Volume 6: Energy最新文献

{"title":"Improving the Yield of Biodiesel Production Using Waste Vegetable Oil Considering the Free Fatty Acid Content","authors":"Saanyol Ityokumbul Igbax, D. Swartling, Ahmed Elsawy, S. Idem","doi":"10.1115/imece2022-95003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/imece2022-95003","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 This paper investigates the use of waste vegetable oil (WVO) for production of biodiesel. The goal of this study was to explore the improvement of biodiesel production to achieve high yields. Different oil streams, including virgin canola oil and WVO, were used as the raw material for the transesterification processes. These oils had different fatty acid contents as a result of environmental or previous processing conditions. The main objective of this study was to assess the impact of free fatty acid (FFA) content on the resulting yield. In addition, the yield was influenced by production parameters such as reaction time, reaction temperature, molar/volume ratios of oil to alcohol, catalyst amount, and mechanical mixing. This was accomplished by automating the biodiesel production from WVO, thereby achieving improved processing and requiring minimal direct human involvement. A biodiesel production apparatus was developed with a Raspberry Pi 3 microcomputer to control the process. It was shown that the particular choice of these process parameters depended on the particular oil type. This research used mixtures of virgin and waste vegetable oils at different volume ratios (oil to alcohol) of 4:1, 6:1, and 8:1, which was determined by the FFA content of the oil. In addition to mechanical mixing, ultrasonication rated at 500W, 20kHz was used to enhance mixing by adding 450 kJ to the process, thereby reducing both the processing time and the amount of methoxide needed to perform a base-catalyzed transesterification. The production temperature was held within the range of 50–65°C. This research demonstrated that optimal yield depends on temperature, catalyst concentration, FFA content of the oil, and the energy introduced by sonication. A 96% yield was achieved with the following parameters: an oil to methanol volume ratio of 6:1, 0.6% weight concentration of catalyst (NaOH) at 6.25 g, and FFA values of approximately 5%. It was determined that the proposed system can produce acceptable quality biodiesel.","PeriodicalId":23629,"journal":{"name":"Volume 6: Energy","volume":"11 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74840342","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Using Machine Learning Methods Towards Identifying College Campus Load Profiles and Energy Storage Application for Reducing Peak Energy Demand From the Utility Grid","authors":"Christopher J. Sweeny, Jackson R. Smith, A. Ghanavati, James R. McCusker","doi":"10.1115/imece2022-94830","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/imece2022-94830","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Efforts to reduce peak energy demand on the utility grid have been a challenge due to unique load profiles for individual customers such as college campuses, businesses, and homeowners. This work illustrates the application of machine learning in the form of Bayes Estimation, Principal Component Analysis (PCA), and Fisher’s Linear Discriminant to identify typical power load profiles for the author’s institution campus buildings. These methods of machine learning are applied to data collected from the campus and focuses on identifying trends in power usage as well as identify optimal times for charging and discharging of an energy storage system (ESS). Application of the algorithms is carried out using MATLAB to better understand the load profiles of various academic and residential buildings on campus. Bayes Estimation is used to determine optimal times for charging and discharging of an ESS using training sets from the power consumption data. Results from the study show Bayes Estimation yields a high accuracy in state estimation for various sample sizes given a limited amount of training data. Principal Component Analysis is used to determine key features from the data that effectively differentiate between the academic and residential buildings being observed. Key features that are observed through PCA include timescales such as hours of the day, days of the week, and months of the year, as well as power demand readings from each of the buildings’ respective electrical meters. Fisher’s Linear Discriminant is applied to the dataset for a similar purpose to Bayes Estimation, however the algorithm is used to determine peak vs non-peak recordings from the hourly power consumption data. Results from Fisher’s Linear Discriminant method proved to be unsuccessful in discriminating between classes of data. Analysis of the results will be used to further understand where and when ESS can be most effective to reduce peak energy demand from the campus on the local utility grid network. The paper presents the process of applying methods of machine learning to the data as well as the results from the mentioned methods.","PeriodicalId":23629,"journal":{"name":"Volume 6: Energy","volume":"42 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79981894","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Systematic Literature Review of Passive Energy Consumption Optimisation Strategies in Buildings and Their Selection Criteria","authors":"Amirhossein Balali, A. Yunusa‐Kaltungo, R. Edwards","doi":"10.1115/imece2022-93887","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/imece2022-93887","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Buildings are essential to the development