Waste Management & Research最新文献_第2页

Solid waste management in Ugandan developing cities: Material flow analysis and sustainable practices for reducing the global warming potential. 乌干达发展中城市的固体废物管理：物质流分析和减少全球变暖潜能值的可持续做法。

IF 3.7 4区环境科学与生态学

Waste Management & Research Pub Date : 2024-11-05 DOI: 10.1177/0734242X241291940

Pietro Castellani, Navarro Ferronato, Jacopo Barbieri, Emmanuel Menya, Marco Carnevale Miino, Vincenzo Torretta

{"title":"Solid waste management in Ugandan developing cities: Material flow analysis and sustainable practices for reducing the global warming potential.","authors":"Pietro Castellani, Navarro Ferronato, Jacopo Barbieri, Emmanuel Menya, Marco Carnevale Miino, Vincenzo Torretta","doi":"10.1177/0734242X241291940","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0734242X241291940","url":null,"abstract":"The introduction of appropriate solid waste management (SWM) strategies can foster the mitigation of waste open dumping and burning in low-income developing cities. In this work, the SWM system in Gulu (Uganda) has been studied, and a material flow analysis, also of informal flows of waste, has been carried out. Moreover, the effectiveness of the SWM system of St. Mary's Lacor Hospital in Gulu was evaluated. Waste has been characterized and a material flow analysis allowed to highlight the difference with the current situation in the remaining part of Gulu. The sustainable practices already implemented in the hospital compound were studied to be replicated in Gulu to mitigate SWM impact in terms of global warming potential. Inadequate financial resources pose a hurdle for Gulu municipality in managing municipal solid waste (MSW) effectively. The SWM system of the hospital demonstrated both financial and managerial competence, paving the way to promote waste recycling actions acting as a hub for fostering sustainable and health-conscious valourization technologies, while discouraging waste open burning and dumping. This study estimated that the total CO2-eq emissions from open dumping and open burning avoided in 2030-2050, if Gulu would appropriately dispose of MSW by 2030, are equal to about 17,000 metric tonnes per year (t year-1). This work suggests appropriate strategies to mitigate waste open burning in low-middle income countries. The results can be helpful for waste management planners and practitioners providing important information for the use of appropriate technologies in low-middle income developing cities.","PeriodicalId":23671,"journal":{"name":"Waste Management & Research","volume":" ","pages":"734242X241291940"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2024-11-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142576823","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Influence of stockpile design on carbonation of waste concrete: Implications for carbon management in China. 堆放设计对废弃混凝土碳化的影响：对中国碳管理的启示。

IF 3.7 4区环境科学与生态学

Waste Management & Research Pub Date : 2024-11-04 DOI: 10.1177/0734242X241290773

Panxiu Wang, Dawei Wang, Asim A Ditta, Xiao Qi

{"title":"Influence of stockpile design on carbonation of waste concrete: Implications for carbon management in China.","authors":"Panxiu Wang, Dawei Wang, Asim A Ditta, Xiao Qi","doi":"10.1177/0734242X241290773","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0734242X241290773","url":null,"abstract":"Enhancing the sequestration capacity of waste concrete is crucial for achieving carbon neutrality within the construction industry. Although existing studies primarily focus on theoretical analysis of concrete carbon sequestration, limited attention has been paid to explore the potential of waste concrete sequestration during stockpiling phase under varying environmental conditions. To fill this knowledge gap, we developed a CO2 uptake calculation model tailored for the stockpiling phase of waste concrete. This model investigates the impact of crush size, stacking method and environmental conditions on the total carbon sequestration capacity and efficiency, identifying the most advantageous approach. Our findings reveal the following: (1) Increasing the crush size of waste concrete enhances its carbon sequestration capacity, albeit extends the sequestration duration. A crush size of 5-20 mm is deemed optimal for achieving the desired sequestration efficiency. (2) The optimal stacking method involves smaller piles with reduced radii and angles. (3) High temperatures and humidity levels accelerate the sequestration rate. Practical measures such as watering and covering can be employed to enhance carbon sequestration. (4) In 2021, China's waste concrete exhibited a declining sequestration potential from the southeast to the northwest and northeast regions. The maximum sequestration potential has the capacity to neutralize up to 4% of the carbon emissions generated by the construction industry in that year. This research provides a foundation for accurate assessment and the development of effective carbon sequestration strategies for waste concrete.","PeriodicalId":23671,"journal":{"name":"Waste Management & Research","volume":" ","pages":"734242X241290773"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2024-11-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142569741","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Circular economy strategies for waste management in Sri Lanka: A focus on demolitions and repurpose and material recovery and production stages. 斯里兰卡废物管理的循环经济战略：重点关注拆除和再利用以及材料回收和生产阶段。

