VirusDisease最新文献

{"title":"Field surveys and diversity analysis of papaya ringspot virus in Telangana and Andhra Pradesh, India, based on the coat protein gene.","authors":"Prodosh Gupta, Swati Verma, Gopinath Kodetham","doi":"10.1007/s13337-026-00955-z","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13337-026-00955-z","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The most significant threat to the global papaya (<i>Carica papaya</i> L.) plantations is the destructive papaya ringspot virus (PRSV). In this study, we carried out comprehensive field surveys in two major <i>papaya</i>-producing states (Telangana and Andhra Pradesh) in India to evaluate the severity of the disease, followed by an analysis of the PRSV population in these areas based on variations in the viral coat protein gene. The coat protein gene sequences of 103 PRSV isolates were determined and compared with global PRSV isolates to identify notable sequence differences and patterns of phylogenetic clustering. The nucleotide sequence identity among the PRSV isolates from Telangana and Andhra Pradesh ranged between 84.1% and 99.8%, while a sequence identity of 85% to 90% was observed among global PRSV isolates. The findings from the phylogenetic analysis indicated two separate groups that did not fully represent the geographical origins of the individual isolates. Molecular recombination events were infrequent among the Indian PRSV isolates.. Our results indicate that natural selection may have played a role in the evolution of isolates belonging to different PRSV phylogroups, with minimal genetic exchanges and restricted genetic flow. This research will serve as a foundation for assessing the epidemiological characteristics of PRSV in India and for developing long-term, sustainable management strategies.</p><p><strong>Supplementary information: </strong>The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13337-026-00955-z.</p>","PeriodicalId":23708,"journal":{"name":"VirusDisease","volume":"37 1","pages":"64-74"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13096290/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147783005","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The vascular pathology in Japanese Encephalitis.","authors":"Preksha Jain, Atanu Basu","doi":"10.1007/s13337-026-00956-y","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13337-026-00956-y","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Clinical disease of Japanese encephalitis (JE), a mosquito-borne <i>Orthoflavivirus</i>, can present a varied clinical disease spectrum. In infants and young children, central nervous system pathology with sequelae is notable. The exact pathophysiology of Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) disease remains incompletely understood. Infection of endothelial cells and blood-brain barrier breach have been implicated as critical events. Infection, activation, and dysfunction of brain endothelial cells have significant consequences on blood-brain barrier integrity. Human autopsy studies on fatal cases of JEV, along with animal model and in vitro studies, suggest that endothelial cells play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of Japanese encephalitis. These events are mediated through cytokines and immunopathologic triggers. An in-depth understanding of complex and interrelated neuroinflammatory, neuroinvasive and neurotropic mechanisms in JEV disease pathogenesis may give knowledge vital for the progression of future diagnostic and treatment strategies, not only for JEV but also for other emerging neurotropic flaviviruses.</p>","PeriodicalId":23708,"journal":{"name":"VirusDisease","volume":"37 1","pages":"28-37"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13096411/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147782626","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Diversity of porcine circovirus 2 genotypes: insights from the studies reported worldwide in the past decade.","authors":"Ruchi R Malwade, K M Priyadharshini, Sangita Venkataraman, Christophert Oluwole Akakpo, Madhuri Subbiah","doi":"10.1007/s13337-025-00947-5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s13337-025-00947-5","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Porcine circovirus 2 (PCV2) remains a globally important swine pathogen, and its genetic diversity is central to understanding disease dynamics and control. We estimated a pooled prevalence of 42% (95% CI: 33-52%) by conducting a systematic review and meta-analysis of 53 studies reporting sequencing data (<i>n</i> = 26,200; PCV2-positive = 11,339) published across 18 countries between 2012 and 2022. The most common genotype was PCV2d (57%), which was followed by PCV2b (33%), and PCV2a (11%). This indicates a distinct global shift in genotype from PCV2b dominance in 2013 to PCV2d predominance starting in 2014. Despite having the largest dataset, China ranked fourth (55%) and Russia had the highest prevalence (97%) indicating clear regional differences. These results imply PCV2's rapid genotype evolution and regional heterogeneity, underscoring the need for effective vaccines, genotype-specific diagnostics for continuous genomic surveillance to guide global control measures. We believe that close monitoring of evolving genotypes would enable making evidence-based decisions related to pig health management which in turn can lead to effective global control of PCV2-associated diseases.</p><p><strong>Supplementary information: </strong>The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13337-025-00947-5.