Water Environment Research最新文献

{"title":"Assessment of salinity trends in a coastal aquifer in Guzelyurt, North Cyprus.","authors":"Joseph Sorieson Kamara, Great Iruoghene Edo, Ertan Akün","doi":"10.1002/wer.70010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/wer.70010","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Salinity is a serious concern with groundwater use in irrigation that is very close to a coastal aquifer. The study aims to do a comparative analysis of the physiochemical parameters of groundwater samples obtained from 10 irrigational wells in Guzelyurt. In this study, 10 groundwater samples were collected from irrigational wells in the Guzelyurt aquifer area and were analyzed for important groundwater physiochemical parameters such as pH, EC, Na⁺, Ca²⁺, K⁺, Na⁺, Mg²⁺, HCO₃ ^-, SO₄ ^2-, and Cl^-. The well numbers are 5118 (Cengziköy), 236 (Yesilyurt), 5147 (Döganci), 4548 (Döganci), 2320 (Gunesköy), 881(Guzelyurt), 615 (Aydinköy), 287 (Kalkanli), 2400 (Guzelyurt), and 834 (Guzelyurt). The results obtained from the analysis were compared with the result of groundwater quality data that were taken from these wells in the past 10 years to ascertain the level of contamination of the wells caused by seawater intrusion in the Guzelyurt coastal aquifer. Nine of the wells are affected by seawater intrusion, while one is not affected. Well, 5118 (Cengzıköy), is not affected by the salinity problem. Within the past 11 years, the salinity in wells 615 (Aydinköy) and 834 (Guzelyurt) increased, while wells 881 (Guzelyurt), 287 (Kalkanlı), 2320 (Guneskoy), 236 (Yeşilyurt), 5147 (Dogancı), 4545 (Dogancı), and 2400 (Guzelyurt) show a low salinity. Controlling seawater intrusion and conserving groundwater resources is critical. In conclusion, the study recommends continuous monitoring of the Guzelyurt aquifer, the adoption of desalination plants, and the use of treated wastewater effluent as an option to reduce groundwater withdrawal. PRACTITIONER POINTS: Controlling seawater intrusion and conserving groundwater resources is critical. Groundwater established the significance of the water circle, and it is found in aquifers. The use of polluted groundwater can cause health problems.</p>","PeriodicalId":23621,"journal":{"name":"Water Environment Research","volume":"97 2","pages":"e70010"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143068350","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of konjac glucomannan aerogel-immobilized Chlorella vulgaris LH-1 on oil-contaminated seawater remediation and endogenous bacterial community diversity.","authors":"Zhuorong Du, Xudong Wang, Zhao Song, Baikang Zhu, Lijuan Feng, Zhi Chen, Qingguo Chen","doi":"10.1002/wer.70009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/wer.70009","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Ocean oil spills can severely impact ecosystems and disrupt marine biodiversity and habitats. Microbial remediation is an effective method for removing thin oil slick contamination. In this study, the adsorption and degradation of low-concentration oil spills by Chlorella vulgaris LH-1 immobilized in konjac glucomannan (KGM) aerogel were investigated. The effect of the KGM aerogel-immobilized C. vulgaris on the bacterial community structure in seawater environments was analyzed through bacterial diversity sequencing. In seawater containing 0.01 and 1.00 g/L of crude oil, after 14 days of remediation with the KGM aerogel-immobilized C. vulgaris, crude oil removal rates of 98.73% and 95.13% were achieved, respectively. The FDA hydrolytic enzyme activity curve indicated that the microbial growth activity in the immobilized C. vulgaris group was significantly higher than that in other groups. After remediation, the top three dominant bacterial genera in the seawater were found to be Vitellibacter, Roseitalea, and Methylophaga. Vitellibacter, a genus known for its ability to degrade polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in marine environments, showed increased abundance in seawater treated with the KGM aerogel-immobilized C. vulgaris, suggesting enhanced PAH degradation capability in the presence of the immobilized C. vulgaris. Functional prediction using PICRUSt indicated that the oil metabolism capability of bacteria was promoted by the KGM aerogel-immobilized C. vulgaris. PRACTITIONER POINTS: High degradation efficiency across various oil concentrations is exhibited by KGM-immobilized microalgae. KGM aerogels effectively confine C.vulgaris, reducing loss in marine systems. The impact of KGM aerogel-immobilized C. vulgaris on bacterial community structure in marine environments was analyzed. Immobilized C. vulgaris enhanced the growth of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon-degrading bacteria, such as Vitellibacter, in seawater.