-78"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12124268/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144200178","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of the Efficiency of Microneedling with PRP Versus Microneedling with Tranexamic Acid in the Treatment of Melisma.","authors":"Nader Pazyar, Havva Hajati, Reza Yaghoobi, Nima Bakhtiari","doi":"10.61186/wjps.14.1.79","DOIUrl":"10.61186/wjps.14.1.79","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Melasma, characterized by irregular skin hyperpigmentation, presents a therapeutic challenge with limited universal solutions. Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) and Tranexamic Acid (TXA), coupled with microneedling, offer promising avenues for treatment. This clinical trial sought to compare the efficacy and adverse effects of microneedling with PRP versus TXA in managing melasma.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The study was a single-blind, randomized controlled trial from May 2022 to Apr 2023 and enrolled 23 female melasma patients. Using the coin toss method, patients were randomly assigned to receive microneedling with PRP on one side and microneedling with TXA on the other. Evaluation parameters included Melasma Area and Severity Index (MASI) scores, melasma improvement grading, patient satisfaction, and treatment-related side effects, monitored over three sessions at 3-week intervals.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Both microneedling approaches demonstrated effectiveness, with the PRP group exhibiting significantly lower MASI scores at the 6th and 9th wk. However, no significant distinctions were observed in improvement grading or patient satisfaction between the PRP and TXA groups. Side effects were minimal, limited to transient burning and mild pain during the procedure.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Microneedling with PRP and TXA emerged as a safe and effective treatment for melasma. While the PRP group showed potential superiority in MASI scores, comprehensive considerations, including patient preferences and long-term outcomes, are crucial. Larger, multi-center studies with extended follow-up periods are warranted for a more nuanced understanding of these treatments in melasma management.</p>","PeriodicalId":23736,"journal":{"name":"World Journal of Plastic Surgery","volume":"14 1","pages":"79-84"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12124275/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144200194","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessment of Concha Bullosa and Nasal Septal Deviation and Their Correlation with Palatal Dimensions in an Iranian Population Using Cone-Beam Computed Tomography.","authors":"Foozie Zahedi, Abbas Shokri, Tayebe Ebrahimi, Leili Tapak","doi":"10.61882/wjps.14.3.53","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.61882/wjps.14.3.53","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Obstruction of the upper airways may lead to dental and skeletal changes. Nasal septal deviation (NSD) and concha bullosa (CB) are associated with nasal airway obstruction. Mouth breathing is also linked to alterations in maxillary growth and palatal dimensions. This study aimed to compare palatal dimensions in Iranian individuals with and without NSD and CB using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This retrospective study analyzed 204 CBCT scans obtained with a large field of view. Scans were categorized into four groups based on the presence or absence of CB and NSD. The deviated septal curve angle (DSCA), palatal inter-alveolar length (PIL), palatal arch depth (PAD), and maxillopalatal arch angle (MPAA) were measured. Group comparisons were performed using one-way ANOVA, followed by post hoc pairwise tests.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>presence of CB was significantly associated with changes in mean PIL in both males and females (P=0.02). Only mean PIL showed significant sex differences, being longer in males than females (P=0.01). No significant differences in palatal dimensions were observed between individuals with and without NSD. The four groups differed significantly in mean PIL, MPAA, and DSCA (P<0.05).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>CB may significantly alter palatal dimensions and could be associated with skeletal malocclusion. No significant differences in palatal depth and length were found between individuals with and without NSD.</p>","PeriodicalId":23736,"journal":{"name":"World Journal of Plastic Surgery","volume":"14 3","pages":"53-62"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12842922/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146094137","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of Airway Changes Following Isolated Unilateral mandibular Fracture: A Prospective Quasi-Experimental.","authors":"Moosa Mahmoudi, Sara Samiei, Sarina Hassanpour Dargah, Ali Labafchi","doi":"10.61882/wjps.14.3.79","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.61882/wjps.14.3.79","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Maxillofacial trauma presents unique airway management challenges due to anatomical disruptions, soft tissue compromise, edema, hemorrhage, and emesis. While isolated mandibular fractures are typically non-emergent, specific fracture patterns can precipitate airway obstruction secondary to bony fragment displacement. There is a paucity of data on airway changes after unilateral mandibular fractures. This prompted us to conduct the present study.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This prospective, quasi-experimental study enrolled patients with isolated unilateral mandibular fractures requiring surgical reduction between December 2023 and December 2024. Airway changes were assessed via lateral cephalometric analysis pre-operatively and at a 3-month post-operative interval. Specifically, the distances of the posterior nasal spine (PSP), the intersection of the inferior border of the mandible with the posterior tongue (PTO), and the highest point of the epiglottis (E) from the PRL reference line (a vertical line connecting the Porion (PO) to the Frankfort plane) were measured and compared on pre- and post-operative cephalometric radiographs. Descriptive and bivariate statistics were employed, with statistical significance defined as <i>P</i> < 0.05.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Twenty eight patients, including 18 males and 10 females with a mean age of 34.4 ± 14.1 years, were investigated. Post-treatment, the average airway space increased slightly at all measured points: PSP (23.6 mm to 23.8 mm, <i>P</i>=0.222), PTO (22.0 mm to 22.1 mm, <i>P</i>=0.366), and E (12.6 mm to 12.9 mm, <i>P</i>=0.590).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Although slight increases in airway space were observed post-treatment at all measured points (PSP, PTO, and E), none of these changes were statistically significant.