</p>","PeriodicalId":23708,"journal":{"name":"VirusDisease","volume":"36 4","pages":"533-548"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12715094/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145805707","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Quality of life among people living with HIV/AIDS in nepal: the role of HIV status disclosure and gender.","authors":"Kabita Dhami, Ramachandra S Hooli","doi":"10.1007/s13337-025-00944-8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s13337-025-00944-8","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This particular study assesses the quality of life (QoL) of HIV/AIDS patients in Nepal, taking into account the social effects of disclosing one's HIV status. The study aims to determine how QoL differs by gender and how disclosure affects each dimension of QoL. A cross-sectional study was conducted on 972 participants (486 men and 486 women) from different ART centers in Nepal. Data were gathered through a pre-designed self-administered questionnaire consisting of sociodemographic variables and the WHOQOL-HIV-BREF. Statistical analysis was performed using descriptive and inferential statistics, including ANOVA. The results revealed that informing a physician about a patient's HIV status significantly increases all aspects of quality of life: physical health (estimate = 0.502, <i>p</i> = 0.001), psychological well-being (estimate = 0.642, <i>p</i> = 0.001), social relationships (estimate = 0.596, <i>p</i> = 0.001) and environmental factors (estimate = 0.608, <i>p</i> = 0.001). On the other hand, disclosure to family members deteriorated in all the aforementioned dimensions, where physical health was reported at (estimate = -0.417, <i>p</i> = 0.001), psychological health was (estimate = -0.453, <i>p</i> = 0.001), social relationships (estimate = -0.381, <i>p</i> = 0.025) and environmental quality was (estimate = -0.559, <i>p</i> = 0.001). Disclosure to either physician or partner has no relevant effect on quality of life. Patients with co-morbidity reported variable effects, where positive changes in physical health (estimate = 0.329, <i>p</i> = 0.032) and environmental quality (estimate = 0.649, <i>p</i> < 0.001) were reported alongside no changes in psychological and social well-being. In managing HIV, it is critical to incorporate all aspects of health and the interrelatedness of the nuances. This study established an effective intervention that needs to improve communication strategies, reduce stigma, and provide robust support systems. Incorporating education level, employment opportunities, and internalized stigma is critical for improving an HIV/AIDS patient's general health in the context of Nepal.</p>","PeriodicalId":23708,"journal":{"name":"VirusDisease","volume":"36 4","pages":"559-567"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12715069/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145805692","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Epidemiological description of an avian infectious bronchitis outbreak in Costa Rica, associated with an IBV GA13-like variant.","authors":"Ricardo A Villalobos-Agüero, Rebeca Zamora-Sanabria, Bernal León, James Karkashian-Córdoba","doi":"10.1007/s13337-025-00945-7","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13337-025-00945-7","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Avian infectious bronchitis (IB) is a disease that has severe economic effects in poultry production worldwide. This condition is caused by the avian infectious bronchitis virus (IBV). In Costa Rica, the virus was reported for the first time in the 1990s, becoming an important infectious agent associated with respiratory disease outbreaks in the country. This study describes an IB outbreak occurred in Costa Rica during 2016-2019. The IB outbreak occurred in the province of Alajuela, place that holds most of the poultry production IBV was also detected in the neighboring provinces of Puntarenas and Guanacaste. Samples were collected from birds exhibiting IB-related symptoms and IBV infection was molecularly diagnosed by RT-PCR and DNA sequencing. Diagnosis resulted in 76% (52/68) of the samples positive for IBV in 2016, 71% (24/34) in 2017, 56% (14/25) in 2018 and 42% (8/19) in 2019. The main affected farms affected were large farms (85% of positive cases), farms dedicated to meat production (82%), and young birds, broilers (1 day to 6 weeks) and pullets (1 day to 18 weeks) (81%). Respiratory symptoms and carcass condemnations in broilers were reported during the entire period of this study, while gastrointestinal symptoms, high mortality, or low quality of the eggs were not reported regularly. Moreover, 22% of the positive cases showed secondary infections by other pathogens. Sequencing results identified IBV GA13-like variants in samples during the 2016-2017 period. In 2017, a 4/91 live-attenuated vaccine variant was introduced, which was later detected in birds exhibiting symptoms during 2018 and 2019. The biosecurity tool did not reveal IB risk or gaps in biosecurity at positive farms.</p><p><strong>Supplementary information: </strong>The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13337-025-00945-7.