Volume 6: Energy最新文献

{"title":"Self-Powering Gyms: A Case Study on Energy Harvesting From a Static Bicycle","authors":"Mustafa Ihsan, V. Viswanathan","doi":"10.1115/imece2019-11972","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/imece2019-11972","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The increasing levels of pollution and global climate changes have spurred growing interest in harvesting green energy from all possible resources. One of the under-utilized sources is the energy that one spends during physical exercise at gymnasiums. If the energy that a person expends can be harvested, that may suffice to power the facility at least partially. This paper describes the research, development, and execution of a low-cost arrangement to harvest energy from a static bicycle at a gym. Primarily, the setup uses a generator attached to the bicycle to produce low-voltage electricity. Further, an electrical circuit is designed and implemented to amplify the voltage and send it to a 585CCA battery. The resulting arrangement is found to be sufficient to completely charge the car battery with 12–15 hours of riding of one bicycle. It is estimated that this battery can power two energy-efficient lamps for around 13 hours. In other words, a simple setup attached to various cardio equipment in series may be sufficient to power the gym partially. Further, an economic analysis is conducted to estimate the energy saving resulting from the implementation of the energy harvesting arrangement in a college gym. It is found that with the help of such an arrangement, approximately 20% of the energy cost of the gym room can be saved.","PeriodicalId":23629,"journal":{"name":"Volume 6: Energy","volume":"5 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-11-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74045799","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Recycling Lithium-Ion Battery: Mechanical Separation of Mixed Cathode Active Materials","authors":"Hammad Al-Shammari, R. Esmaeeli, Haniph Aliniagerdroudbari, Muapper Alhadri, S. R. Hashemi, H. Zarrin, Siamak Farhad","doi":"10.1115/imece2019-10755","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/imece2019-10755","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) have driven the industry of rechargeable batteries in recent years due to their advantages such as high energy and power density and relatively long lifespan. Nevertheless, the dispose of spent LIBs has harmful impacts on the environment which needs to be addressed by recycling LIBs. However, none of the currently developed recycling processes is economical. The physical recycling process of LIBs may be economical if the cathode active materials can be separated, regenerated, and reused to make new LIBs. However, the first barrier for regeneration and reusing is the separation of different types of spent cathode active materials in the filter cake that are mixed with each other and come in the form of very fine powders with various sizes (< 30 μm) from the physical recycling process. The aim of this study is to separate the mixture of cathode active materials by adopting Stokes’ law. The focus will be only on mechanical separation with no thermal or chemical separation methods. For the validation, an experiment was designed and successfully performed where different types of spent cathode materials (e.g., LiCoO2, LiFePO4, and LiMn2O4) were separated from the spent anode materials (e.g., graphite) with high efficiency and reasonable time.","PeriodicalId":23629,"journal":{"name":"Volume 6: Energy","volume":"49 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-11-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83270141","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Optimization of Mg Scraps Hydrolysis for Hydrogen Generation Using HCl: Experimental and Simulation","authors":"R. Akbarzadeh, Qusai Ibrahim, J. Adeniran, P. Oviroh, T. Jen","doi":"10.1115/imece2019-10580","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/imece2019-10580","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Worldwide concerns on environmental pollution and the need for clean energy supply have attracted researchers’ interest for power generation using technology which not only is a clean technology but also utilizes the Mg scrap waste, a part of solid waste from electronic and automobile industries. The Mg scraps have been used for the hydrogen generation via hydrolysis. In an attempt we conducted the experimental study and optimization of hydrolysis of Mg scraps waste in the presence of HCl to generate hydrogen. This work optimizes the process of using Mg scraps to produce H2, Mg(OH)2 and MgCl2. The effect of different concentration of HCl on hydrolysis was studied to find the optimum concentration for the hydrogen generation. The most influencing parameters such as acid concentration of solution was selected and studied. The kinetic behaviour was analysed to determine the effect of different HCl concentration on hydrogen generation pattern. Numerical modeling was performed considering the chemical reaction using ReaxFF. The effect of the selected parameters on the system and the hydrogen concentration were investigated to predict the performance of the hydrolysis of Mg scraps in the designed reactor. This study proposes an eco-efficient method as it utilizes the Mg waste to produce hydrogen which is an energy carrier.","PeriodicalId":23629,"journal":{"name":"Volume 6: Energy","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-11-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83073365","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Capacity Planning Model for Microgrids in Rural India","authors":"Arkasama Bandyopadhyay, Katrina Ramirez-Meyers, E. Wikramanayake, B. Leibowicz, M. Webber, V. Bahadur","doi":"10.1115/imece2019-11707","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/imece2019-11707","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 In this study, we develop a load estimation method and an optimization tool for community-driven planning of rural electricity systems which aims to encourage stakeholder involvement in planning processes and reinforce the sustainability of small-scale electrification projects. Electricity demand is estimated through the bottom-up construction of load profiles based on devices used in three common rural end-use sectors. A cost minimization model is then implemented to determine the least-cost capacity