</p>","PeriodicalId":23621,"journal":{"name":"Water Environment Research","volume":"97 1","pages":"e70009"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143034285","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparative toxicity of copper and zinc contaminated wastewater irrigation on growth, physiology, and mineral absorption of wheat.","authors":"Sana Ullah, Asif Naeem, Marius Praspaliauskas, Irena Vaskeviciene, Ahmed Hosney, Karolina Barcauskaite","doi":"10.1002/wer.70001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/wer.70001","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>A comparative pot study was performed to assess the toxic effects of copper (Cu) and/or zinc (Zn) contaminated wastewater (WW) irrigation on the growth, physiology, and element concentration of wheat grown for two months. The treatments included irrigation with uncontaminated wastewater (WW) as control, Cu-contaminated WW (CuWW), Zn-contaminated WW (ZnWW), and Cu + Zn contaminated WW (CuZnWW) in a completely randomized design. Compared to ZnWW, irrigation with CuWW or CuZnWW had severe effects on growth, physiology, and mineral absorption by wheat. Irrigation with CuWW or CuZnWW reduced shoot length, root length, root and shoot dry weights by 44-45%, 54-56%, 5-6%, and 33-34%, respectively, against WW control. Similarly, these treatments diminished chlorophyll a, b, carotenoids, and SPAD by 33-34%, 59-60%, 49-51%, and 26-27%, respectively. Conversely, contaminated irrigation improved the total polyphenols, polyphenolic acids, total flavonoids, and antiradical activity, however, a maximum increase in these parameters up to 65% was observed when irrigated with ZnWW. Pearson correlation showed that the decline in growth and physiology of wheat was negatively correlated with shoot metal concentration and uptake. Dehydrogenase activity is severely hampered by CuWW or CuZnWW and to a lesser extent by ZnWW as well. These results suggest that irrigation with contaminated WW adversely affects wheat growth and physiology, however, ZnWW is found to be less toxic to wheat crops than Cu. Thereby, this data highlights the need for a tailored approach to prioritize the metal (Zn) with lower toxicity during the use of WW in irrigation practice. PRACTITIONER POINTS: Cu-contaminated wastewater (20 ppm Cu) substantially reduced the growth and physiology of wheat. Zn (80 ppm) contaminated wastewater was found lesser toxic compared to Cu. Wheat irrigation with contaminated wastewater increased biologically active compounds in wheat shoot. Contaminated wastewater affected minerals concentration in the root and shoot part of wheat. Dehydrogenase activity in soil is less affected by Zn-contaminated wastewater. Irrigation with wastewater and leftover crop residues resulted in the accumulation of organic matter in soil.</p>","PeriodicalId":23621,"journal":{"name":"Water Environment Research","volume":"97 1","pages":"e70001"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143012522","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Radiation tolerance and biodegradation performance of a marine bacterium Acinetobacter sp. Y9 in radioactive composite oil-contaminated wastewater.","authors":"Jiejie Yan, Qun Luo, Baikang Zhu, Zhi Chen, Qingguo Chen","doi":"10.1002/wer.70005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/wer.70005","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The tolerance and degradation characteristics of a marine oil-degrading strain Acinetobacter sp. Y9 were investigated in the presence of diesel oil and simulated radioactive nuclides (Mn²⁺, Co²⁺, Ni²⁺, Sr²⁺, Cs⁺) at varying concentrations, as well as exposure to γ-ray radiation (Co-60). The maximum tolerable concentrations for Co²⁺and Ni²⁺ were found to be 5 mg/l and 25 mg/l, respectively, while the tolerable concentrations for Mn²⁺, Sr²⁺, and Cs⁺ exceeded 400 mg/l, 1000 mg/l, and 1000 mg/l, respectively. A total of 0.4 Gy/h of γ-ray radiation (Co-60) did not significantly affect the growth of strain Y9. The presence of metal nuclides and γ-ray radiation primarily inhibited the production of outer membrane proteins while promoting the secretion of polysaccharides in strain Y9. Strain Y9 