and sustainability of any society, due to the criticality of their residential, commercial and educational roles. However, the building sector has also been classified as highly energy-intensive, due to its ever-rising annual energy consumption trends. Buildings’ energy consumption rate is in fact expected to increase further over the coming years, due to current trends of global population growth. It is therefore imperative to deduce and implement strategies that would improve the sustainability of energy within the built environment. Taking advantage of passive energy consumption optimisation strategies is an apt alternative in this case. However, the procedure of selecting the best passive energy consumption optimisation strategy, including selection of the passive strategy itself, selection criteria and selection method, has been a challenge for buildings’ experts. The use of Multiple Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA)/Multiple Criteria Decision-Making (MCDM) approaches have proven useful for aiding the selection of alternatives based on multiple criteria in numerous studies during recent years. However, there are several techniques within the MCDA/MCDM class of techniques, which make the selection process rather convoluted. Therefore, the overarching aim of the current study is to generate the most prevalent passive energy consumption optimisation strategies for buildings, the criteria for their selections and the corresponding MCDA/MCDM techniques that aided such selections. Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) and Procedure for Performing Systematic Reviews (PPSR) were used to conduct the current systematic literature review (SLR). The SLR examined research articles that are domiciled within very popular databases such as Compendex, GEOBASE, GeoRef, Inspec, Web of Science (WoS) and Scopus, based on meticulously constructed keywords. It was observed that limited passive strategies, selection criteria and MCDM/MCDA techniques were considered in the investigated articles, making it a serious gap in the body of knowledge, which needs accurate consideration for future studies. For instance, it was observed that most studies focussed on particular passive strategies such as optimisation of insulation thickness and location, natural ventilation envelope, etc., while other strategies such as thermal bridge reduction, enhancing vapour tightness and natural daylighting are underrepresented. The results of the SLR are hereby provided and discussed in the current study.","PeriodicalId":23629,"journal":{"name":"Volume 6: Energy","volume":"40 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79302105","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Modeling Analysis on Combined Effects of VVT/VCR Engine Technology to Reduce Fuel Consumption of Light-Duty Parallel Hybrid CNG Trucks","authors":"R. Sok, Jin Kusaka, H. Nakashima, Hidetaka Minagata","doi":"10.1115/imece2022-96282","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/imece2022-96282","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Potential fuel consumption (FC) improvements of a parallel hybrid, light-duty, compressed natural gas (CNG) truck are numerically predicted using the combined benefits of a variable valve timing (VVT) and variable compression ratio (VCR) engine. A CNG hybrid electric vehicle (CNG-HEV) simulation model is developed in commercial software based on conventional delivery trucks in the Japanese market. The hybrid powertrain model includes a pre-transmission e-motor, high voltage battery, and production-typed 3.0 L CNG engine. Power splitting between e-motor and engine is controlled by a rule-based control strategy. Under the JE05 drive-cycle, engine maps such as torque, fuel and flow rate, and engine friction were measured under different intake valve timings in the 4-cylinder, twin-turbocharged spark-ignition engine with customized pistons to reach a compression ratio (CR) of 17. For VCR operations, the performance maps were recorded under CR14, CR15, and CR17 using standard valve timings. Simulated FC of the CNG-HEV under the JE05 driving cycle is improved by 10.9% and 15.7% using standard and optimal intake valve timings, respectively, against a conventional powertrain vehicle. By combining optimal VVT/VCR engine operations with a selected battery sizing, the predicted FC of the CNG-HEV could be achieved up to 18.2% against the conventional powertrain.","PeriodicalId":23629,"journal":{"name":"Volume 6: Energy","volume":"12 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82210126","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Optimal Design of Integrated Solar Combined Cycle and Desalination Systems","authors":"Ariana M. Pietrasanta, Sergio F. Mussati, P. Aguirre, T. Morosuk, M. Mussati","doi":"10.1115/imece2022-95677","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/imece2022-95677","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 This paper addresses the optimization of dual-purpose desalination plants (DPDPs) for simultaneous generation of electricity and fresh water. The optimization problem is finding the optimal design and operating conditions to meet desired electricity generation and freshwater amount at a minimal total annual cost. The multi-effect distillation (MED) desalination and/or reverse osmosis (RO) processes are the candidates to produce the required freshwater production. Thus, the selection of the desalination process represents a model decision. First, a conventional DPDP is defined and used as the base case. Then, upgrading the optimized conventional DPDP (base case) is investigated by adding a solar collector and keeping unchanged the sizes of the process units of the optimized DPDP. The optimal process configuration is selected from different candidate configurations. For instance, (a) one solar collector/combined cycle/MED; and (b) one or two solar collectors/combined cycle/MED/RO.