Virologica Sinica最新文献

{"title":"Case study: May human norovirus infection be associated with premature delivery?","authors":"Jiaying Cao, Yuetong Li, Feiyang Xue, Ziyang Sheng, Libo Liu, Yingying Zhang, Lele Wang, Liang Zeng, Yanmin Jiang, Dongying Fan, Fang Li, Jing An","doi":"10.1016/j.virs.2024.10.004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.virs.2024.10.004","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Human norovirus (HuNoV) is the leading cause of acute gastroenteritis. The varying severity of chronic infection in patients with underlying immune deficiencies poses additional burdens on public health. However, the potential effects of HuNoV infection during pregnancy, a specific immune perturbed state, have been rarely reported. Recently, four cases of HuNoV-infected patients in the late stages of pregnancy were admitted to the Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, and premature rupture of membranes as primary adverse outcome was observed in these cases. Samples of fetal accessory tissue were collected from two of these cases at delivery to explore the potential pathogenesis. Pathological analysis showed placental malperfusion in both maternal and fetal vascular, while a decrease in vessels was not observed in villi of placenta. There was obvious pathological change in the chorion of fetal membrane, accompanied by a tendency of Th-1 immune bias. Notably, aggregation of M2 macrophages was observed in the chorion of the fetal membrane, potentially recruited for tissue repair. Next-generation sequencing showed minimal changes in immune pathways within placenta tissue. A gene panel associated with immunosuppression was identified in the fetal membrane of HuNoV-infected women compared to those of normal parturient. Taken together, this study provides clues for the association between the HuNoV and premature delivery, which requires the attention of the clinicians.</p>","PeriodicalId":23654,"journal":{"name":"Virologica Sinica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2024-10-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142569733","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Modulation of the unfolded protein response by white spot syndrome virus via wsv406 targeting BiP to facilitate viral replication.","authors":"Shihan Chen, Qiqi Zhong, Xuzheng Liao, Haiyang Wang, Bang Xiao, Jianguo He, Chaozheng Li","doi":"10.1016/j.virs.2024.10.005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.virs.2024.10.005","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Outbreaks of diseases are often linked to environmental stress, which can lead to endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and subsequently trigger the unfolded protein response (UPR). The replication of the white spot syndrome virus (WSSV), the most serious pathogen in shrimp aquaculture, has been shown to rely on the UPR signaling pathway, although the detailed mechanisms remain poorly understood. In this study, we discovered that WSSV enhances its replication by hijacking the UPR pathway via the viral protein wsv406. Our analysis revealed a significant upregulation of wsv406 in the hemocytes and gills of infected shrimp. Mass spectrometry analysis identified that wsv406 interacts specifically with the immunoglobulin heavy-chain-binding protein (BiP) in shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei. Further examination revealed that wsv406 binds to multiple domains of LvBiP, inhibiting its ATPase activity without disrupting its binding to UPR stress receptors. Silencing either wsv406 or LvBiP resulted in a reduction in WSSV replication and improved shrimp survival rates. Further, wsv406 activation of the PRKR-like ER kinase (PERK)-eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2α (eIF2α) and activating transcription factor 6 (ATF6) pathways was demonstrated by a decrease in the phosphorylation of eIF2α and the nuclear translocation of ATF6 when wsv406 was silenced during WSSV infection. This activation facilitated the transcription of WSSV genes, promoting viral replication. In summary, these findings reveal that wsv406 manipulates the host UPR by targeting LvBiP, thereby enhancing WSSV replication through the PERK-eIF2α and ATF6 pathways. These insights into the interaction between WSSV and host cellular machinery offer potential targets for developing therapeutic interventions to control WSSV outbreaks in shrimp aquaculture.</p>","PeriodicalId":23654,"journal":{"name":"Virologica Sinica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2024-10-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142569735","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Single-cell RNA Sequencing Reveals the Diversity of the Immunological Landscape Response to Genital Herpes.","authors":"Siji Chen, Jiang Zhu, Chunting Hua, Chenxi Feng, Xia Wu, Can Zhou, Xianzhen Chen, Boya Zhang, Yaohan Xu, Zeyu Ma, Jianping He, Na Jin, Yinjing Song, Stijn van der Veen, Hao Cheng","doi":"10.1016/j.virs.2024.10.003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.virs.2024.10.003","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Genital herpes (GH) is a common sexually transmitted disease, which is primarily caused by herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2), and continues to be a global health concern. Although our understanding of the alterations in immune cell populations and immunomodulation in GH patients is still limited, it is evident that systemic intrinsic immunity, innate immunity, and adaptive immunity play crucial roles during HSV-2 infection and GH reactivation. To investigate the