Water SA最新文献

{"title":"Experimental Visualization Study on Flow Characteristics Inside a Self-Priming Sewage Pump","authors":"Mingjie Xu, Shuihua Zheng, Yiliang Li, Qing Xue Huang, Zenan Sun, Jianlin Hu","doi":"10.3390/w17050735","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/w17050735","url":null,"abstract":"To investigate the motion patterns of flexible fibers inside a sewage pump and their impact on internal flow characteristics, visualization experiments were conducted to compare the pump flow when transporting water—0.3% CMC solution and 0.3% CMC solution containing flexible fibers under different operating conditions. The results showed that changes in the rheological properties of the 0.3% CMC solution primarily affected fluid viscous dissipation. Under the same rotational speed, the flow rate increased by only 2.4%, but power consumption decreased by 9.1%, resulting in a 6.4% improvement in efficiency. The curvature and distribution of fibers within the impeller flow channel remained stable. Their impact on the flow was characterized by an overall reduction in velocity within the impeller region, with the peak velocity decreasing by up to 26.3%. The primary cause of pump failure due to fibers was their tendency to repeatedly accumulate and detach at the tongue, leading to blockages. Fiber length had a more significant impact on the blockage rate than mass concentration.","PeriodicalId":23623,"journal":{"name":"Water SA","volume":"17 5","pages":"735-735"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/17/5/735/pdf?version=1740996350","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147330869","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Self-Excited Oscillating Cavitation Jet Combined with Fenton’s Reagent for Tetracycline Degradation in Water: Optimization of Geometric Structure and Operating Parameters","authors":"Jian Wang, Chang Yang, Yanqing Wang, Mingzhan Zhu, Jingfeng Sun, Bin Ji, Shiwei Xie","doi":"10.3390/w17050742","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/w17050742","url":null,"abstract":"This study utilizes a novel self-excited oscillatory hydrodynamic cavitation (HC) device for tetracycline degradation. The effects of key parameters, including cavity length, inlet-to-outlet diameter ratio, and operational conditions (inlet pressure of 0.3–0.8 MPa), as well as the initial tetracycline concentration (5.0–20.0 mg/L) and the addition of common inorganic anions, on tetracycline degradation are systematically explored. The results show that the self-excited oscillating hydrodynamic cavitator, with a cavity length of 23.0 mm and an inlet-to-outlet diameter ratio of 0.75 (inlet diameter: 3.0 mm; outlet diameter: 4.0 mm), generates a strong HC effect. Under an inlet pressure of 0.5 MPa and an initial tetracycline concentration of 10.0 mg/L, the degradation rate reaches 51.32 ± 0.56%. The three common inorganic anions, CO32−, NO3−, and SO42−, all inhibit tetracycline degradation. The addition of Fenton’s reagent further enhances the degradation efficiency of tetracycline via hydrodynamic cavitation. The optimal molar ratio of Fenton’s reagent (TC:Fe2+:H2O2 = 1:1:10) is determined, resulting in a tetracycline degradation rate of 85.91 ± 0.29% after 120 min of reaction. The self-excited oscillatory hydrodynamic cavitator proposed in this study offers a simple structure, high reliability, and improved degradation efficiency, providing a novel approach to antibiotic treatment.","PeriodicalId":23623,"journal":{"name":"Water SA","volume":"17 5","pages":"742-742"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/17/5/742/pdf?version=1741059535","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147890657","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Carbonization of N/P Co-Doped Resin for Metal-Free Catalytic Ozonation of Oxalic Acid","authors":"Yixiong Pang, Yu Pan, Lingjun Kong, Zeng-Hui Diao, Bin Li","doi":"10.3390/w17050710","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/w17050710","url":null,"abstract":"In this study, a millimeter-scale N/P-doped carbonaceous catalyst was synthesized via facile carbonization of the N/P-doped resin at 800 °C (NPCR-800). This work aimed to investigate the performance of the NPCR-800 catalyst in heterogeneous catalytic ozonation and the mechanism of reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. The NPCR-800 achieved the highest oxalic acid (OA) degradation efficiency of 91% within 40 min. The first-order kinetics of OA degradation in the NPCR-800/O3 system was approximately twelve and three times higher than that in the O3 and O3/GAC system, respectively. In addition to excellent catalytic ozonation performance, the NPCR catalyst also exhibited good reusability and salt tolerance. The dominant ROS were identified by the electronic spin response and free radical quantitative experiments, being responsible for oxalic acid degradation in NPCR-800/O3 system. The effect of the doped N and P elements on enhancing the catalytic activity was understood, what was