exhibited a notable capacity to degrade diesel oil under radiative conditions when exposed to the five individual radionuclides used in this study. Furthermore, the introduction of the radiation-resistant strain R1 significantly enhanced the diesel oil degradation efficiency of strain Y9 in the presence of a mixture of five nuclides, with the degradation efficiency increasing from 26.7% to 46.75%. Strain R1 demonstrated the ability to absorb a substantial amount of free nuclides, thereby creating favorable environmental conditions for the growth and degradation activity of strain Y9. PRACTITIONER POINTS: Investigate the tolerance mechanisms of strain Y9 to different nuclides and γ-ray irradiation. Examine the degradation characteristics of strain Y9 on diesel oil under the influence of nuclides and irradiation. In a single nuclide medium, strain Y9 exhibited a high degradation rate of 90.64% toward 1% diesel oil concentration. The addition of a radiation-resistant strain R1 can enhance the degradation efficiency of Y9 toward diesel oil.</p>","PeriodicalId":23621,"journal":{"name":"Water Environment Research","volume":"97 1","pages":"e70005"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142980006","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Facile preparation of marine carrageenan hydrogel-coated steel mesh with superhydrophilic and underwater superoleophobic performance for highly efficient oil-water separation.","authors":"Wuyang Sun, Linghui Ding, Peixuan Xu, Baikang Zhu, Ke Cun Ma, Qingguo Chen","doi":"10.1002/wer.70006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/wer.70006","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The discharge of oil-laden wastewater from industrial processes and the frequent occurrence of oil spills pose severe threats to the ecological environment and human health. Membrane materials with special wettability have garnered attention for their ability to achieve efficient oil-water separation by leveraging the differences in wettability at the oil-water interface. These materials are characterized by their simplicity, energy efficiency, environmental friendliness, and reusability. Among them, superhydrophilic-underwater superoleophobic membranes inspired by biomimetic fish scale structures have become a focal point of oil-water separation research due to their ability to repel oil contaminants effectively and maintain self-cleaning properties during the separation process. In this study, a stainless steel microporous two-dimensional metal mesh was employed as the substrate, coated with a carrageenan solution, and gelled in situ using sodium periodate as a crosslinking agent to fabricate a membrane with oil-water separation capabilities. The robust hydrophilicity of the carrageenan hydrogel imparts the coated stainless steel mesh with superhydrophilicity and underwater superoleophobicity (underwater oil contact angle ≥ 158°), along with excellent antifouling properties and recyclability. Experimental results demonstrate that the membrane achieved separation efficiencies of 98.87%, 98.08%, 98.14%, and 97.98% for silicone oil, canola oil, cyclohexane, and liquid paraffin, respectively, with a water flux of 1380.75 L/m²·h. Remarkably, the membrane retained its initial separation efficiency even after 20 cycles. Additionally, the hydrogel exhibited exceptional stability under highly alkaline conditions, making it suitable for the treatment of complex oil-contaminated wastewater. PRACTITIONER POINTS: This study extracted a biocompatible and renewable hydrogel from marine red algae for application in oil-water separation. A superhydrophilic/underwater superoleophobic oil-water separation membrane was developed based on biomimetic fish scale structures. The membrane exhibited exceptionally high separation efficiency under pure gravity-driven conditions. The resulting material exhibits excellent oil repellency, self-cleaning capability, and recyclability.