mechanisms underlying HSV-2 infection and recurrence, single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) was performed on immune cells isolated from the peripheral blood of both healthy individuals and patients with recurrent GH. Furthermore, the systemic immune response in patients with recurrent GH showed activation of classical monocytes, CD4⁺ T cells, natural killer cells (NK cells), and plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs), especially of genes associated with the Toll-like receptor signaling pathway and T cell activation. Circulating immune cells in GH patients show higher expression of genes associated with inflammation and antiviral responses both in the scRNA-Seq data set and in independent quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) analysis and ELISA experiments. This study demonstrated that localized genital herpes, resulting from HSV reactivation, may influence the functionality of circulating immune cells, suggesting a potential avenue for future research into the role of systemic immunity during HSV infection and recurrence.</p>","PeriodicalId":23654,"journal":{"name":"Virologica Sinica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2024-10-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142476076","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Viral load dynamics in asymptomatic and symptomatic patients during Omicron BA.2 outbreak in Shanghai, China, 2022: a longitudinal cohort study.","authors":"Jingwen Ai, Jiaxin Zhou, Yang Li, Feng Sun, Shijia Ge, Haocheng Zhang, Yanpeng Wu, Yan Wang, Yilin Zhang, Hongyu Wang, Jianpeng Cai, Xian Zhou, Sen Wang, Rong Li, Zhen Feng, Xiangyanyu Xu, Xuemei Yan, Yuchen Zhao, Juanjuan Zhang, Hongjie Yu, Wenhong Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.virs.2024.10.001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.virs.2024.10.001","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The SARS-CoV-2 virus, particularly the Omicron BA.2 variant, led to a significant surge in Shanghai, 2022. However, the viral load dynamic in Omicron infections with varying clinical severities remain unclear. This prospective cohort included 48,830 hospitalized coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients across three hospitals in Shanghai, China, between 23 March and 15 May 2022. Systematic nucleic acid testing was performed using RT-PCR Cycle threshold (Ct) value as a proxy of viral load. We analyzed the kinetic characteristics of viral shedding by clinical severity and identified associated risk factors. The study comprised 31.06% asymptomatic cases, 67.66% mild-moderate cases, 1.00% severe cases, 0.29% critical and fatal cases. Upon admission, 57% of patients tested positive, with peak viral load observed at 4 days (median Ct value 27.5), followed by a decrease and an average viral shedding time (VST) of 6.1 days (Interquartile range, 4.0-8.8 days). Although viral load exhibited variation by age and clinical severity, peak Ct values occurred at similar times. Unvaccinated status, age exceeding 60, and comorbidities including hypertension, renal issues kidney dialysis and kidney transplantation, neurological disorders, rheumatism, and psychotic conditions were found to correlate with elevated peak viral load and extended VST. Asymptomatic cases demonstrated a 40% likelihood of contagiousness within 6 days of detection, while mild-moderate and severe cases exhibited post-symptom resolution infectious probabilities of 27% and over 50%, respectively. These findings revealed that the initial Ct values serve as a predictive indicator of severe outcomes. Unvaccinated elderly individuals with particular comorbidities are at high-risk for elevated viral load and prolonged VST.</p>","PeriodicalId":23654,"journal":{"name":"Virologica Sinica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2024-10-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142476077","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Generation and characterization of a novel ovariole cell line derived from Spodoptera frugiperda in China with sensitivity to both SfMNPV and AcMNPV.","authors":"Yan Tong, Wenyi Jin, Xuan Li, Lin Guo, Gang Luo, Qian Meng, Jihong Zhang, Qilian Qin, Huan Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.virs.2024.10.002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.virs.2024.10.002","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Spodoptera frugiperda multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus (SfMNPV), belonging to the species Alphabaculovirus spofrugiperdae, has been recently registered as an insecticide in China. This virus has a specific effect on the global major agricultural pest Spodoptera frugiperda. To gain insights into viral infection, replication processes, and the complex formation of viral particles, in vitro studies using cell lines are essential tools. Although the IPLB-Sf9 and IPLB-Sf21 cell lines derived from S. frugiperda are widely used for studies on the infection and replication mechanisms of Autographa californica multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus (AcMNPV), their capacity to produce viral polyhedra after SfMNPV infection is not optimal. To address this limitation, a novel cell line named IOZCAS-Sf-1 has been developed from a S. frugiperda population sourced Yunnan, China. The mitochondrial COX1 gene analysis confirmed the species origin of the IOZCAS-Sf-1 cell line. Furthermore, a comparative study was carried out to contrast the COX1 gene sequence of this novel cell line with that of IPLB-Sf9, highlighting the distinctions between the two. Importantly, the IOZCAS-Sf-1 cells exhibited a remarkable ability to generate polyhedra when infected with AcMNPV and SfMNPV, respectively. Consequently, this cellular lineage is considered a promising and valuable resource. It serves not only to investigate the molecular mechanisms of viral replication and its impact on host cells, but also to explore the transfection efficiency of SfMNPV DNA. This exploration further expands into its potential application in recombinant DNA experiments, laying a theoretical groundwork for the advancement of more effective biopesticides and sustainable agricultural practices.