ascribed to the efficient reaction of the O3 molecule with the active site of the graphitic N, defect site and carbonyl/carboxyl groups of NPCR to generate the hydroxyl radical and singlet oxygen. A type of metal-free catalytic ozonation strategy was developed in this work, which is promising in the practical treatment of the refractory organic pollutants.","PeriodicalId":23623,"journal":{"name":"Water SA","volume":"17 5","pages":"710-710"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/17/5/710/pdf?version=1740737304","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147330531","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Effects of Xanthan Gum as a Synergistic Delivery Reagent on Perchloroethylene Remediation in Lower-Permeability Zones of Aquifers","authors":"Qi Xu, Zhijuan Jia, Xiao-Gang Wen, Yanping Xiao, Haobin Zhong, Jiajun Chen","doi":"10.3390/w17050682","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/w17050682","url":null,"abstract":"Treating contamination plumes in relatively lower-permeability zones (LPZs) presents a significant challenge for injection-based remediation due to aquifer heterogeneity. Currently, xanthan gum, as a co-remediation agent, has been confirmed to enhance the removal efficiency of contaminants in these zones. However, its associated effects on plume migration remain to be clarified. This study revealed the mechanisms by which xanthan addition enhances the removal rate of perchloroethylene (PCE), as well as its effects on plume migration. The results demonstrated that the injection of xanthan induces adverse migration of contamination plumes. A nonlinear relationship was observed between xanthan concentration, injection rate, and remediation performance. Within the studied range (0 g/L–0.8 g/L; 10 mL/min–40 mL/min), an optimal xanthan concentration (0.8 g/L) and injection rate (25 mL/min) were identified, at which the PCE removal efficiency was significantly improved, and the contamination plume migration was effectively inhibited. For combinations of porous media with a lower permeability contrast, adding xanthan led to better performance. To provide a comprehensive assessment of the remediation performance, four key indicators were proposed: remediation measurement factor, PCE removal rate, sweeping uniformity, and injection pressure. The results identified the optimal remediation conditions: M-F combination with the lowest permeability contrast (4.9), 0.4 g/L xanthan, and an injection rate of 25 mL/min. These findings contribute valuable insights for the formulation of more efficient remediation strategies.","PeriodicalId":23623,"journal":{"name":"Water SA","volume":"17 5","pages":"682-682"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/17/5/682/pdf?version=1740583152","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147333109","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pb2+ Adsorption, Performance, and Response Surface Optimization of Hydroxyapatite Nanowire Sodium Alginate Aerogel (HSA)","authors":"Weiyuan Cao, Zixuan Yang, Ren Liu, Zilin Zhang, Guokuan Chen, Zilin Zhou, Liwei Xu","doi":"10.3390/w17050631","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/w17050631","url":null,"abstract":"A novel composite biomass aerogel adsorbent (HSA) was prepared by dual physical and chemical cross-linking using sodium alginate (SA) as an organic biomass template and hydroxyapatite nanowires (HAPNWs) as an inorganic biomass skeleton. The structure of the HSA was characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray powder diffractometry (XRD), Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and stress testing. One-factor experiments were conducted focusing on adsorption conditions at a Pb ion concentration of 300 mg/L, and the adsorption conditions were optimized using the response surface method. The optimal conditions obtained by numerical optimization using Design-Expert 13 were as follows: pH of 7.23, adsorption temperature of 35.42 °C, and adsorption time of 1050.73 min; the optimal adsorption capacity was 278.874 mg/g. To further reveal the adsorption mechanism of HSA, its adsorption model and kinetics were analyzed. Adsorption was most consistent with the Langmuir isothermal adsorption model, while the kinetics were most consistent with the pseudo-secondary kinetic model. R2 reached 0.9986, indicating a mono-molecular layer of adsorption by heat, while the main adsorption mechanism was chemisorption.","PeriodicalId":23623,"journal":{"name":"Water SA","volume":"17 5","pages":"631-631"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147332147","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Degradation of Tetracycline Hydrochloride via Activation of Peroxymonosulfate by Magnetic Nickel–Cobalt Ferrite: Role of High-Valent Metal Species as Primary Reactive Agents","authors":"Hangang Xie, Mingmei Ding, Hang Xu","doi":"10.3390/w17050616","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/w17050616","url":null,"abstract":"Non-radical-based advanced oxidation