composition that can be installed based on the load profile and energy availability. The energy sources modeled are small-scale wind, hydro, solar (photovoltaic), diesel, and battery. In the base case, which includes the three sectors equally, most of the optimal capacity (77%) is provided by renewable energy at an average levelized cost of electricity (LCOE) of $0.05/kWh for a notional village with 500 houses. The base case results are compared to the results when each sector is respectively favored. The results show that backup dispatchable generation and batteries can both be solutions to intermittent renewables, and the choice between the two appears to depend on the load shape. We also find that the base case results are not very sensitive to the CO2 tax, suggesting that not only are renewables cost-competitive with or without the tax, but they also benefit economically from coupling with cheap fossil fuel generators.","PeriodicalId":23629,"journal":{"name":"Volume 6: Energy","volume":"33 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-11-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81311307","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Synthesis and Deposition of Rutile TiO2 for Dye-Sensitized Solar Cell Applications","authors":"Blen Teferi, U. Schnupf, Kazuhiro Manseki, T. Sugiura, S. Vafaei","doi":"10.1115/imece2019-11035","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/imece2019-11035","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The purpose of this research was to produce semiconductor Rutile TiO2 films using a new deposition method on F-doped SnO2 (FTO) glasses i.e. nanofluid boiling method, using TiO2 nanoparticles. A low-temperature synthesis without using conventional hydrothermal methods was established to obtain the Rutile TiO2 nanoparticles with different size and shape under different temperatures. The crystalline TiO2 was separated from the reaction liquid by centrifugation and dried under ambient condition. The current boiling deposition of the TiO2 nanofluid was found to form porous semiconductor TiO2 nanoparticle films without cracks in the deposited TiO2 film. The obtained TiO2 films will be utilized as TiO2 photoanodes in dye-sensitized solar cells.","PeriodicalId":23629,"journal":{"name":"Volume 6: Energy","volume":"4 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-11-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86345350","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Design Resilience of Demand Response Systems Utilizing Locally Communicating Thermostatically Controlled Loads","authors":"Jason Kuwada, Hoda Mehrpouyan, J. Gardner","doi":"10.1115/imece2019-10523","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/imece2019-10523","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Thermostatically Controlled Loads (TCLs) have shown great potential for Demand Response (DR) events. The focus of this study is to investigate the effects of adding communication throughout a population of TCLs on the resilience of the system. A Metric for resilience is calculated on varying populations of TCLs and verified with agent based modeling simulations. At the core of this study is an added thermostat criterion created from the combination of a proportional gain and the average compressor operating state of neighboring TCLs. Differing connection architectures are also analyzed. Resilience of the systems under different connection topologies, are calculated by analyzing algebraic connectivity at varying population sizes. The resilience analysis was verified through simulation. Results of the analysis show the effect of on delay schemes and connection architecture on stability limit of each system. Good concurrence was found between predicted and observed resilience for smaller dead-band sizes. Simulations showed varying results on the effect of a simulated attack based on location of the attack within the population.","PeriodicalId":23629,"journal":{"name":"Volume 6: Energy","volume":"44 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-11-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89071326","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Residential Heating System Control for Future Electric Power Grid Services Using Minimal Measurements","authors":"Michael R. Brambley, Jianming Lian","doi":"10.1115/imece2019-12026","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/imece2019-12026","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The study presented focuses on control of central electric resistance heating (often referred to as electric furnaces) in a manner to meet a specified target reduction in average electric power demand over 5-minute utility verification periods. The paper describes a supervisory control method that uses a small number of sensed points to meet these target power demand reductions while ensuring that indoor temperature is maintained within a comfortable range. Testing of the control method is performed in two identical test homes with the control methodology augmented to account for practical complexities in the operation of the heating system equipment (e.g., minimum-off [lock-out] time, response activation delay, and data latency). The test homes, equipment in them, data collection apparatus, and control platform are described as well as results of the testing.\u0000 The analysis of results shows the potential for control of electric heating systems to provide demand response as well as some limitations when used alone without coordinated control with other end-use equipment and appliances. Discussion of results includes a brief introduction to a method for coordinated control of multiple appliances in homes and identification of potential future research to realize the underlying vision of homes providing services to the power grid.","PeriodicalId":23629,"journal":{"name":"Volume 6: Energy","volume":"2289 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-11-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86564503","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Study on Model Evolution Method Based on the Hybrid Modeling Technology With Support Vector Machine for a SOFC-GT System","authors":"Jinwei Chen, Shengnan Sun, Yao Chen, Hui-sheng Zhang, Z. Lu","doi":"10.1115/imece2019-11946","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/imece2019-11946","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The mechanism models of solid oxide fuel cell–gas