</p>","PeriodicalId":23708,"journal":{"name":"VirusDisease","volume":"36 4","pages":"568-579"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12715081/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145805646","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Human herpesvirus 7 (HHV-7) outbreak among hostel inmates in Odisha, India.","authors":"Jyotsnamayee Sabat, Swatismita Priyadarsini, Swagatika Panda, Subhra Subhadra, Sasmita Mallick, Sanghamitra Pati, Ira Praharaj","doi":"10.1007/s13337-025-00946-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s13337-025-00946-6","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>HHV-6 and HHV-7, also known as roseola viruses, are Human Herpesviruses that can cause infections in early childhood, leading to short febrile illnesses. HHV-7 is among the least studied members among human betaherpesviruses. We report an outbreak caused by HHV-7 among hostel inmates in the western part of Odisha. HHV-7 was detected in 35.3% of throat swab samples.The mean age was 23.2 years with equal sex distribution.Throat pain was the commonest symptom in 81.8% of cases followed by fever and rash in 41% of cases and itching in 27.3%.HHV-7 has been associated with a variety of clinical syndromes suggesting it has a broader impact on human health than previously thought. Hence sensitization among health care professionals is important for clinical differentiation and early reporting of febrile illness with rash and for timely containment of the disease.</p>","PeriodicalId":23708,"journal":{"name":"VirusDisease","volume":"36 4","pages":"580-585"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12715082/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145805712","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"<b>Pathological and molecular characterization of infectious bronchitis virus in Kerala</b>.","authors":"B Sruthy Chandran, Surya Sankar, V Niranjana, Prasad Pallavi, B Dhanush Krishna, M Mini, P M Priya","doi":"10.1007/s13337-025-00943-9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s13337-025-00943-9","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Infectious bronchitis (IB), caused by the Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV), remains a formidable challenge to the poultry industry worldwide, owing to its multi-systemic nature and the continual emergence of diverse viral variants that undermine vaccine efficacy. Despite widespread vaccination efforts, controlling IBV in regions like Kerala is particularly challenging due to inconsistent vaccination practices and the documented presence of the disease. This study set out to characterize IBV isolates circulating in Kerala, with a focus on assessing their genetic diversity and pathological impact. Field samples (<i>n</i> = 80) were screened using reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) targeting the hypervariable region 3 of the S1 subunit, leading to the detection of IBV in 32 samples. Virus isolation was successfully achieved from these positive samples using embryonated eggs, with subsequent confirmation via RT-PCR using the same set of primers. From the confirmed positive samples, we amplified the full S1 subunit of the S gene as well as the M and N genes, and the resulting products were sequenced. Comparative analyses were conducted against the widely used vaccine strain H120 and other Indian IBV isolates deposited in GenBank. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that the Kerala isolates clustered together with other isolates from different parts of India. Histopathological examination of key organs revealed characteristic lesions, offering insights into the virus's tissue tropism. The findings underscore the significant genetic variability among IBV strains in Kerala and highlight the critical need for region-specific vaccination strategies to achieve effective disease management.</p>","PeriodicalId":23708,"journal":{"name":"VirusDisease","volume":"36 4","pages":"549-558"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12715090/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145805648","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Investigating the prevalence and determinants of HIV, HBV, HCV, and <i>Treponema pallidum</i> among blood donors in Douala, Cameroon.","authors":"Gildas Ingrid Deutou Hogoue, Christiane Medi Sike, Kikie Josiane Essola, Zaïna Polyclaire Ngansop Tchapdjouo, Steve Armand Nzogang Tchonet, Elisee Libert Embolo Enyegue, Loick Pradel Kojom Foko, Martin Luther Koanga Mogtomo","doi":"10.1007/s13337-025-00927-9","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13337-025-00927-9","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The epidemiology of hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), and <i>Treponema pallidum</i> among Cameroonian blood donors was addressed in this study. This prospective study was conducted from December 2021 to February 2022 at the Blood Transfusion Centre (BTC) of Douala Laquintinie Hospital. Blood bags were screened for HBV, HCV, HIV, and <i>T. pallidum</i> using standard tests. Donors' medical records and the BTC database were consulted to collect data of interest. A total of 1,728 blood bags were included in the study; among them, 805 (46.6%) were from first-time donors. The overall prevalence of TTIs was 19.6%. HCV infection (9.3%) was the most frequent recorded TTI. Co-infections (3.2%) were mainly caused by HCV + <i>T. pallidum</i> (1.2%) and HCV + HIV (0.8%). The risk of TTI was higher in donors aged 35-45 years (aOR = 1.62, <i>p</i> = 0.04) and ≥ 45 years (aOR = 2.59, <i>p</i> = 0.0009). A high education level and being a family donor were protective factors for TTIs, HIV, and <i>T. pallidum</i>. Our findings will contribute to ongoing efforts by the government of Cameroon to improve the safety of transfusion-related systems and strategies at both the regional and national levels.</p><p><strong>Supplementary information: </strong>The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13337-025-00927-9.