processes, particularly those dominated by high-valent metals, have caught a great deal of attention because of their exceptional degradation selectivity and robust interference resistance. This study reports the synthesis of a novel ferrite, designated as Co0.5Ni0.5Fe2O4, through a solvothermal reaction, aimed at activating PMS for the removal of TCH from water. It was observed that calcination time played an important role in adjusting the particle size of the catalyst, which subsequently increased its surface area. This enlargement, in turn, led to an increase in active sites, ultimately enhancing the catalytic efficiency. Within the Co0.5Ni0.5Fe2O4/PMS system, high-valent metals Fe(IV) and Co(IV) became prominent as the primary active species, with O21 serving as a secondary contributor. The activation mechanism of PMS was thoroughly analyzed and discussed. Co0.5Ni0.5Fe2O4 exhibited remarkable stability in complex reaction environments and during multiple recycling tests, maintaining a TCH removal efficiency exceeding 98%. This study not only increases awareness of the interaction between catalyst structure and performance but also provides a viable platform for high-valent metal-dominated ferrite catalysts.","PeriodicalId":23623,"journal":{"name":"Water SA","volume":"17 5","pages":"616-616"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147912967","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Investigation of Removal Efficiency of Microplastics at Different Process Stages of a Wastewater Treatment Plant in the Textile Industry in Southern China","authors":"Yanjing Zhu, Sijia Yang, Mathias Gustavsson, Wenli Huang, Si Gao, Rui Wang","doi":"10.3390/w17040574","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/w17040574","url":null,"abstract":"Wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) play a crucial role in mitigating microplastic (MP) release to the environment. In this paper, a WWTP of a textile manufacturing plant in Guangdong, China, was investigated to identify MP characteristics and the effectiveness of wastewater treatment within the plant. Laser Direct Infrared (LDIR) and Liquid Chromatography with Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) were applied to quantify both the number and the mass of the microplastics in the effluent of the textile manufacturing plant where most of the wastewater were from three printing and dyeing lines. The study further investigated the MP removal efficiency of each wastewater treatment process of the industry-owned WWTP and analysed the removal mechanism of each step, highlighting limitations in detecting and eliminating MPs. It is observed that (1) the results from LDIR and LC-MS/MS can be complementary to each other; (2) the MP concentration in the influent was 1730 n/L by number and 13.52 µg/L by mass; (3) the total removal efficiency of the WWTP were 99% by the number of MPs and 67.7% by the mass of MPs; (4) nine types of polymers have been identified in the influent, of which Polyamide (PA) was dominating; (5) hydrolysis acidification removed PA most; (6) aerobic tank, sand filter, and biological aerated filter (BAF) showed low removal efficiency; (7) coagulation and sedimentation tank had the highest removal efficiency to PET than any other processes.","PeriodicalId":23623,"journal":{"name":"Water SA","volume":"17 4","pages":"574-574"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/17/4/574/pdf?version=1739779663","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147911530","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Degradation of Antibiotics in Aquaculture Seawater: A Treatment Based on Ozone Assisted with Hydrodynamic Cavitation","authors":"Xiaodian Huang, Dong Yang, Liang Song, Yongcan Jiang","doi":"10.3390/w17040566","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/w17040566","url":null,"abstract":"Antibiotics in aquaculture pose significant environmental risks due to their widespread distribution in water, impacting ecosystem health. To address this hot issue, an ozone-assisted hydrodynamic cavitation (OAHC) system was developed for the efficient treatment of aquaculture seawater contaminated with antibiotics. The system demonstrated remarkable efficiency, achieving complete degradation of eight antibiotics within a reaction time of 20 s. At the same time, water quality parameters, such as dissolved oxygen (increased from 9.79 mg/L to 13.19 mg/L) and nitrite nitrogen (reduced from 0.14 mg/L to 0.01 mg/L), significantly improved post-treatment. The OAHC-based system minimized harmful by-products, ensuring compliance with Chinese water quality standards. As a supplementary study, a laboratory-based simulated experiment was conducted with FLO as the target antibiotic. The investigation of kinetics and mechanisms indicated that •OH plays a predominant role in the OAHC-based aquaculture seawater treatment system. As global regulations tighten on antibiotic discharge, OAHC-based technology is poised to become a cornerstone of next-generation water treatment