</p>","PeriodicalId":23621,"journal":{"name":"Water Environment Research","volume":"97 1","pages":"e70006"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142980057","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Overestimated role of inoculation bacteria-algae ratio in wastewater treatment.","authors":"Huangbo Zhao, Xin Zhong, Zexin Yao, Zihua Yang, Jie Fan","doi":"10.1002/wer.70016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/wer.70016","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Microalgae-bacteria systems present a promising approach for CO₂ reduction in wastewater treatment. The effect of inoculation bacteria-algae ratio on performance was investigated in this study. Different inoculation ratios (bacteria: algae 1:2, 1:1, 1:0.5, 1:0.25, 1:0.125, w/w) obtained comparable nutrients removal (p > 0.05). Over time, the bacteria-algae ratios converged into two groups (3:1 and 4:1), demonstrating self-adaption between bacteria and microalgae. Furthermore, principal component analysis (PCA) distinguished the performance of reactors into two groups, one group consisting of 1:2, 1:1, and 1:0.5 ratios and the other group consisting of 1:0.25 and 1:0.125 ratios, confirming their convergence in terms of nutrient removal and photosynthetic properties. The performance differed merely in sludge volume index (SVI) and nitrite accumulation, with 1:2 and 1:0.125 being the most prone to accumulate nitrite. This study implies that photobioreactor performance was not sensitive to inoculation ratio, whose role was overestimated, since microalgae and bacteria self-assemble to form niches. PRACTITIONER POINTS: Effect of inoculation bacteria-algae ratio on performance was overestimated Photosynthesis and nutrients removal were grouped at different inoculation ratios Different ratio showed similar nutrients removal efficiency Self-adaption made ratios of 1:2, 1:1, 1:0.5 converge into 3:1.</p>","PeriodicalId":23621,"journal":{"name":"Water Environment Research","volume":"97 1","pages":"e70016"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143034288","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ozone disinfection of treated wastewater for inactivation of Cryptosporidium parvum for agricultural irrigation.","authors":"María B Contreras-Soto, Nohemí Castro-Del Campo, Cristobal Chaidez, Flavio E Velázquez-García, Jean P González-Gómez, Célida I Martínez-Rodríguez, Joel Gaxiola-Montoya, Nohelia Castro-Del Campo","doi":"10.1002/wer.70002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/wer.70002","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The reliance on agriculture in many nations has increased the use of treated wastewater for irrigation. However, reclaimed water still poses health risks from resistant pathogens like Cryptosporidium spp. Ozone, a strong disinfectant, has been used in water treatment. This study assessed the microbiological quality of treated wastewater for irrigation and evaluated ozone effectiveness in inactivating C. parvum oocysts. All samples contained Cryptosporidium spp., with 163 to 850 oocysts 100 L^-1, and 50% contained viable oocysts. When C. parvum was exposed to different ozone residual concentrations (0.1, 0.8, and 1.3 mg L^-1), oocyst viability reduction of 73%, 85%, and 99% and infectivity of 0.8, 1.36, and 2 Log₁₀ was achieved. The predicted values for infectious oocysts were 4.19, 3.64, and 3.27, representing absolute counts of infective oocysts after ozone treatment. These findings demonstrate ozone's effectiveness in inactivating C. parvum in treated wastewater, supporting its potential for safe water reuse. PRACTITIONER POINTS: All wastewater samples contained Cryptosporidium spp., with 163 to 850 oocysts per 100 L. Wastewater had 50% contained viable oocysts. Ozone concentrations (0.1, 0.8, 1.3 mg/l) achieved oocyst viability of 73.33%, 85.0%, and 99.4%, respectively. The predicted values for infectious oocysts were 4.19, 3.64, and 3.27, respectively for each ozone concentration.</p>","PeriodicalId":23621,"journal":{"name":"Water Environment Research","volume":"97 1","pages":"e70002"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143047326","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Correction to \"Systematic studies on the effect of structural modification of orange peel for remediation of phenol contaminated water\".","authors":"","doi":"10.1002/wer.70004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/wer.70004","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":23621,"journal":{"name":"Water Environment Research","volume":"97 1","pages":"e70004"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142967098","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An optimized irrigation water quality index for evaluating surface water sustainability status of an agricultural watershed.","authors":"Wendyam Arsene Flavien Damiba, John Mwangi Gathenya, James Messo Raude, Patrick Gathogo Home","doi":"10.1002/wer.70003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/wer.70003","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Maintaining