IF 3.7 4区环境科学与生态学

Waste Management & Research Pub Date : 2024-11-01 Epub Date: 2023-10-31 DOI: 10.1177/0734242X231206988

H C Victar, K G A S Waidyasekara

{"title":"Circular economy strategies for waste management in Sri Lanka: A focus on demolitions and repurpose and material recovery and production stages.","authors":"H C Victar, K G A S Waidyasekara","doi":"10.1177/0734242X231206988","DOIUrl":"10.1177/0734242X231206988","url":null,"abstract":"In Sri Lanka, the management of Construction & Demolition (C&D) waste poses a major problem, leading to environmental degradation and depletion of resources. This study aims to tackle these issues by examining the implementation of Circular Economy (CE) strategies within the construction industry of Sri Lanka. The focus is on reducing waste generation and maximizing resource utilization during the demolitions and repurpose, as well as material recovery and production stages of the building project life cycle. These stages are crucial in terms of waste generation and resource consumption. A qualitative approach was employed in this research, utilizing the Delphi technique to gather insights through a series of three rounds of expert interviews. In the first round, 17 experts were involved, followed by 15 in the second round, and 12 in the final round. The data collected from these interviews were analysed using manual content analysis methods. Based on the research findings, a total of 14 C&D Waste Management (WM) issues were identified specifically in the Demolitions and Repurpose Stage in Sri Lanka. For each issue, suitable strategies were proposed to overcome them effectively. Furthermore, the study examined the impact of CE strategies on minimizing these issues within the context of the project management iron triangle. Similarly, the Material Recovery and Production Stage of the building presented eight C&D WM issues, each accompanied by corresponding strategies to address them. The research also explored the influence of CE strategies in mitigating these issues, considering the project management iron triangle. During the demolitions and repurpose stage, CE strategies focus on reducing waste generation and optimizing resource utilization. This involves carefully deconstructing buildings to salvage and recover materials that can be reused or repurposed.","PeriodicalId":23671,"journal":{"name":"Waste Management & Research","volume":" ","pages":"953-976"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71414119","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Psychological determinants of consumption of reusable containers for takeaway food and drinks. 食用可重复使用的外卖食品和饮料容器的心理决定因素。

IF 3.7 4区环境科学与生态学

Waste Management & Research Pub Date : 2024-11-01 Epub Date: 2023-11-17 DOI: 10.1177/0734242X231205470

