World journal of microbiology & biotechnology最新文献

{"title":"Formulations of novel microbial medium from beetroot powder: a sustainable substitute for commercial Man-de-Rogosa Sharp agar (MRS) in cultivating lactic acid bacteria.","authors":"Belhadj Oussama, Sahnouni Fatima, Hariri Ahmed, Souafi Kheira, Missoum Ilham","doi":"10.1007/s11274-025-04561-x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11274-025-04561-x","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This preliminary study investigates the feasibility of utilizing Algerian beetroot as a sustainable alternative to commercial Man-de-Rogosa Sharp Agar (MRS) for cultivating lactic acid bacteria. The research explores the optimization of microbial media formulations incorporating beetroot powder and assesses its efficacy in supporting the growth of Lactobacillus plantarum, Lactobacillus fermentum, and Enterococcus durans. Methodologically, vegetal samples were harvested and dried, bacterial strains prepared, and phytochemical analyses conducted. Titratable acidity and sugar content in the beet-based medium were measured, revealing pH 5.5, 13% titratable acidity, and 67 g/L sugar content. Results indicate that while beetroot juice alone exhibited limited bacterial growth due to its inadequate nutritional properties, formulations incorporating additives such as magnesium sulfate, ammonium sulfate, and di-potassium phosphate showed improved growth. Particularly, the formulation \"BJFA-SM\" (with manganese sulfate) demonstrated comparable growth to MRS, with reduced generation times for L. fermentum and E. durans. Additionally, the disappearance of betalain pigment from beetroot-based media indicates successful bacterial growth. Agar plate testing has revealed similar macroscopic characteristics and cell counts to the MRS medium indicating the potential of beetroot-based media as a sustainable substitute for traditional growth media. Finally, the BJFA-MS medium showed superior growth for L. plantarum, E. durans, and L. fermentum compared to MRS, with faster growth rates. However, it exhibited lower acid production efficiency than MRS. This study underscores the viability of beetroot-derived formulations as eco-friendly alternatives for cultivating lactic acid bacteria, with implications for sustainable microbiology research and biotechnological applications.</p>","PeriodicalId":23703,"journal":{"name":"World journal of microbiology & biotechnology","volume":"41 10","pages":"372"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-10-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145276084","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of beer residual yeast as a substrate for the biotechnological process of hyaluronic acid production.","authors":"Vaniele Bugoni Martins, Ana Paula Capelezzo, Julia A T Cella, Thalia Bitencourt, Tatianne Dias Moreira, Afonso Henrique da Silva Júnior, Cláudia Sayer, Josiane Maria Muneron de Mello, Ana Paula Immich","doi":"10.1007/s11274-025-04583-5","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11274-025-04583-5","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The search for waste reuse is essential to promote sustainability and avoid environmental impacts. The brewing industry, responsible for producing billions of liters of beer, uses yeast as one of its main inputs. It is responsible for the fermentation process, which is discarded after a few cycles of use due to loss of efficiency. In this context, this study aims to characterize yeast from beer production and investigate its potential use as a substrate for the fermentation process, aiming to produce hyaluronic acid. The residual yeast was characterized in terms of acidity, moisture, ash, total proteins, and lipids, subsequently used as a substrate for the production of hyaluronic acid using the bacterium Streptococcus zooepidemicus as a microorganism. The residual yeast showed a high protein content of 41.69%, and its use increased the production of hyaluronic acid by 58% compared to a conventional synthetic substrate. The yield in relation to biomass, Y_{AH, X} (g/g) was 0.250, which was higher than conventional yeast. The supplementation of mineral salts to the culture medium containing the residual brewer's yeast disfavored the production of hyaluronic acid, possibly due to the inhibition or death he microorganism responsible for fermentation and consequent production of HA. The results indicated the potential of applying residual brewer's yeast in biotechnological processes, contributing to the valorization of this residue.