\u0000 Two new optimization problems are solved: (a) the optimization of the operating conditions of the entire process to maximize the electricity generation keeping the same fuel consumption, and (b) the optimization of the operating conditions of the entire process to minimize the fuel consumption keeping the same electricity generation.\u0000 By keeping the same process units obtained for the optimized conventional DPDP and by adding a solar collector, the electricity generation can be increased up to 5.62 MW, and the fuel consumption can be reduced by 2310 ton/yr and thereby 6352 CO2 ton/year.","PeriodicalId":23629,"journal":{"name":"Volume 6: Energy","volume":"172 4 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83436047","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Method to Account for the Effects of Thermal Osmosis in PEM Fuel Cells","authors":"Nicholas A. Ingarra, Krzysztof (Chris) Kobus, J. Maisonneuve","doi":"10.1115/imece2022-96126","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/imece2022-96126","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 In PEM fuel cells heat and water management are essential for fuel cell operation. Presently there are two agreed modes of water transport: electro-osmotic drag (EOD) and back diffusion (BD). EOD and BD are obtained from the Nernst-Planck equation. It can be shown that the Nernst Planck equation neglects the impact of thermal osmosis. It must be determined if this assumption on neglecting thermal osmosis is valid, or if thermal osmosis is a strong influencer of net water flow. Thermal osmosis (TO) is not fully understood, and some researchers have made conclusions about thermal osmosis but failed to properly isolate thermal osmosis from other modes of water transport. This work demonstrates that thermal osmosis is neglected in most fuel cell analysis and that thermal osmosis needs to be examined further.","PeriodicalId":23629,"journal":{"name":"Volume 6: Energy","volume":"41 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74314930","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ammonia for Industrial Combustion","authors":"S. Londerville, Matt Whelan, C. Baukal, Ali Gueniche, Michel Haag, P. Newman","doi":"10.1115/imece2022-96499","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/imece2022-96499","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Many companies are investigating switching from conventional fossil fuels to “green” fuels such as hydrogen to reduce CO2 emissions. This assumes hydrogen is made by an environmentally-friendly method such as electrolysis using renewable energy. However, there are concerns with hydrogen. For example, it leaks very easily, is extremely flammable, and is more difficult to transport than other fuels.\u0000 A potential solution is to use ammonia as an alternative method of supplying hydrogen to a combustion process, assuming it is made in an environmentally-friendly manner. Like H2, ammonia also does not produce any carbon-containing pollutants such as carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, or soot. It has transport properties like propane, so it is easier to contain and transport than hydrogen.\u0000 However, there are some concerns with ammonia. It is a caustic and hazardous chemical with a pungent odor so it must be handled accordingly. It has the potential to generate very high levels of NOx which means a post-treatment system like an SCR may be required. Existing burners may need to be modified or replaced.\u0000 While ammonia is a potentially important future green fuel, there are concerns that require attention and further research. This paper compares methane, hydrogen, and ammonia combustion and discusses the advantages and disadvantages of ammonia in particular.","PeriodicalId":23629,"journal":{"name":"Volume 6: Energy","volume":"22 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73347230","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Investigation of the Leading-Edge Erosion of Wind Turbine Blades Using Multivariant Analysis Method","authors":"A. Alajmi, M. Ramulu","doi":"10.1115/imece2022-94744","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/imece2022-94744","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 With the vast development in the wind energy industry, new climates that might be considered harsh on wind turbines are being investigated. One such harsh climate is the desert and arid climate with the high frequency of sandstorm occurrences. During a sandstorm, sand particles of different sizes and shapes collide with wind turbine blades at different angles of attack and impact velocities, causing enormous damage, especially at the leading-edge area. The leading-edge erosion causes a drastic decrease in the turbine’s overall efficiency and, consequently, the amount of energy produced. In this paper, a multiple regression statistical study was conducted to investigate the effects of variables such as air pressure (consequently the particle impact velocity), erosion duration, and the angle of attack. These three variables were used to imitate the conditions during sandstorms closely. The outcome of the erosion process is measured in terms of mass loss and depth of erosion scars. The resulting damage from the erosion process was analyzed using the Analysis of Variables (ANOVA) method. It has been found that the angle of attack has a significant effect on the erosion behavior, with the most