</p>","PeriodicalId":23736,"journal":{"name":"World Journal of Plastic Surgery","volume":"14 3","pages":"79-85"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12842980/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146094209","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effectiveness of Cryolipolysis in Body Contouring and Fat Reduction: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.","authors":"Alaa Hakami, Alya Hakami, Rayan Alghamdi, Haya Alzahrani, Adham Alghamdi, Abdullah Qureshey, Yousef Almail, Manar Alfaqiri, Maha Alsofiani, Lana Hariri, Hajar Alrashed, Shahad Aldumkh","doi":"10.61882/wjps.14.3.16","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.61882/wjps.14.3.16","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Cryolipolysis has emerged as a promising, non-invasive body contouring technique that employs controlled cooling to selectively eliminate adipocytes without damaging surrounding skin or tissues. As global demand rises for non-surgical aesthetic treatments, cryolipolysis offers an appealing alternative to traditional liposuction for individuals seeking fat reduction with minimal recovery time and fewer complications.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines, a comprehensive search of PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science was conducted up to November 2024. Studies included were randomized controlled trials and prospective cohort studies evaluating the outcomes of cryolipolysis on body contouring. Statistical analysis was performed using Review Manager 5.4 software, calculating mean differences (MD) and 95% confidence intervals (CI).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The use of cryolipolysis was associated with decreased BMI showing MD= -1.71 (95%CI: -2.6, -0.82, P=0.0002). However, no significant difference was observed regarding weight with MD= -1.81 (95%CI: -3.93, 0.31, <i>P</i>=0.09). The use of cryolipolysis was also associated with decreased circumference of different body parts with MD= -3.45 (95%CI: -5.55, -1.34, <i>P</i>=0.001), and I2=92%, <i>P</i><0.00001 and decreased fat thickness with MD= -3.56 (95CI: -4.63, -2.48, <i>P</i><0.00001), and I2=95%, P<0.00001.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Cryolipolysis is effective in reducing BMI, local circumference, and fat thickness, confirming its utility for non-invasive body contouring. However, it does not significantly affect overall weight. The benefits are more pronounced in short-term follow-up and vary by body region. Further long-term and comparative studies are recommended.</p>","PeriodicalId":23736,"journal":{"name":"World Journal of Plastic Surgery","volume":"14 3","pages":"16-26"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12843028/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146094232","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Electrocautery for Cartilage Camouflage in Rhinoplasty: A Case Report.","authors":"Javad Rahmati, Shahriar Haddady-Abianeh, Hosseinali Abdolrazaghi, Hojjat Molaei","doi":"10.61882/wjps.14.3.97","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.61882/wjps.14.3.97","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Rhinoplasty is usually associated with adding and subtracting tissues around structural cartilages to provide favorable contour. Minor corrections in cartilage shape and position, may have significant effect on final result. Upon last look in rhinoplasty, surgeon decides to do refinement, especially in thin skin patients. Traditionally blades and scissors are commonly available instruments to apply refinement. We examined a different solution in some patients and here presented our experience in a 36 yr old female in Tehran, Iran. Upon completion all stages of surgery such as osteotomy and cartilage sutures and before skin closure, surgeon examined the nose and if there was any minor hump on dorsum or asymmetric prominence of lower lateral cartilage, he could apply low voltage electrocautery with strict control to do camouflage. This may help surgeon to administer last monitoring before closure. Blades and scissors are commonly used to remove extra marginal cartilages, and reduce remained cartilage hump. We noticed low voltage electrocautery may provide smoother dorsum or even curves with more control during final curve.</p>","PeriodicalId":23736,"journal":{"name":"World Journal of Plastic Surgery","volume":"14 3","pages":"97-100"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12842964/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146094236","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Various Flaps Used for Reconstruction of Pressure Injuries: A Narrative Review.","authors":"Shima Bani Assad, Peyman Sadri","doi":"10.61186/wjps.14.1.3","DOIUrl":"10.61186/wjps.14.1.3","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Pressure injury/ulcer is localized damage to the skin and/or underlying tissues primarily caused by prolonged unrelieved pressure, particularly in patients with limited mobility. The increasing incidence of pressure injuries as a result of aging population and growing number of nursing home residents along with the posing socio-economic burden highlights the importance of increasing our understanding of this global problem, and the available preventive and therapeutic strategies. Surgical intervention using flap reconstruction is the mainstay therapy for management of pressure injuries with advanced stages. We present a comprehensive review on various types, indications, advantages and limitations of flaps used in reconstruction of advanced-stage pressure injuries.</p>","PeriodicalId":23736,"journal":{"name":"World Journal of Plastic Surgery","volume":"14 1","pages":"3-9"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12124267/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144200201","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cleft Lip and Palate: Overview of Causes, Surgical Repair, and Treatment Approaches: A Narrative Review.","authors":"Amir Hossein Alaviyan","doi":"10.61882/wjps.14.3.3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.61882/wjps.14.3.3","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Cleft lip and palate is one of the most common congenital malformations of the skull and face (craniofacial). The deformity is characterized by a loss of integrity of the lip muscles, alveolar bone, and hard and soft palate. The severity of the deformity can range from a small hole in the lip to a large fissure extending into the roof of the mouth and nose. Management and control of cleft patients is a challenge. Intervention in these patients begins very early in life, from the fetal period, and continues into adulthood, and the patient's relatives are always involved in the treatment process. Since there are multiple problems in these patients, the treatment process is managed in a group and multidisciplinary manner to achieve the desired result. The goal of all treatment measures for a person with a cleft lip and palate is to provide intelligible speech, hearing within a normal range, good facial appearance, proper lip and nose symmetry, an attractive smile, good occlusion, healthy oral structures, and ultimately appropriate self-confidence. In the current study, I reviewed the causes, pathophysiology, surgical repair, and treatment approaches in patients with cleft lip and palate.</p>","PeriodicalId":23736,"journal":{"name":"World Journal of Plastic Surgery","volume":"14 3","pages":"3-8"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12843004/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146094089","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}