Lisa Selma Moussaoui, Zoé Cimatti, Matthieu Raeis

{"title":"Psychological determinants of consumption of reusable containers for takeaway food and drinks.","authors":"Lisa Selma Moussaoui, Zoé Cimatti, Matthieu Raeis","doi":"10.1177/0734242X231205470","DOIUrl":"10.1177/0734242X231205470","url":null,"abstract":"Using food and drink disposable containers has heavy environmental and economic consequences. The widespread adoption of reusable containers is a challenge that requires understanding the psychological determinants and barriers of the behaviour. Two studies were conducted: one with a sample from the general public (study 1, N = 302) and one with respondents having access to a reusable container system at work (study 2, N = 737). Online surveys measured self-reported use of single-use and reusable containers for food and drinks takeaway (studies 1 and 2) and for food delivery (study 1). Stages of change and psychological determinants were also measured to provide behavioural levers. Results indicate that in study 1, most of the sample is aware of the issue associated with single-use containers but has not switched to reusable. In study 2, most respondents say they are already using few single-use and are willing to continue, particularly for drinks to go. Thus, accessibility at the workplace to a reusable container system is associated with higher stages of change. However, many respondents are also in the preactional phase for food takeaway, that is, willing to change but have not started yet. In both studies, perception of control on the behaviour and volitional variables are positively associated with stages of change. This suggests that making reusable containers easier to use and helping individuals plan how and when they can do it could encourage behaviour change.","PeriodicalId":23671,"journal":{"name":"Waste Management & Research","volume":" ","pages":"1019-1030"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11529124/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136399450","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Pyrolysis of municipal solid waste compost: Pilot plant evaluation as a sustainable practise of waste management. 城市固体废物堆肥的热解：作为废物管理可持续实践的中试工厂评估。

IF 3.7 4区环境科学与生态学

Waste Management & Research Pub Date : 2024-11-01 Epub Date: 2023-10-04 DOI: 10.1177/0734242X231200744

A Palma, S Clemente-Castro, M Ruiz-Montoya, I Giráldez, M J Díaz

{"title":"Pyrolysis of municipal solid waste compost: Pilot plant evaluation as a sustainable practise of waste management.","authors":"A Palma, S Clemente-Castro, M Ruiz-Montoya, I Giráldez, M J Díaz","doi":"10.1177/0734242X231200744","DOIUrl":"10.1177/0734242X231200744","url":null,"abstract":"To evaluate the potential of compost based on municipal solid waste (MSW) and 20% legume pruning under a pyrolysis process, generated products, including solids (biochar), liquids (bio-oil), and gases (non-condensable gases), through experimentation in a pilot plant with a fluidized bed reactor at 450°C and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry have been analysed. In addition, the compost kinetic behaviour by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), using the Flynn-Wall-Ozawa (FWO) method, has been investigated. Four different reaction zones, associated with lignocellulosic materials (hemicellulose, cellulose, and lignin) with a first step for water evaporation, in TGA curve have been observed. A biochar with low stability and aromaticity, considering high and low O/C and H/C ratios, respectively, has been obtained. The obtained pyrolytic liquids contain a high concentration of phenolic compounds because of a significant presence of lignins and other high molecular weight compounds in the original material. Moreover, the generated non-condensable gases consist mainly of short-chain compounds, such as alcohols, aldehydes, and alkenes produced from hemicellulose, cellulose, and proteins.","PeriodicalId":23671,"journal":{"name":"Waste Management & Research","volume":" ","pages":"1042-1051"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41136632","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Management of healthcare waste collection and segregation for developing countries. 发展中国家医疗废物收集和隔离管理。

IF 3.7 4区环境科学与生态学

Waste Management & Research Pub Date : 2024-11-01 Epub Date: 2023-10-05 DOI: 10.1177/0734242X231199917