</p>","PeriodicalId":23703,"journal":{"name":"World journal of microbiology & biotechnology","volume":"41 10","pages":"371"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-10-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145252075","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Influence of Methylotrophic actinobacteria and bacteria with varying methanol carbon use efficiency on rice growth and development.","authors":"T Kavya, Geeta Singh, Venkadasamy Govindasamy, Bhaskar Reddy S, Praveen S Patted","doi":"10.1007/s11274-025-04567-5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11274-025-04567-5","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The present study utilized methylotrophic actinobacteria and bacteria isolated from rice rhizosphere soil, differentiated based on their methanol carbon use efficiency, as a sustainable strategy to reduce methane gas emissions and improve the growth and yield of Basmati rice (PB1121). Inoculating Basmati rice seeds with both inefficient methanol carbon utilizers (Streptomyces capillispiralis strain KA10, Streptomyces albogriseolus strain D4, Sphingobium sp strain MB6) and efficient utilizers (Streptomyces tritici strain KA11, Streptomyces macrosporeus strain U3 and Rhizobium pusense strain MB4) significantly enhanced the germination percentage, shoot length, root length, and seed vigour index compared to the uninoculated control. Results from pot experiments demonstrated the highest values of leaf chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and carotenoids (1.94, 1.35, and 3.81 mg g^-1 of FW) in treatments inoculated with methylotrophs compared to the uninoculated control (0.52, 0.17, and 2.35 mg g^-1 of FW). In addition, leaf phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) contents increased by 45% and 13% over the control, respectively. The methylotroph inoculations also enhanced root architecture and plant yield parameters, including fresh shoot weight, biological yield, number of grains per plant, and harvest index, compared to the control. The significantly highest grain yield was recorded in the Rhizobium pusense strain MB4 inoculated plants with 75% increase as compared to the uninoculated plants. Pearson correlation analysis showed a highly significant positive correlation between grain yield and the number of grains per plant (r = 0.87) as well as shoot length (r = 0.85). The path coefficient analysis at phenotypic level revealed a positive direct effect of grain yield on harvest index, proline content, total chlorophyll, and indirect positive effects on all the studied yield related traits, except for root dry weight, root to shoot ratio and total carotenoids. In conclusion, methylotrophic actinobacteria and bacteria hold great potential as bio-inoculants with a dual role in promoting sustainable rice production and reducing global warming.</p>","PeriodicalId":23703,"journal":{"name":"World journal of microbiology & biotechnology","volume":"41 10","pages":"367"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-10-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145252937","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Experimental validation of emamectin as predicted from the meta-analysis of in planta RNA-Seq data as a potential antifungal agent against Magnaporthe oryzae.","authors":"Priya V K, Riya Rachel Varghese, Jayachandran K, Radhakrishnan E K","doi":"10.1007/s11274-025-04571-9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11274-025-04571-9","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Magnaporthe oryzae is a fungus that infects monocotyledons such as rice, causing rice blast with reduced grain quality and hence is a significant challenge to food security. Although several fungicides are used, they are less effective and toxic with prolonged application. In this work on M. oryzae, we identified the protein targets that could be used for anti-fungal drug design based on meta-analysis of RNA-seq data retrieved from five experiments conducted on in planta M. oryzae isolated from infected rice at different time points ( < = 144 hpi). Through RNA-seq analysis, highly expressed genes (HEGs) were identified that were common across different experiments. WGCNA analysis further revealed clusters of co-expressed genes from which hub genes were identified which were also highly expressed. From the results of this study, genes such as MGG_05447, MGG_04732, and MGG_03619 were identified as potential targets for designing more effective fungicides. We selected MGG_04732 (chitinase) as a drug target and using virtual screening, molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulations, we identified emamectin as a potential antifungal agent that could act against it. The antifungal effectiveness of emamectin was further confirmed experimentally which showed it to have the ability to inhibit the growth of M. oryzae as demonstrated by the reduction in radial growth and melanin content. The results of this paper could be utilized for further field studies and applied in the design of new antifungals.