turbine (SOFC-GT) systems are very useful to analyze the detail thermodynamic performance, including the internal complex mass, heat and electrochemical processes. However, several characteristic parameters in the mechanism model are difficult to be estimated accurately due to the unknown offset. As a result, it is difficult for the mechanism model to maintain high accuracy during the full operating cycle. In this paper, a model evolution method based on hybrid modeling technology is proposed to simulate the thermodynamic performance more accurately during the full operation cycle. A hybrid model framework of SOFC-GT system is designed to evolve the mechanism model. The electrochemical characteristic of SOFC is identified and evolved by a data-driven model based on least squares-support vector machine algorithm (LS-SVM) rather than a mechanism electrochemical model. Firstly, the prediction performance of the electrochemical LS-SVM model is compared with the test data. The maximum error of prediction is only about 1.776 A/m2, and the prediction accuracy reaches 99.998%. Then the hybrid model, coupled with the LS-SVM electrochemical model from the mechanism model, is developed to simulate the thermodynamic performance of SOFC-GT system. The off-design performance of the SOFC-GT system is analyzed by the hybrid model and mechanism model. In addition, the comparison results show that the hybrid model can accurately predict the SOFC-GT system performance. The maximum error is less than 2.2% at off-design condition. In consideration of its significant advantages combining data-driven model and mechanism model, hybrid model is a powerful candidate for accurate performance simulation during full operation cycle.","PeriodicalId":23629,"journal":{"name":"Volume 6: Energy","volume":"26 11 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-11-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83548874","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Heating Conservation Methods and Economy Analysis of Winter Heating in Rural Residential Buildings in Southeast China: A Case Study","authors":"Rang Tu, Mengdan Liu, L. Liu","doi":"10.1115/imece2019-10310","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/imece2019-10310","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 In this paper, energy conservation approaches for residential buildings in rural area of southeast China are studied. There used to be no heating habits in rural buildings of southeast China, which is due to the relatively warm weather in winter. However, as the stand of living is increasing, heating in winter has become more popular in recent years. It is quite important to choose proper heating conservation materials taking both initial cost and operating cost into consideration. In this paper, a typical house in southern part of Henan Province is selected for study. It is a two-level house made of bricks, which was built in 2014. A set of radiators were installed for heating in winter. Water, which is heated by electrical heater, is used as heating medium for these radiators. As compared with heat pumps, draft sensation problem is avoided and temperature in the heating space is more uniform. However, operating fee is very high, which makes this heating method less attractive. To reduce power consumption of winter heating, heating load needs to be reduced and the efficiency of heating equipment needs to be increased. In this study, researches are carried out as following. First, a model is built in DeST, which is a software that can calculate hourly heating load and room temperature. Then, the effect of thermal preservation quality of envelops on room temperature and heating load are investigated. Six models with different envelopes are simulated. Then, heating load as well as power consumptions of electrical heaters and heat pumps among the six envelopes are compared. Lastly, economic analysis is carried out for the energy efficient retrofit case so that the payback period is calculated. The results show that heating load capacity of case F, envelope of which made of 240 bricks plus foamed plastic and hollow glass windows, can be reduced to 1/3 that of case A, envelope of which made of 240 bricks and single glass windows. Considering power consumptions of both compressors and fans, energy consumption density (divided by area) can be reduced from 21.6∼25 kWh·m−2·year−1 of case A, which has the worst heat conservation property, to 6.7∼7.7 kWh·m−2·year−1 of case F. If the building is improved from case A to case F and heat pumps are adopted, the payback period is 3.3∼3.8 years. Because of high cost of window retrofit and small influence of its heat conservation property on the reduction of heating capacity, it is recommended to just improve walls. Air tightness of window is more effective than thermal quality.","PeriodicalId":23629,"journal":{"name":"Volume 6: Energy","volume":"21 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-11-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81717618","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Modeling and Simulation of Thermal Energy Storage for Solar Energy Utilization","authors":"F. Alnaimat, B. Mathew, A. Mourad, S. A. Omari","doi":"10.1115/imece2019-10326","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/imece2019-10326","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 A significant research has been done on the enhancement of thermal energy storage systems. This article details the numerical study conducted to understand the heat transfer and fluid flow characteristics of a concentric thermal energy storage subjected to different heat transfer fluid (HTF) velocities. Water is used as the working heat transfer fluid. The influence of flow parameter primarily the HTF velocity is studied in this article. Studies are conducted for concentric thermal energy storage diameter of 25 mm, and 10 mm inner diameter of concentric pipe, 200 mm length, and HTF velocity of 0.02, 0.1, 0.3, 0.5 m/s. It is found that the utilization of fins improves the heat transfer in tube in tank thermal storage system. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) enables a more detailed study of the phase change thermal characteristics.","PeriodicalId":23629,"journal":{"name":"Volume 6: Energy","volume":"16 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-11-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76482742","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}