</p>","PeriodicalId":23654,"journal":{"name":"Virologica Sinica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2024-10-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142476075","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Antibacterial activity evaluation of a novel K3-specific phage against Acinetobacter baumannii and evidence for receptor-binding domain transfer across morphologies","authors":"Xiangkuan Zheng ,&nbsp;Meihan Liu ,&nbsp;Pei Li ,&nbsp;Sixiang Xu ,&nbsp;Long Chen ,&nbsp;Guoxin Xu ,&nbsp;Xiaoxiao Pang ,&nbsp;Hong Du ,&nbsp;Yishan zheng ,&nbsp;Xiang Huo ,&nbsp;Zhongming Tan ,&nbsp;Juan Li ,&nbsp;Zhirong Li ,&nbsp;Wei Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.virs.2024.08.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.virs.2024.08.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>Acinetobacter baumannii</em> (<em>A. baumannii</em>) poses a serious public health challenge due to its notorious antimicrobial resistance, particularly carbapenem-resistant <em>A. baumannii</em> (CRAB). In this study, we isolated a virulent phage, named P1068, from medical wastewater capable of lysing CRAB, primarily targeting the K3 capsule type. Basic characterization showed that P1068 infected the <em>A. baumannii</em> ZWAb014 with an optimal MOI of 1, experienced a latent period of 10 ​min and maintained stability over a temperature range of 4–37 ​°C and pH range of 3–10. Phylogenetic and average nucleotide identity analyses indicate that P1068 can be classified as a novel species within the genus <em>Obolenskvirus</em> of the <em>Caudoviricetes</em> class as per the most recent virus classification released by the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV). Additionally, according to classical morphological classification, P1068 is identified as a T4-like phage (<em>Myoviridae</em>). Interestingly, we found that the tail fiber protein (TFP) of P1068 shares 74% coverage and 88.99% identity with the TFP of a T7-like phage (<em>Podoviridae</em>), AbKT21phiIII (<span><span>NC_048142.1</span><svg><path></path></svg></span>). This finding suggests that the <em>TFP</em> gene of phages may undergo horizontal transfer across different genera and morphologies. <em>In vitro</em> antimicrobial assays showed that P1068 exhibited antimicrobial activity against <em>A. baumannii</em> in both biofilm and planktonic states. In mouse models of intraperitoneal infection, P1068 phage protected mice from <em>A. baumannii</em> infection and significantly reduced bacterial loads in various tissues such as the brain, blood, lung, spleen, and liver compared to controls. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that phage P1068 might be a potential candidate for the treatment of carbapenem-resistant and biofilm-forming <em>A. baumannii</em> infections, and expands the understanding of horizontal transfer of phage <em>TFP</em> genes.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23654,"journal":{"name":"Virologica Sinica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141890203","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The 2024 National Symposium on Insect Virology held in Qingdao","authors":"Jiali Si,&nbsp;Xi Wang,&nbsp;Manli Wang,&nbsp;Zhihong Hu","doi":"10.1016/j.virs.2024.08.011","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.virs.2024.08.011","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":23654,"journal":{"name":"Virologica Sinica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142112617","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Circulation patterns and molecular characteristics of respiratory syncytial virus among hospitalized children in Tianjin, China, before and during the COVID-19 pandemic (2017–2022)","authors":"Mengzhu Hou ,&nbsp;Guangping Liu ,&nbsp;Chao Meng ,&nbsp;Lili Dong ,&nbsp;Yulian Fang ,&nbsp;Lu Wang ,&nbsp;Ning Wang ,&nbsp;Chunquan Cai ,&nbsp;Hanjie Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.virs.2024.07.004","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.virs.2024.07.004","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the main pathogen that causes hospitalization for acute lower respiratory tract infections (ALRIs) in children. With the reopening of communities and schools, the resurgence of RSV in the COVID-19 post-pandemic era has become a major concern. To understand the circulation patterns and genotype variability of RSV in Tianjin before and during the COVID-19 pandemic, a total of 19,531 nasopharyngeal aspirate samples from hospitalized children in Tianjin from July 2017 to June 2022 were evaluated. Direct immunofluorescence and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) were used for screening RSV-positive samples and subtyping, respectively. Further analysis of mutations in the second hypervariable region (HVR2) of the <em>G</em> gene was performed through Sanger sequencing. Our results showed that 16.46% (3215/19,531) samples were RSV positive and a delayed increase in the RSV infection rates occurred in the winter season from December 2020 to February 2021, with the average RSV-positive rate of 35.77% (519/1451). The ON1, with H258Q and H266L substitutions, and the BA9, with T290I and T312I substitutions, are dominant strains that alternately circulate every 1–2 years in Tianjin, China, from July 2017 to June 2022. In addition, novel substitutions, such as N296Y, K221T, N230K, V251A in the BA9 genotype, and L226I in the ON1 genotype, emerged during the COVID-19 pandemic. Analysis of clinical characteristics indicated no significant differences between RSV-A and RSV-B groups. This study provides a theoretical basis for clinical prevention and treatment. However, further studies are needed to explore the regulatory mechanism of host immune responses to different lineages of ON1 and BA9 in the future.