solutions. Future research should prioritize field-scale validation and real-time monitoring to accelerate industrial adoption.","PeriodicalId":23623,"journal":{"name":"Water SA","volume":"17 4","pages":"566-566"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/17/4/566/pdf?version=1739618677","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147891818","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of Pretreatments on the Distribution and Removal of Triclosan in Waste-Activated Sludge","authors":"Hao-Yang Ding, Siyu Wang, Thangavel Sangeetha, Min-Hua Cui","doi":"10.3390/w17040490","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/w17040490","url":null,"abstract":"Triclosan (TCS) is extensively detected in wastewater and waste-activated sludge (WAS). The occurrence and fate of TCS in anaerobic digestion have been well revealed, but the change in TCS during WAS pretreatment needs to be clarified. Thermal hydrolysis pretreatment has been proven to be efficient for both WAS hydrolysis and TCS removal, with a removal efficiency of 54.0% and a retention time of 90 min at 170 °C. Alkaline pretreatment remarkably changed the TCS distribution between the sludge and liquid, and the solid–liquid distribution coefficient decreased by three orders of magnitude as the pH increased to 13. Neither alkaline pretreatment nor thermal–alkaline pretreatment resulted in the obvious removal of TCS. UP demonstrated limited efficiency in the hydrolysis of WAS, as well as the migration and removal of TCS. Thus, this study demonstrated that pretreatment methods and operational parameters significantly influence the migration and removal of TCS. It also provides a valuable reference for future studies on the migration and degradation behavior of TCS during anaerobic digestion and lays a foundation for the development of WAS treatment engineering capable of efficiently removing TCS.","PeriodicalId":23623,"journal":{"name":"Water SA","volume":"17 4","pages":"490-490"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/17/4/490/pdf?version=1739082961","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147915819","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Effects of Single and Combined Exposure to Polystyrene Nanoplastics and Copper on the Behavior of Adult Zebrafish","authors":"Jing Dai, Bei Song, Ruyi Sha, Zhenzhen Wang, Jianwei Mao","doi":"10.3390/w17030392","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/w17030392","url":null,"abstract":"Different pollutants often coexist in natural environments, making it crucial to monitor and study the ecotoxicological effects of composite pollutants in aquatic environments. Nanoplastics and heavy metals are emerging environmental pollutants that can affect the health of aquatic organisms and threaten human health via the food chain. In this study, zebrafish was employed as a model organism to explore the effects of short-term exposure to polystyrene nanoplastics (PS-NPs) and heavy metal copper ions (Cu2+) either individually or in combination on fish behavior. First, the single and combined toxicity of Cu2+ and PS-NPs to adult zebrafish was investigated to obtain the LC50 values of the two pollutants at 24, 48, 72, and 96 h. Then, the effects of sub-lethal concentrations of Cu2+ (0.06, 0.15, and 0.3 mg/L), PS-NPs (5, 10, and 15 mg/L) and binary mixtures containing Cu2+ and PS-NPs (0.06 mg/L + 10 mg/L, 0.15 mg/L + 10 mg/L, and 0.3 mg/L + 10 mg/L) on the swim speed and individual distance of zebrafish within 4 h were studied. The results show that the LC50 value for single exposure of zebrafish to Cu2+ decreased with the increase in the exposure time, while PS-NPs showed no significant acute toxicity to zebrafish when the concentration was less than 20 mg/L and the exposure time was less than 96 h. The combined exposure of zebrafish to Cu2+ and PS-NPs resulted in a 3.1–32.2% reduction in the LC50 value at different time points compared with Cu2+ alone. In the behavioral study, both single and combined exposure to Cu2+ and PS-NPs induced hyperactivity and aggregation phenomena in the zebrafish at different levels; the duration of these two phenomena was correlated with the concentration of the pollutants. The combined exposure to Cu2+ and PS-NPs exacerbated the behavioral changes in zebrafish compared with exposure to Cu2+ alone, reducing their hyperactivity time, average swim speed and aggregation time by 30.7–41.0%, 13.6–15.4%, and 28.3–28.8%, respectively. Therefore, this study indicates that the combined short-term exposure to PS-NPs and Cu2+ can exacerbate the toxicity of pollutants, and also proves the feasibility for early warning of combined NPs and heavy metals pollution based on adult zebrafish behavioral indicators.","PeriodicalId":23623,"journal":{"name":"Water SA","volume":"17 3","pages":"392-392"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/17/3/392/pdf?version=1738318291","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147888895","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}