Jogendra Jangre, Kanika Prasad, Dharmendra Patel

{"title":"Management of healthcare waste collection and segregation for developing countries.","authors":"Jogendra Jangre, Kanika Prasad, Dharmendra Patel","doi":"10.1177/0734242X231199917","DOIUrl":"10.1177/0734242X231199917","url":null,"abstract":"Healthcare waste (HCW) consists of hazardous material that may be radioactive, toxic or infectious. Inappropriate treatment and disposal of HCW may pose health risks to humans indirectly through the release of pathogens and toxic pollutants into the environment. The biggest problem in HCW management is its handling, which causes anxiety over sorting and categorizing the waste. Hence, the current study identifies and addresses the challenges towards sustainable environmental development by managing infectious HCW in developing countries. Fuzzy Delphi method is used in the present study to carefully examine the barrier drawn from the literature and experts' opinions. The number of barriers taken into consideration for study are 30, which are then grouped into four main categories, that is, social, environmental, technological and economic barriers. Additionally, a hybrid strategy based on the fuzzy decision-making trial and evaluation laboratory is developed in this work to examine the significance and interrelationships of the identified barrier. The research outcome is a hierarchy and classification model based on the relative importance of the barriers. The results of this study indicate that: 'Lack of segregation', 'Inconsistency in waste collection', 'Unregulated disposal site' and 'Inadequate programme for training and awareness' require quick action. The conclusions obtained through the study would facilitate the preparation of check sheets for documenting HCW management procedures by the healthcare administration and Pollution Control Boards. Understanding the priority cause-group barrier would improve the long-term protection of the hospital environment from the spread of infection caused by the HCW.","PeriodicalId":23671,"journal":{"name":"Waste Management & Research","volume":" ","pages":"1079-1092"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41152750","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

The impact of landfill management approaches on methane emissions. 垃圾填埋管理方法对甲烷排放的影响。

IF 3.7 4区环境科学与生态学

Waste Management & Research Pub Date : 2024-11-01 Epub Date: 2023-10-12 DOI: 10.1177/0734242X231200742

Heijo Scharff, Hun-Yang Soon, Sam Rwabwehare Taremwa, Dennis Zegers, Bob Dick, Thiago Villas Bôas Zanon, Jonathan Shamrock

{"title":"The impact of landfill management approaches on methane emissions.","authors":"Heijo Scharff, Hun-Yang Soon, Sam Rwabwehare Taremwa, Dennis Zegers, Bob Dick, Thiago Villas Bôas Zanon, Jonathan Shamrock","doi":"10.1177/0734242X231200742","DOIUrl":"10.1177/0734242X231200742","url":null,"abstract":"This article reports on how management approaches influence methane emissions from landfills. The project team created various landfill operational scenarios for different regions of the planet with respect to waste composition, organic waste reduction and landfill gas recovery timing. These scenarios were modelled by applying a basic gas generation model according to the United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) recommendations. In general, the IPCC's recommended modelling parameters and default values were used. Based on the modelling undertaken, two options stand out as being the most effective methane mitigation measures in a wide range of conditions throughout the world: (a) early gas recovery and (b) reduction of the amount of biodegradable organic waste accepted in a landfill. It is noted that reduction of organic input to any given landfill can take many years to realize. Moreover, suitable alternative processing or disposal options for the organic waste can be unaffordable for a significant percentage of the planet's population. Although effective, organic waste reduction cannot therefore be the only landfill methane mitigation measure. Early landfill gas recovery can be very effective by applying basic technologies that can be deployed relatively quickly, and at modest cost. Policymakers and regulators from around the globe can significantly reduce adverse environmental impacts from landfill gas emissions by stimulating both the early capture and flaring and/or energy recovery of landfill gas and programmes to reduce the inflow of organic waste into landfills.","PeriodicalId":23671,"journal":{"name":"Waste Management & Research","volume":" ","pages":"1052-1064"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11531075/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41214343","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Policy scenario of plastic waste mitigation in Indonesia using system dynamics. 利用系统动力学分析印度尼西亚塑料垃圾减量政策情景。

IF 3.7 4区环境科学与生态学

Waste Management & Research Pub Date : 2024-11-01 Epub Date: 2024-02-22 DOI: 10.1177/0734242X241231396