</p>","PeriodicalId":23703,"journal":{"name":"World journal of microbiology & biotechnology","volume":"41 10","pages":"369"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-10-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145252921","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"New evidence for the protective effect of gut microbiota regulation of ferroptosis-related proteins against osteoporosis.","authors":"Zijian Guo, Jingkai Di, Yingda Qin, Xudong Wang, Zui Tian, Yinqi Long, Yuze Wang, Chuan Xiang","doi":"10.1007/s11274-025-04590-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11274-025-04590-6","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Osteoporosis (OP), characterized by bone degradation and increased fracture susceptibility, constitutes a significant global health burden. Recent findings implicate gut microbiota and ferroptosis in the regulation of bone metabolism; however, causal evidence for the gut microbiota's influence on OP specifically via ferroptosis regulation remains to be established. This study employed two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) using genome-wide association study (GWAS) summary statistics to investigate these causal relationships and delineate mediating pathways.We assessed causal links between gut microbiota, ferroptosis-related proteins, and OP risk. Associations for gut microbiota abundance and ferroptosis-related proteins were derived from GWAS data and Icelandic blood-derived protein quantitative trait loci, respectively. Outcome data for OP were obtained from the FinnGen Release R12. The primary analysis utilized the inverse variance weighted (IVW) method, supplemented by sensitivity analyses to evaluate heterogeneity and horizontal pleiotropy.  MR analysis identified 33 gut microbial taxa causally associated with OP risk: 13 protective and 20 detrimental. Similarly, 34 ferroptosis-related proteins were categorized as protective (18) or detrimental (16) for OP. Mediation analysis revealed that the protective effect of Terrisporobacter othiniensis on OP is partially mediated by the ferroptosis regulator MDM4 (indirect effect β = -0.020, 95% CI: -0.068 to 0.029), accounting for 6.8% of the total effect. Sensitivity analyses showed no significant evidence of heterogeneity or horizontal pleiotropy. This study provides the first genetically validated evidence supporting a causal relationship between specific gut microbiota, ferroptosis-associated proteins, and OP susceptibility. Specifically, Terrisporobacter othiniensis demonstrates a novel protective mechanism, modulating OP risk partly through the ferroptosis regulator MDM4. These findings broaden understanding of the \"gut-bone axis\" and highlight the gut microbiota-ferroptosis pathway, particularly the MDM4/p53 axis, as a promising target for novel OP prevention and therapeutic strategies.</p>","PeriodicalId":23703,"journal":{"name":"World journal of microbiology & biotechnology","volume":"41 10","pages":"368"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-10-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145252929","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Genomic and functional characterization of ureolytic Bacillus bombysepticus QCSJ3 and its application in self-healing cementitious composites through encapsulation.","authors":"Graciela Mânica, Caroline Schmitz, José Matías Irazoqui, Ariel Fernando Amadio, Melanie Acevedo, Rafael Mascolo, Hinoel Zamis Ehrenbring, Claucia Fernanda Volken de Souza","doi":"10.1007/s11274-025-04585-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11274-025-04585-3","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Developing sustainable, long-lasting building materials is essential for reducing the environmental footprint of civil infrastructure and addressing global climate challenges. This study presents a microbial-based strategy for healing cracks in cementitious composites, aiming to extend structural durability and reduce the need for carbon-intensive repairs. An autochthonous ureolytic strain was isolated from carbonate-rich soils in southern Brazil and identified as Bacillus bombysepticus QCSJ3 through whole-genome sequencing. Functional annotation revealed that B. bombysepticus QCSJ3 possesses the genetic machinery required for calcium carbonate precipitation through the ureolytic pathway and its associated genetic components. The strain was incorporated during the mixing and molding of cementitious specimens in both free and encapsulated forms, with or without urea Supplementation. After 70 days, specimens treated with encapsulated B. bombysepticus QCSJ3 in the presence of urea exhibited complete (100%) healing of cracks up to 400 μm, as well as a 19% increase in tensile strength. Free-form application also demonstrated substantial crack closure (up to 86%). These results demonstrate the feasibility of integrating microbial biotechnology with building materials to develop self-healing composites that reduce repair frequency, extend service life, and promote climate-resilient infrastructure. This study provides both genomic and functional evidence Supporting the use of encapsulated ureolytic microorganisms as a scalable and eco-efficient solution aligned with the Sustainable Development Goal 13 (SDG13) - Climate Action.