severe damage occurring at a 0° angle of attack for both the amount of mass loss and the depth of erosion scars, while the lowest amount of damage occurring at a 10° angle of attack. Similarly, increasing impact velocity and erosion duration caused the most severe damage, and these variables were used to characterize the behavior of the leading-edge erosion of wind turbine blades. Therefore, designers of wind farms in the desert must bear in mind that it is of extreme importance to study probability of sandstorms occurrence, their average duration, their occurrence frequency, and the particles’ velocity.","PeriodicalId":23629,"journal":{"name":"Volume 6: Energy","volume":"11 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79245107","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Design and Fabrication of an Atmospheric Water Generator Based on Vapor Compression Refrigeration Cycle","authors":"Saad Alshahrani","doi":"10.1115/imece2022-94117","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/imece2022-94117","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Water generation from the atmosphere is an environmentally friendly alternative and a sustainable process to extract pure and fresh water. An atmospheric water generator (AWG) is a device that uses dehumidification to generate potable water out of moisture present in the air. The moisture or humidity present in the air is cooled below the dew point temperature and as a result, water vapor is condensed into water droplets. The collected water droplets are filtered and re-mineralized to produce fresh and potable drinking water. Using these principles, we have designed and fabricated a prototype system for extracting clean drinking water from atmospheric air using a vapor compression refrigeration cycle. An AWG is fabricated by using a secondhand window air conditioning unit with a capacity 18000 Btu/h. The device consists of an air filter, compressor, condenser, throttling device, and cooling coils. In addition, the device utilizes the dehumidified cool air to cool the condenser and improves its effectiveness considerably. During two operating days, the system was able to collect 5800 mL. Initially it was employed for two days starting from 12 noon, on October 3, 2020 to 12 noon, October 5th 2020. After that, the AWG was employed for two more days, staring from 12:30 pm, October 5th 2020 to 12 noon, October 7th 2020. During this run, 4100 mL of water was collected. It was found that the quality of collected water from the AWG was on par with that of normal drinking water. The quality of the collected water was assessed by an Oakton PC 450 waterproof portable meter with a combination probe and calibration system. The instantaneous temperature and relative humidity values are represented on the psychrometric chart to understand the possibility of water generation and are shown in results and discussions. During the aforementioned trial between 12:30 pm, October 5th 2020 and 12 noon, October 7th 2020, temperature and relative humidity readings were recorded.","PeriodicalId":23629,"journal":{"name":"Volume 6: Energy","volume":"12 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84911716","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Optimized HVAC Air Distribution for Improved Air Quality Using CFD Analysis","authors":"Hussein Kokash, M. Burzo, G. Agbaglah, Fardeen Mazumder","doi":"10.1115/imece2022-95730","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/imece2022-95730","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The energy consumption of Heating Ventilation and Air Conditioning (HVAC) systems accounts for a large proportion of global energy usage so even a small percentage of energy savings in these systems will account for important absolute value savings. One such saving can be realized by better designs as well as optimizing existing air distribution system. The indoor air quality (IAQ) is also greatly impacted by the air distribution system. In this work, the task of optimizing both the placement and the design of diffusers is investigated so acceptable Air Changes per Hour (ACH) numbers are attained with less energy consumption and good thermal comfort. The ANSYS Fluent software was used to optimize the design and placement of a newly developed diffuser. The proposed air distribution system is design to produce conditions like what one would experience while standing outside in a small breeze while experiencing perfect weather (room temperature, uniform air temperature distribution, air speed less than 2 m/s) [1]). This work is an extension of a previous study where a new diffuser design was proposed, which takes advantage of the Coanda effect [2]. The numerical analysis includes realistic models of a 9 × 9 × 3 m (width × length × height) classroom, which is occupied by students and a teacher. To be more realistic, it includes furniture, a door and windows. The simulated Heating Ventilation and Air Conditioning (HVAC) system complies with ASHRAE (American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers) standards for acceptable air quality. This investigation proposes a template on how anyone can optimize the location and placement of the air diffusers while achieving both thermal comfort and good IAQ. While this work was inspired by the COVID-19 pandemic this is foreseen to be an important ongoing issue and could lead to future advances in HAVC system that improve IAQ and produce better thermal comfort with improved energy savings.","PeriodicalId":23629,"journal":{"name":"Volume 6: Energy","volume":"178 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85367702","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}