Bagus Fadhilah Apriadi, Rulli Pratiwi Setiawan, Irman Firmansyah

{"title":"Policy scenario of plastic waste mitigation in Indonesia using system dynamics.","authors":"Bagus Fadhilah Apriadi, Rulli Pratiwi Setiawan, Irman Firmansyah","doi":"10.1177/0734242X241231396","DOIUrl":"10.1177/0734242X241231396","url":null,"abstract":"Plastic waste has become a major contributor to global environmental pollution. Some of the environmental impacts of plastic waste include littering, the formation of plastic debris in oceans and the contamination of freshwater and terrestrial habitats. Policymakers face great challenges in mitigating plastic waste. Indonesia is considered the second largest contributor of plastic waste in the world. However, existing policies have not addressed this issue. Policies, such as bans on single-use plastic bags and fees on plastic bags, have recently been implemented in some pilot cities, but the results remain unclear. Thus, this study proposes feasible policies to mitigate plastic waste in Indonesia using system dynamics. Specifically, this study seeks to develop a dynamic model of plastic waste mitigation and to propose a policy scenario for plastic waste mitigation. The proposed policies consist of a plastic bag ban, a plastic bag fee, a recycling centre and extended producer responsibility (EPR). The analysis demonstrates that an effective mixed policy instrument for reducing plastic waste depends on the plastic waste type. Regarding plastic bottles, the effective mixed policy is a combination of a recycling centre and EPR. For plastic bags, the effective mixed policies include the following combinations: a plastic bag fee and plastic bag ban, a plastic bag fee and recycling centre and a plastic bag ban and recycling centre.","PeriodicalId":23671,"journal":{"name":"Waste Management & Research","volume":" ","pages":"1008-1018"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11529116/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139933080","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

The circular bioeconomy as a regional task. 循环生物经济是一项区域任务。

IF 3.7 4区环境科学与生态学

Waste Management & Research Pub Date : 2024-11-01 Epub Date: 2024-09-05 DOI: 10.1177/0734242X241277462

Sigrid Kusch-Brandt, Simon Kaufhold, Anke Bockreis

引用次数: 0

Ghana's recently introduced e-waste regulatory policy: A hope for a better e-waste sector? 加纳最近出台的电子垃圾监管政策：希望建立一个更好的电子垃圾行业？

IF 3.7 4区环境科学与生态学

Waste Management & Research Pub Date : 2024-11-01 Epub Date: 2023-10-30 DOI: 10.1177/0734242X231204457

Frank Awere Kwayie Bimpong, Michael Osei Asibey, Daniel Kweku Baah Inkoom

{"title":"Ghana's recently introduced e-waste regulatory policy: A hope for a better e-waste sector?","authors":"Frank Awere Kwayie Bimpong, Michael Osei Asibey, Daniel Kweku Baah Inkoom","doi":"10.1177/0734242X231204457","DOIUrl":"10.1177/0734242X231204457","url":null,"abstract":"Electronic waste (e-waste), often dominated by the informal sector, has had adverse effects on recipient developing countries' economies, health and physical environment. Ghana, over the years, has had support from international organisations to manage its e-waste crisis. Until 2016, there was no e-waste specific policy to guide the management of the sector. In 2016, Ghana passed a regulatory policy - Act 917 - to specifically deal with e-waste, supported by other frameworks such as a regulatory instrument (L.I. 2250), a technical guideline for environmentally sound e-waste management and an e-waste-specific policy, which is currently being developed. However, there is dearth of research on how effectively a regulatory policy such as Act 917 can help address an informally dominated sector whose crude recycling approaches have had great environmental and health impacts. Adapting the analytical framework and intervention theory, key stakeholders within the e-waste sector were interviewed on: the effectiveness of the Act, the challenges confronting them and their involvement in the design and implementation processes. The findings showed that stakeholders were represented at various stages of the process. Informal recyclers were provided with training programmes, health centres and an incentive scheme to minimise burning of electrical and electronic equipment. There however exist many challenges to the sound management of the sector, particularly, the lack of end-to-end recycling facilities, registering and formalising the sector and sequencing of the e-waste policy and regulatory framework. The research concludes by recommending areas for future studies.","PeriodicalId":23671,"journal":{"name":"Waste Management & Research","volume":" ","pages":"1031-1041"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71414128","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0