</p>","PeriodicalId":23708,"journal":{"name":"VirusDisease","volume":"36 3","pages":"365-376"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12634945/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145588962","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessing COVID-19 IgG levels among vaccinated and non-vaccinated individuals in Mthatha - South africa: A case-control approach.","authors":"William Owusu, Gabriel Tchuente Kamsu, Eugene Jamot Ndebia","doi":"10.1007/s13337-025-00942-w","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13337-025-00942-w","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Faced with the emergence of new COVID-19 variants, vaccine hesitancy remains a major challenge in the global fight against the pandemic, particularly in rural areas. Understanding the immune response to vaccination is crucial for dispelling doubts and building public trust. By providing tangible evidence of vaccine effectiveness, this approach could not only alleviate skepticism but also contribute to preventing future epidemics. To evaluate and compare salivary SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibody levels between vaccinated and unvaccinated individuals in Mthatha, South Africa. A case-control study involved 183 participants aged 18 years and above, comprising 91 vaccinated and 92 unvaccinated individuals in Mthatha, South Africa. Saliva samples were collected and analyzed using Bio-Plex Pro Human IgG SARS-CoV-2 Assay to detect SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibodies. Data were processed using STATA/SE version 18.0. The results of this study demonstrate that participants vaccinated against COVID-19 exhibit significantly (<i>p</i> = 0.01) higher salivary IgG antibody levels (988 ± 104 pg/mL) compared to unvaccinated individuals (552 ± 83 pg/mL). No significant difference was observed between those vaccinated recently (975 ± 175 pg/mL) and those vaccinated more than two years ago (990 ± 215 pg/mL). Additionally, participants who received two doses showed notably higher antibody levels (1790 ± 445 pg/mL) compared to those who received a single dose (668 ± 75 pg/mL), with a significant difference (<i>p</i> = 0.004). In summary, vaccination is associated with higher salivary anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG levels, influenced by vaccine type and number of doses. The detection of IgG in unvaccinated individuals and the lack of a defined protective correlate underscore the need for further studies on both humoral and cellular immunity to clarify the durability and magnitude of the immune response.</p><p><strong>Supplementary information: </strong>The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13337-025-00942-w.</p>","PeriodicalId":23708,"journal":{"name":"VirusDisease","volume":"36 3","pages":"475-483"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12634943/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145588844","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prevalence, genetic diversity, and phylogenetic analysis of apple stem grooving virus in low-chilling apple cultivars.","authors":"Keerti Sharma, Savita Chaudhary, Anish Tamang, Naorem Priyaluxmi Devi, Pooja Bhardwaj, Rakesh Kumar, Nanaocha Sharma, Pardeep Kumar Bhardwaj, Vipin Hallan","doi":"10.1007/s13337-025-00931-z","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13337-025-00931-z","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Apple is one of the most important fruit crops worldwide. Due to climate change-related issues, cultivating low-chilling commercial apple cultivars has become a widespread practice among growers in the mid-hill region of India. Additionally, several biotic and abiotic factors influence apple cultivation, with viral diseases being a major biotic threat to crop productivity and nutritional quality. Among all viruses affecting apples, the apple stem grooving virus is one of the major ones. It primarily causes a latent infection, which makes its detection and management challenging. Additionally, the adoption of low-chilling cultivars has also created new niches for ASGV infection. A survey of the low-chilling apple cultivars in the states of Himachal Pradesh and Manipur was conducted, and 105 samples from five locations were analyzed. This study documented the co-infections of major apple viruses and viroids, notably apple stem grooving virus, apple chlorotic leaf spot virus, apple stem pitting virus, apple mosaic virus, and apple scar skin viroid, detected through multiplex PCR standardized primarily in our lab. Among these viruses, apple stem grooving virus showed the highest incidence, and its infection was detected in Anna, Dorsett Golden, and Michael cultivars. The complete coat protein gene sequences of thirty-seven isolates of ASGV were analyzed. The sequence identities of the characterized ASGV isolates ranged from 87.34 to 100%. Phylogenetic analysis revealed no clear correlation between cultivar and the geographic origin of the isolates. Alignment of the CP gene sequences from ASGV isolates with global isolates obtained from various host species revealed the formation of eight distinct clusters, effectively grouping the isolates. Significantly, six isolates showed little spatial clustering and were closely related to isolates from China and Canada.</p><p><strong>Supplementary information: </strong>The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13337-025-00931-z.</p>","PeriodicalId":23708,"journal":{"name":"VirusDisease","volume":"36 3","pages":"496-505"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12634912/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145588883","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}