</p>","PeriodicalId":23703,"journal":{"name":"World journal of microbiology & biotechnology","volume":"41 10","pages":"365"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-10-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145252955","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Chlamydia trachomatis disrupts host metabolism in primary cervical epithelial cells.","authors":"Heng Choon Cheong, Muhammad Ihsan Rommel, Yi Ying Cheok, Yee Teng Chan, Ting Fang Tang, Sofiah Sulaiman, Chung Yeng Looi, Bernard Arulanandam, Li-Yen Chang, Won Fen Wong","doi":"10.1007/s11274-025-04584-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11274-025-04584-4","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Chlamydia trachomatis is a major cause of bacterial sexually transmitted infections and reproductive complications. Despite progress in understanding C. trachomatis pathogenesis, studies using primary cells remain limited. Here, we investigated C. trachomatis infection of cervical epithelial cells and its impact on host cellular processes. Transcriptomic profiling show that C. trachomatis infection in cervical epithelial cells leads to significant changes in host cellular processes, including modulation of immune signaling, attenuation of DNA repair and proliferation-linked signaling pathways, as well as disruption of mitochondrial function. Mitochondrial substrate utilization assays revealed selective TCA cycle impairments. Our findings show that C. trachomatis infection is associated with marked changes of host cell metabolism and mitochondrial function. These findings suggest that metabolic rewiring in cervical epithelial cells may reflect a host defense strategy to restrict pathogen. Our results provide novel insights into the metabolic interplay between host and C. trachomatis and open avenues for future investigations into the consequences of metabolic remodeling during chlamydial infection.</p>","PeriodicalId":23703,"journal":{"name":"World journal of microbiology & biotechnology","volume":"41 10","pages":"366"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-10-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145252969","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Microbial dynamics, metabolite and volatile organic compounds profiles of Tianzao (sweet fermented rice) during storage.","authors":"Fei Ren, Chengbiao He, Shuyou Shang, Bin Tan","doi":"10.1007/s11274-025-04570-w","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11274-025-04570-w","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Tianzao is a traditional fermented food with significant cultural and economic value in China with few studies for the storage cycle. This study explores the microbial community dynamics and metabolites of Tianzao during different storage periods. Tianzao samples stored continuously for months of 3 (T1), 6 (T2), 12 (T3), and 18 (T4) were analyzed mainly through illumina sequencing, GC-IMS (Gas Chromatography-Ion Mobility Spectrometry), and LC-MS (Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry). The results showed the microbial community structure of Tianzao changed significantly over time. Bacillus had the most abundance among bacterial genus, with the highest percentage in T3. Prevotella was most abundant in T4. Fungal Saccharomycopsis was the most prevalent in T1, T2, and T3. While Aspergillus dominated in T4. For microbial community structure, stochastic processes predominated, with drift being the most significant contributor. Metabolomic analysis showed amino acids were the highest abundance. Temporal analysis revealed significant shifts in metabolic pathways, with distinct metabolite profiles with each stage. GC-IMS highlights the differences in volatile profiles among four stages based on several aspects including fingerprint and PCA (Principal Component Analysis). Correlation analysis demonstrated that microbial community changes were significantly linked to variations in metabolite levels and volatile compounds. The dominant microbial groups, particularly Bacillus and Saccharomycopsis, were closely associated with key flavor compounds. The study shows a integrated overview of the microbial and metabolic dynamics during Tianzao storage, offering insights into improving product quality control.