C. Witham, R. Bowman, B. Ratnakumar, B. Fultz, S. Surampudi
{"title":"AB/sub 5/ metal hydride alloys for alkaline rechargeable cells","authors":"C. Witham, R. Bowman, B. Ratnakumar, B. Fultz, S. Surampudi","doi":"10.1109/BCAA.1996.484982","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/BCAA.1996.484982","url":null,"abstract":"A variety of metal elements were partially substituted at 3.3 at% for Ni in LaNi/sub 5/. X-ray diffraction was performed to find the lattice parameters of each material and to determine the average grain size and lattice strain induced by hydrogen activation. Negative electrodes were made of each material and were cycled in alkaline rechargeable cells to determine the effect of the metal atom substituent on the battery cyclic lifetime.","PeriodicalId":236148,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of 11th Annual Battery Conference on Applications and Advances","volume":"76 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-01-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131667554","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Update on the Puerto Rico electric power authority's spinning reserve battery system","authors":"P. Taylor","doi":"10.1109/BCAA.1996.485003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/BCAA.1996.485003","url":null,"abstract":"The Puerto Rico electric power authority completed start-up testing and began commercial operation of a 20 MW/14 MWh battery energy storage facility in April 1995. The battery system was installed to provide rapid spinning reserve and frequency control for the utility's island electrical system. This paper outlines the needs of an island utility for rapid spinning reserve; identifies Puerto Rico's unique challenges; reviews the technical and economic analyses that justified installation of a battery energy system; describes the storage facility that was installed; and presents preliminary operating results of the facility.","PeriodicalId":236148,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of 11th Annual Battery Conference on Applications and Advances","volume":"54 6","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-01-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132463197","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Wilson, C. Zawodzinski, S. Gottesfeld, A. Landgrebe
{"title":"Stationary power applications for polymer electrolyte fuel cells","authors":"M. Wilson, C. Zawodzinski, S. Gottesfeld, A. Landgrebe","doi":"10.1109/BCAA.1996.484979","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/BCAA.1996.484979","url":null,"abstract":"The benefits provided by polymer electrolyte fuel cells (PEFC) for power generation (e.g. low operating temperatures, and noncorrosive and stable electrolyte), as well as advances in recent years in lowering their cost and improving anode poisoning tolerance, are stimulating interest in the system for stationary power applications. A significant market potentially exists for PEFCs in certain stationary applications where PEFC technology is a more attractive alternative to other fuel cell technologies. A difficulty with the PEFC is its operation on reformed fuels containing CO, which poisons the anode catalyst. This difficulty can be alleviated in several ways. One possible approach is described whereby the product reformate is purified using a relatively low cost, high-throughput hydrogen permselective separator. Preliminary experiments demonstrate the utility of the concept.","PeriodicalId":236148,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of 11th Annual Battery Conference on Applications and Advances","volume":"23 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-01-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125436827","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Standard Missile Block IV Battery","authors":"J. Martin","doi":"10.1109/BCAA.1996.484972","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/BCAA.1996.484972","url":null,"abstract":"During the 1980s a trend in automatic primary battery technologies was the replacement of silver-zinc batteries by thermal battery designs. The Standard Missile (SM 2) Block IV development is a noteworthy reversal of this trend. The SM 2, Block IV battery was originally attempted as a thermal battery with multiple companies attempting to develop a thermal battery design. These attempts resulted in failure to obtain a production thermal battery. A decision to pursue a silver-zinc battery design resulted in the development of a battery to supply the SM 2, Block IV (thermal battery design goal) and also the projected power requirements of the evolving SM 2, Block IVA in a single silver-zinc battery design. Several advancements in silver-zinc battery technology were utilized in this design that improve the producibility and extend the boundaries of silver-zinc batteries.","PeriodicalId":236148,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of 11th Annual Battery Conference on Applications and Advances","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131394922","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
D. Coates, J. Francisco, K. Giertz, R. Smith, G. Nowlin
{"title":"Destructive physical analysis of spaceflight qualified nickel-hydrogen battery cells","authors":"D. Coates, J. Francisco, K. Giertz, R. Smith, G. Nowlin","doi":"10.1109/BCAA.1996.484974","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/BCAA.1996.484974","url":null,"abstract":"Nickel-hydrogen (Ni-H/sub 2/) batteries are extensively used in the aerospace industry as the power system of choice in Earth-orbital spacecraft. The batteries are typically required to support a ten to fifteen year geosynchronous-Earth-orbit (GEO) mission or thousands of charge/discharge cycles in low-Earth-orbit (LEO). Reliability requirements for this application are extensive and include the routine destructive physical analysis (DPA) of sample flight production battery cells. Standard procedures have been developed over the past 15-years for the disassembly, handling and detailed analysis of the cell components. These include mechanical, thermal and impedance analysis, electrolyte concentration and distribution, gas management, corrosion, dye penetrant and radiographic inspection, and several chemical and electrochemical analytical procedures for the battery electrodes and separator materials. Electrolyte management is a critical issue in the electrolyte-starved Ni-H/sub 2/ cell design and procedures have been developed to particularly address this aspect of the DPA analysis. Specific analytical procedures for cell components includes nickel electrode active material and sinter substrate corrosion analysis, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX), cobalt ion, potassium-carbonate and anion analysis. Many of these procedures are also applicable to aerospace battery systems in general and to other alkaline rechargeable batteries.","PeriodicalId":236148,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of 11th Annual Battery Conference on Applications and Advances","volume":"130 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133274759","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Life cycle testing of a sealed 24-V, 42-Ah nickel-cadmium aircraft battery","authors":"T. Kulin, D. Scoles","doi":"10.1109/bcaa.1996.484967","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/bcaa.1996.484967","url":null,"abstract":"Extensive research has been conducted in the design and manufacture of very long life sealed maintenance free nickel-cadmium aircraft batteries. This study presents preliminary data on a 100% depth of discharge (DOD) life test performed on a nominal capacity 42-Ah battery. The purpose of this study is to validate design concepts, determine the life characteristics of the newly designed sealed nickel-cadmium batteries, and develop baseline information on failure rates and mechanisms. The data from this experiment can be used to compare depth of discharge versus battery life with similar tests such as the lower DOD experiments performed on spacecraft batteries. This information is important in the ongoing development of long life batteries and in developing failure models for life prediction.","PeriodicalId":236148,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of 11th Annual Battery Conference on Applications and Advances","volume":"6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125041152","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}