{"title":"Galileo Probe lithium-sulfur dioxide cell life testing","authors":"L. Hofland, E. Stofel, R. K. Taenaka","doi":"10.1109/BCAA.1996.484963","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/BCAA.1996.484963","url":null,"abstract":"Several hundred D-sized, Li/SO/sub 2/ battery cells have been in a carefully controlled quiescent storage test for up to 14 years, starting at Honeywell but completing at the NASA Ames Research Center, in support of the Atmospheric Probe portion of the Galileo Mission to the planet Jupiter. This population of cells includes similar samples from 8 different manufacturing lots; the earliest from October 1981, the latest from October 1988. The baseline samples have been divided among several storage chambers, each having its own constant temperature, respectively set between 0/spl deg/C to 40/spl deg/C. Noninvasive measurements have been made repeatedly of open circuit voltage and internal resistance (at 1000 Hz). At intervals, a small portion of the cells has been removed from storage and fully discharged under repetitive conditions, thus assessing any storage related loss of discharge capacity. The results show that for storage up to 20/spl deg/C the cells have excellent stability. Above 20/spl deg/C noticeable degradation occurs.","PeriodicalId":236148,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of 11th Annual Battery Conference on Applications and Advances","volume":"30 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-01-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127185885","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Horizon sealed lead acid battery in electric vehicle application","authors":"W. B. Craven","doi":"10.1109/BCAA.1996.484987","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/BCAA.1996.484987","url":null,"abstract":"Electrosource is now in production with an electric vehicle battery based on fundamental advances in materials design, manufacturing processes and well understood lead-acid electrochemistry. A production twelve-volt module has been independently tested at 44 Wh/kg, 300 W/kg and 280 DST cycles. Chrysler has chosen the Electrosource Horizon Battery for their EV Minivan that will be produced by 1998. The Horizon battery is being successfully tested in other markets, including SLI, UPS and portable power.","PeriodicalId":236148,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of 11th Annual Battery Conference on Applications and Advances","volume":"34 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-01-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128107250","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The marketability of electric vehicles: battery performance and consumer demand for driving range","authors":"K. Kurani, D. Sperling, T. Turrentine","doi":"10.1109/BCAA.1996.484986","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/BCAA.1996.484986","url":null,"abstract":"This paper reports on a four-year study of electric vehicle (EV) demand. We focused on a newly defined market segment: multi-car \"hybrid households,\" in which one car has limited driving range. We designed a four-stage mail survey that included a video of EV use and recharging, informational material, a 3-day trip diary, and a series of vehicle choice questions. Respondents had a choice of propulsion systems, body styles and sizes, driving ranges, and other features. The variety of driving ranges offered tested the hypothesis that demand for EVs will be segmented by demand for driving range. Prices of EVs varied, but tended to be up to several thousand dollars higher than those of comparable gasoline vehicles. The questionnaires were administered to 740 multi-car households in 6 metropolitan areas of California. The response rate was 61%. In the second of two vehicle choice scenarios, 37% of the respondents chose battery-powered EVs, with ranges varying from 40 to 150 miles; 10% chose hybrid electrics with ranges up to 180 miles; and 19% chose limited-range natural gas vehicles with ranges of 80-120 miles. Altogether, 66% chose limited-range vehicles. Translating these choices into annual vehicle sales, we find that purchases of pure EVs by hybrid households would account for 7-15% of annual light duty vehicle sales. Based on the current state of EV traction battery development, we infer from these results that any remaining barriers to marketable EVs are not related to the ability of existing batteries to provide adequate driving range.","PeriodicalId":236148,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of 11th Annual Battery Conference on Applications and Advances","volume":"46 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-01-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132119013","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The development of aluminum aqueous batteries for torpedo propulsion: prototype development of a replenishment electrolyte management system for activation and control of a pile configured battery cartridge","authors":"E. G. Dow","doi":"10.1109/BCAA.1996.484971","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/BCAA.1996.484971","url":null,"abstract":"Development of electric propulsion systems for torpedo applications imposes significant challenges with regards to system energy and power densities, both gravimetric and volumetric. Energy and power goals of 200 Wh/kg and 1200 W/kg, respectively, for the overall battery system have necessitated the development of recirculating aqueous electrolyte systems capable of run-time optimized molar concentrations of both the products and the reactants. Several electrolyte operating concepts have been evaluated, ranging from closed system (no active control of the electrolyte concentration) to delayed and variable rate controlled injection of both solute (NaOH) and solution (sea water and NaOH solution). The development of an intelligent electrolyte management concept, utilizing a replenishment electrolyte management system results in projected improvements in energy density of an Al-AgO battery, for a particular torpedo application, from 100 Wh/kg to 200 Wh/kg, enabling the Al-AgO battery system to meet the torpedo propulsion performance requirements, which otherwise could not be met with other primary or secondary battery systems.","PeriodicalId":236148,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of 11th Annual Battery Conference on Applications and Advances","volume":"97 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-01-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134018007","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Cycle performance of a silver-metal hydride cell","authors":"S. Lipka, K. Nechev","doi":"10.1109/BCAA.1996.484983","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/BCAA.1996.484983","url":null,"abstract":"Cycling experiments were conducted on a silver oxide-metal hydride cell. Previous work on this system determined the influence of electrolyte concentration on rate capability, charge retention and cycle life. The emphasis of this work was placed on enhancing