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23654,"journal":{"name":"Virologica Sinica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141789156","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Phylogenetic analyses and antigenic characterization of foot-and-mouth disease virus PanAsia lineage circulating in China between 1999 and 2023","authors":"Xiangle Zhang ,&nbsp;Weimin Ma ,&nbsp;Baohong Liu ,&nbsp;Chaochao Shen ,&nbsp;Fan Yang ,&nbsp;Yamin Yang ,&nbsp;Lv Lv ,&nbsp;Jinyan Wu ,&nbsp;Yongjie Liu ,&nbsp;Youjun Shang ,&nbsp;Jianhong Guo ,&nbsp;Zixiang Zhu ,&nbsp;Xiangtao Liu ,&nbsp;Haixue Zheng ,&nbsp;Jijun He","doi":"10.1016/j.virs.2024.09.006","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.virs.2024.09.006","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is one of the most important transboundary animal diseases caused by foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV), leading to significant economic losses worldwide. The first report of PanAsia lineage of FMDV in China was in 1999. Since 2011, 18 outbreaks attributed to PanAsia lineage viruses have been reported across 7 provinces or municipality in China. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that these PanAsia strains were clustered into three distinct clades (clade 1, clade 2, and clade 3), with nucleotide homology ranging from 91.4% to 100%. The outbreaks of FMD caused by clade 1 strains occurred around 1999 when this lineage was prevalent globally. Clade 2 strains dominated from 2011 to 2013, while clade 3 strains were prevalent during 2018–2019, sharing only 93% homology with clade 2 strains and 91% with clade 1 strains. Tracing analysis showed that these outbreaks represented 3 distinct introductions of PanAsia viruses into China. Virus neutralization tests (VNT) have demonstrated that current commercial vaccines are effective to protect susceptible animals against these strains (<em>r1</em> ​&gt; ​0.3). However, the growing demand for livestock has promoted animal movement and encouraged the exchange of products, services, and materials between countries, thereby heightening the risk of exotic strain incursions. Therefore, it is imperative to reinforce border controls and limit animal movements among various Asian countries continually to reduce the risk of new transboundary diseases, such as FMD incursion. Additionally, PanAsia-2 strains need to be taken seriously to prevent its incursions, and the relevant vaccines against PanAsia-2 strains need to be stockpiled in preparation for any possible incursion.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23654,"journal":{"name":"Virologica Sinica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142257246","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Virome-wide analysis of histone modification mimicry motifs carried by viral proteins","authors":"Yang Xiao ,&nbsp;Shuofeng Yuan ,&nbsp;Ye Qiu ,&nbsp;Xing-Yi Ge","doi":"10.1016/j.virs.2024.09.004","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.virs.2024.09.004","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Histone mimicry (HM) refers to the presence of short linear motifs in viral proteins that mimic critical regions of host histone proteins. These motifs have the potential to interfere with host cell epigenome and counteract antiviral response. Recent research shows that HM is critical for the pathogenesis and transmissibility of influenza virus and coronavirus. However, the distribution, characteristics, and functions of HM in eukaryotic viruses remain obscure. Herein, we developed a bioinformatic pipeline, Histone Motif Scan (HiScan), to identify HM motifs in viral proteins and predict their functions <em>in silico</em>. By analyzing 592,643 viral proteins using HiScan, we found that putative HM motifs were widely distributed in most viral proteins. Among animal viruses, the ratio of HM motifs between DNA viruses and RNA viruses was approximately 1.9:1, and viruses with smaller genomes had a higher density of HM motifs. Notably, coronaviruses exhibited an uneven distribution of HM motifs, with betacoronaviruses (including most human pathogenic coronaviruses) harboring more HM motifs than other coronaviruses, primarily in the NSP3, S, and N proteins. In summary, our virome-wide screening of HM motifs using HiScan revealed extensive but uneven distribution of HM motifs in most viral proteins, with a preference in DNA viruses. Viral HM may play an important role in modulating viral pathogenicity and virus-host interactions, making it an attractive area of research in virology and antiviral medication.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23654,"journal":{"name":"Virologica Sinica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142257548","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}