good water quality is essential for drinking and agriculture. High water quality is crucial for irrigation to boost agricultural productivity and ensure sustainable water resource management. This study used in-depth physical and chemical analysis of water samples to evaluate the Kakia-Esamburmbur watershed's irrigation water sustainability. The Irrigation Water Quality Index (IWQI), developed using 19 indicators and Principal Component Analysis (PCA), addressed concerns about soil salinity, sodicity, and plant water toxicity. The analysis revealed SO₄.Cl-Na is the predominant pollutant. Qualitative water parameter analysis showed 70% of samples were adequate for EC, 90% for SAR and RSBC, and 100% for PI and SSP. However, Na (%), RSC, KI, and MH were lower. PCA identified eight key indicators, with IWQI values ranging from 14.48 to 433.76, with 50% of sites rated 'excellent.' The correlation matrix indicated significant hydrogeochemical impacts from geogenic and anthropogenic pressures. These findings inform policies to promote sustainable agricultural productivity. PRACTITIONER POINTS: Primary ions ranked as Na⁺ > K⁺ > Ca²⁺ > Mg²⁺ and HCO₃ ^- > SO₄ ^2- > Cl- > CO₃ ^2- PCA identified Na⁺, EC, TDS, HCO₃ ^-, SAR, RSC, RSBC, and KI as key indicators. Combining the unique quality rating scale (Qi) and weighting formula makes the IWQI innovative and original. 50% of water samples were rated \"excellent\" for irrigation. Significant geogenic and anthropogenic impacts stress the need for informed policies on sustainable water management.</p>","PeriodicalId":23621,"journal":{"name":"Water Environment Research","volume":"97 1","pages":"e70003"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143012546","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Water quality assessment of rooftop harvested rainwater across different roof types in a semi-arid region of South Africa.","authors":"Vele Livhuwani, Ubomba-Jaswa Eunice, Joshua Nosa Edokpayi","doi":"10.1002/wer.70007","DOIUrl":"10.1002/wer.70007","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Uneven distribution of precipitation and climate change have led to water shortages, adversely impacting numerous countries worldwide. Rooftop rainwater harvesting (RWH) has emerged as a crucial method for providing water for domestic uses. However, there are concerns about the quality of rainwater collected from roofs, as it may be contaminated with pollutants such as metals and microbiological pathogens. This study investigates the common roof types used as catchments for rainwater harvesting with the aim of establishing the quality and usefulness of the harvested water resource. Compliant levels of major and trace metals were recorded across various roof types in the three study areas. Metals of concern, such as lead (below detection limit to 0.69 μg/l), arsenic (0.06-0.13 μg/l), and cadmium (0.02-0.13 μg/l), were also within acceptable limits at all study sites. However, the average levels of E. coli detected ranged from 4.32 to 27.97 cfu/100 ml, exceeding the recommended limits set by both the World Health Organization and the South African National Standards. The trace metal levels in water collected from slate roofs were slightly higher than those from other roof types for most of the metals studied. The quality of the water obtained from various roof types indicates it is suitable for all domestic purposes, including drinking after disinfection. No significant differences were observed in the water quality across the different rooftops in the study areas. PRACTITIONER POINTS: Different roofing materials did not significantly affect the quality of the harvested rainwater. Water quality of the harvested rainwater complied with regulatory standards except for microbial water quality parameters. Rainwater can be used for several domestic purposes without treatment except for drinking purposes where it should be treated with a simple point-of-use water treatment system. First flush should be discarded as it impacts greatly on the water quality parameters determined. Rainwater harvesting offers an alternative and supplementary form of water supply in the semi-arid region of South Africa.</p>","PeriodicalId":23621,"journal":{"name":"Water Environment Research","volume":"97 1","pages":"e70007"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11755002/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143024827","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}