the cycle life of this system. Cells were assembled using sintered silver and AB/sub 5/ metal hydride electrodes. Cycle data were collected on flooded cells containing 31 and 45% KOH. A major variable in the improvement of the cycle performance was the silver migration barrier material.","PeriodicalId":236148,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of 11th Annual Battery Conference on Applications and Advances","volume":"79 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-01-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134435093","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Battery energy storage systems for electric utility, industrial and commercial applications","authors":"N. Miller, R. S. Zrebiec, R. Delmerico, G. Hunt","doi":"10.1109/BCAA.1996.485001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/BCAA.1996.485001","url":null,"abstract":"Voltage depressions and power interruptions are rapidly becoming two of the hottest topics in the field of power quality. Of particular interest is the need to supply a dependable, efficient and controllable source of real and reactive power, which is available instantly to support a large (>0.5 MVA) load, even if the utility connection is lost. This paper describes a versatile solution to this problem for utility, industrial and commercial applications using battery energy storage systems (BESS). BESS have the potential to provide other substantial benefits in terms of improved voltage and energy management in conjunction with this protection from interruptions.","PeriodicalId":236148,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of 11th Annual Battery Conference on Applications and Advances","volume":"20 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-01-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130734795","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Intelligence for batteries from now to 2000. In-pack charge control leads the way","authors":"J. Chase, D. Stolitzka","doi":"10.1109/BCAA.1996.484997","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/BCAA.1996.484997","url":null,"abstract":"Battery technology has evolved in the past five years like no other point in history. New portable applications, and as a result, battery chemistries have emerged at lightning pace. The impact on the battery industry has been overwhelming. Topics such as communications protocols, chemistry independence, and smart batteries are now commonplace despite their relative youth in the battery industry. Electronics is no longer fashionable in the battery industry. In fact, today's demanding portable systems and new technologies have made integrated battery electronics an absolute requirement. To date, electronics makers have driven the architectures of battery electronics, but the increasing demands of battery applications and understanding of electronics options by battery makers will put them in the position to drive electronic product designs. This paper discusses future trends in battery architectures and the electronics options that will be available, with emphasis on the major applications likely to be seen in the near future. Tradeoffs and implications, technical and economic choices are made. Finally, a discussion of decision makers and their objectives throughout the market chain is presented.","PeriodicalId":236148,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of 11th Annual Battery Conference on Applications and Advances","volume":"11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-01-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117163895","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Qualification of a 24-volt, 35-Ah sealed lead-acid aircraft battery","authors":"D. Vutetakis, V. V. Viswanathan","doi":"10.1109/BCAA.1996.484966","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/BCAA.1996.484966","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents the results from a test program to qualify a 24-volt, 35-Ah sealed lead-acid battery for use in the C/KC-135 aircraft. Samples were obtained from two prospective suppliers, and one of these suppliers was successfully qualified as a source of supply. A modification program is under way to retrofit the C/KC-135 fleet with this battery. This new battery is projected to save the Air Force $135 million over the next 20 years due to reduced maintenance costs.","PeriodicalId":236148,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of 11th Annual Battery Conference on Applications and Advances","volume":"29 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-01-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125048647","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Manufacturing of microglass separators","authors":"G.C. Zguris","doi":"10.1109/BCAA.1996.485012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/BCAA.1996.485012","url":null,"abstract":"Microglass separators have been used since the inception of the absorbed glass valve regulated technology. This separator, made from 100% microfiberglass, is manufactured on specialty paper machines. Production of this demanding specialty paper requires tight tolerances for physical and performance properties. Proper selection of raw materials (microglass), equipment and tight process variables are keys to producing a world class product. These products were jointly developed by Hollingsworth & Vose and the US Naval Department during the late 1940s. Improvements in product consistency and formulation have been made throughout the history of this technology. These changes evolved as the needs and requirements were realized through continuing industry research. This paper gives a brief explanation of how the product is made, specifies useful tests to determine product consistency and highlights some new ways to package the current product. The four steps in the manufacturing process are discussed: pulping, forming, drying, converting. Separator properties in VRLA batteries are also discussed.","PeriodicalId":236148,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of 11th Annual Battery Conference on Applications and Advances","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-01-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129631408","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Testing, dissection and analysis of lead-acid batteries","authors":"V. L. Hammersley, K. Holloway","doi":"10.1109/BCAA.1996.484977","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/BCAA.1996.484977","url":null,"abstract":"Eight lead-acid batteries were dissected and sample of the electrolyte, negative plate material and positive plate material were subjected to chemical analysis. The results were examined for trends with respect to age.","PeriodicalId":236148,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of 11th Annual Battery Conference on Applications and Advances","volume":"152 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-01-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123254345","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}