</p>","PeriodicalId":23703,"journal":{"name":"World journal of microbiology & biotechnology","volume":"41 10","pages":"370"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-10-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145252958","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"From hive to laboratory - biotechnological potential of microorganisms from honey.","authors":"Michał Pląder, Joanna Sękul, Anna Maria Kot, Katarzyna Pobiega","doi":"10.1007/s11274-025-04551-z","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11274-025-04551-z","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Honey is a valuable source of microorganisms that may have potential applications in various fields of science and industry. The high sugar content and low pH inhibit the growth of most microorganisms; however, some are capable of adapting to these conditions. Moreover, the bioactive components of honey, such as hydrogen peroxide and flavonoids, exhibit antimicrobial activity, which limits the proliferation of pathogens while simultaneously promoting the selection of microorganisms with beneficial properties. These include bacteria from the genera Lactobacillus, Fructilactobacillus, Leuconostoc, Bacillus, and Gluconobacter; yeasts such as Saccharomyces, Schizosaccharomyces, Zygosaccharomyces, Candida, Rhodotorula, Yarrowia, Wickerhamomyces, Aureobasidium; and fungi such as Talaromyces, Aspergillus, and Epicoccum. The metabolic potential of these strains encompasses fermentation properties, probiotic microorganisms activity, and the ability to biosynthesize secondary metabolites such as erythritol, citric acid, kynurenic acid, lipids, carotenoids, and pullulan. These traits indicate the strong biotechnological potential of honey microbiota for industrial applications. However, compared to other environments, honey has not been extensively studied regarding the presence of beneficial microorganisms. This highlights the need for further research on its microbiota to identify and characterize microorganisms with potential applications in biotechnology, medicine, and the food industry.</p>","PeriodicalId":23703,"journal":{"name":"World journal of microbiology & biotechnology","volume":"41 10","pages":"361"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-10-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145252899","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A pilot study on MALDI-TOF MS-based discrimination of Enterococcus faecalis and Lactococcus spp. isolated from bovine milk samples.","authors":"Songül Ötkün, Yasemin Numanoğlu Çevik, Osman Yaşar Tel","doi":"10.1007/s11274-025-04580-8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11274-025-04580-8","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) is a rapid, cost-effective, and highly accurate technique for identifying microorganisms that are difficult to classify using traditional methods. Beyond microbial identification, MALDI-TOF MS has also potential for predicting antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Lactococcus and Enterococcus species are clinically important pathogens whose relevance is often underrecognized due to challenges in their identification. In this pilot study, we aimed primarily to assess the diagnostic accuracy of MALDI-TOF MS combined with Principal Component Analysis (PCA) for species-level identification of Lactococcus spp. and Enterococcus faecalis strains isolated from mastitic bovine milk, and secondarily to explore whether preliminary associations with antimicrobial resistance (AMR) could be observed in peptide and protein spectra. MALDI-TOF MS analysis was based on conserved bacterial structures (16 S rRNA), leading to the identification of E. faecalis, L. garvieae, L. lactis, and L. raffinolactis. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing using seven antibiotic discs revealed that the strains generally exhibited multidrug resistance. Within the Lactococcus genus, which includes closely related species, PCA analysis showed the formation of distinct clusters for three species, enabling their differentiation. However, PCA scatter plots and the Composite Correlation Index (CCI) visual matrix revealed no definitive differences associated with AMR. Due to the limited sample size and restricted AMR strain distribution, the results should be interpreted as preliminary and exploratory. Further studies with larger and more diverse isolate collections are necessary to validate and expand these findings.</p>","PeriodicalId":23703,"journal":{"name":"World journal of microbiology & biotechnology","volume":"41 10","pages":"360"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-10-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145252987","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}